유기인제 농약 사용에 따른 혈청 콜린에스테라제 활성치의 변화와 농약 중독 자각증상

이순규,신민정,이세훈 가톨릭대학교 산업의학센터 2000 韓國의 産業醫學 Vol.39 No.3

The purpose of this study is to examine the change of serum cholinesterase activity according to pesticide splaying habits, working place, protective equipments, and the neurotoxic symptoms. Blood samples and questionnaires were collected from the 45 healthy pesticide spraying workers and 39 controls from June, 1998 to March, 1999. The results were as follows : 1) In pesticide treatment habits, those who opened coverlets with bare hand occupied 82.2%, and those who did not wash the pesticide-contacted skin during the preparation and spraying pesticide were 22.2% and 86.6%, respectively. Among 45 subjects, only 8 farmers used all protective equipments, and 18 workers did not use protective equipments at all. 2) The major symptoms of the subjects after spraying pesticide were headache, nausea and vomiting, productive coughing, and dyspnea in order. 3) Mean cholinesterase activity before exposure of pesticide was 8570.9±1648.9 U/L in pesticide spraying farmers and 8319.5±1444.9 U/L in controls. The cholinesterase activity at 2 hours after pesticide exposure decreased 9.1±8.8% and the inhibition rate of 24 hours after the exposure was 18.1±9.8%. (p=0.0001). 4) The cholinesterase activities were more decreased in vinyl house farmer than outdoor farmers; in those used protective equipments than those did not use; in farmers complained toxic symptoms than those did not complain; in farmers who washed immediately after skin exposure to pesticide than those who did not wash; however, none of their difference were statistically significant. 5) The number of subjects who complained pesticide-poisoning symptoms was significantly less among farmers used protective equipments than among those who did not use protective equipments. In conclusion, it was recommended that the farmers be worn protective equipments from the opening the coverlets of pesticide container to the end of spraying pesticides, and wash the skin immediately after contacted with pesticide. Particular education and attention to the farmers spraying pesticide in vinyl houses are needed because there is a risk of higher absorption of pesticide when working in the vinyl houses than working at the outdoors.

Pesticide metabolite and oxidative stress in male farmers exposed to pesticide

Kang Myoung Lee,Sang-Yoo Park,Kyungsuk Lee,Sung-Soo Oh,Sang Baek Ko 대한직업환경의학회 2017 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.29 No.-

Background: The objective of this study was to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) and isoprostane which has been used as an index of lipid injury, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), which has been used as an index of DNA damage, and dialkyl-phosphate (DAP), which has been used to quantify pesticide exposure, and to investigate the relationship between pesticide exposure and oxidative stress. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study that evaluated 84 male farmers exposure to pesticide. In this study, 8-OHdG, isoprostane, and MDA were measured as oxidative stress indices, and dialkyl-phosphate (dimethylphosphate(DMP), diethylphosphate(DEP), dimethylthiophosphate(DMTP), and diethylthiophosphate (DETP)) excreted in the urine was also measured to evaluate pesticide exposure. A linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between pesticide metabolites, and oxidative stress biomarkers. Results: A Correlation analysis was performed for pesticide exposure month (PEI), cumulative exposure index (CEI), and DAP as well as the concentration of the oxidative stress biomarkers. The PEM significantly and positively correlated to the levels of 8-OHdG, isoprostane, CEI, and DMP. CEI showed a correlation to 8-OHdG and PEM. DMP, DEP, and DETP showed a positive correlation to 8-OHdG, isoprostane, and MDA. A correlation analysis was adjusted some demographic characteristics, such as age, smoking, drinking, and exercise to determine the relationship between pesticide exposure and oxidative stress. The 8-OHdG, isoprostane, and MDA levels were significantly related to the DMP (ß = 0.320), DEP (ß = 0.390), and DETP (ß = 0.082); DMP (ß = 0.396), DEP (ß = 0.508), and DETP (ß = 0.504); and DMP (ß = 0.432), DEP (ß = 0.508), and DETP (ß = 0.329) levels, respectively. Conclusions: The concentration between oxidative stress biomarkers and the pesticide metabolite were a positive correlation. Indicators of oxidative stress was associated with a pesticide metabolite DMP, DEP, and DETP. Therefore, Pesticide exposure and oxidative stress were relevant.

연구논문 : AGDISP모델을 이용한 농약의 대기확산 영향평가

김정환 ( Jeong Hwan Kim ),구윤서 ( Youn Seo Koo ),이승훈 ( Seung Hoon Lee ) 한국환경영향평가학회 2013 환경영향평가 Vol.22 No.6

Recently, golf courses have increased over the years because golf became popular leisure sport. Various environmental problems have been then issued by a golf course during constructing and running them. A problem of pesticide, which is serious among various environmental problems, from golf course has harmful effect on surrounding area and makes human suffer from acute and chronic diseases. Pesticides are used for the cost-effective managing of golf course and the amount of pesticides also increases as the number of golf course increase. Since the assessment of pesticides on near-by surrounding has been focused on water and soil media, studies related to atmospheric dispersion have been hardly attempted. The method to assess an impact of pesticide nearby agricultural production by the atmospheric dispersion using AGDISP(AGricultural DISPersal) model was developed and applied to the actual planned golf course located in Hongcheon, Gangwon. For implementing AGDISP, parameters were investigated from the golf course’s land use planning map, pesticide spray device, Hong-Cheon weather station and etc. First of all, a kind of pesticide, a form of spraying pesticide, geographical features, weather data, and distance(golf course to plantation) were investigated to understand how to work these parameters in AGDISP. Restricted data(slope angle, droplet size distribution and solar insolation) sensitivity analysis of these parameters to estimate effect of pesticide nearby a plantation and a high relative contribution data of analyzed data was selected for input data. Ethoprophos was chosen as the pesticide used in the golf course and the amounts of pesticide deposition per annual agricultural productions were predicted. The results show that maximum amount of pesticide deposition through atmospheric dispersion was predicted 2.32 ㎍/㎡ at 96 m where the nearest organic plantation exists. The residues of pesticide were also estimated based on the annul production of the organic and the deposition amount of the pesticide. Consequently, buckwheat, wheat and millet were likely to exceed maximum residue limits for pesticides in foods(MRL) and sorghum, corn and peanut were likely to exceed MRL by organic farming as well.

PLS 정착을 위한 농업인의 농약사용 실태조사

이선영(Sun-Young Lee),백민경(Min-Kyoung Paik),김남숙(Nam-Sook Kim),박은성(Eun-Seong Park),손은호(Eun-Ho Son),손종곤(Jong-Gon Son),홍수명(Su-Myoeng Hong),장동헌(Dong-Heon Jang) 한국농약과학회 2019 농약과학회지 Vol.23 No.4

Pesticide use has a great effect on securing agricultural yield and reducing labor and production costs, therefore, it is essential for stable supply of food and food security. With the full implementation of the PSL (Positive List System) in 2019, agricultural sites face the burden of using only registered pesticides. Therefore, this study surveyed 148 vegetable farmers in Chungnam and Jeonbuk provinces to find out the implications for the stable settlement of PLS by investigating the pesticide use status of farmers. The questionnaire consisted of the place to purchase pesticides, compliance with PHI (Pre-Harvest Interval), the status of farm log records of pesticide use, a sense of mission for the production of safe agricultural products, and improvements related to pesticide use. As the result of survey, 91.9% of farmers purchased pesticide from local Nonghyup and pesticide dealers. When using pesticides, 95.3% of farmers were compliant with PHI as described in the pesticide instruction manual and 88.5% as described by the pesticide dealer. 70.9% of farmers recorded more than 6 times per 10 use of pesticides, and 85.1% said that farming log record would be helpful for PLS management. In addition, 94.5% of farmers had a mission to provide safe agricultural products to the people, and 83.1% predicted that the safety of agricultural products would be improved when proper pesticides were used. Based on the above results, Following should be pursued first for stable settlement of PLS. Farmers should ensure that they use only registered pesticides in compliance with PHI and that their pesticide use is recorded in their farm logs to ensure that pesticide residues are not exceed MRL. Farmers should work on farming activities with the mission of producing and supplying safe agricultural products. On the other hand, the government should raise awareness of farmers and pesticide dealers by providing continuous education and promotion on the usage of pesticides. In addition, by preemptively expanding and registering pesticides necessary for agricultural fields, the foundation should be laid so that farmers could concentrate on agriculture with confidence.

과수재배 농업인을 위한 기능성 농약 방제복 개발 및 평가

김인수,김경란,채혜선,박수인,김승연 한국지역사회생활과학회 2022 한국지역사회생활과학회지 Vol.33 No.4

This study sought to develop pesticide-protective clothing, which could reduce pesticide exposure and enhance work comfort for fruit farmers. The use of pesticides in fruit tree cultivation has increased agricultural productivity. However, with the high frequency of pesticide spraying, there is the possibility of agricultural chemical poisoning, which could affect the health of the farmers. In this study, the functional material used to make pesticide-protective clothing was examined and its physical properties were evaluated. A sensory evaluation on the pesticide-protective clothing material was then conducted and its physiological comfort was also evaluated. According to the study results, the applied material met the pesticide penetration prevention standards, and the pesticide-protective clothing offered a satisfactory fit. According to the comfort wear test results, the temperature and humidity inside the clothing were lower than that of existing pesticide-protective clothing and it was thus found to be effective in reducing heat stress and enhancing comfort compared to the existing products (p<0.05). In the future, there would be a need to develop pesticide-protective clothing more suitable for the fruit tree cultivation working environment based on a field applicability evaluation. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the design of pesticide-protective clothing for farmers.

농약을 중심으로 본 녹색혁명: 1970년대 증산과 공해에 가려진 농약 중독

이슬기 ( Lee Seulgi ) 한국과학사학회 2021 한국과학사학회지 Vol.43 No.1

This study aims to examine pesticide hazards in the green revolution in South Korea with the concept of “slow violence.” The green revolution initiatives of the 1970s strongly encouraged the extensive usage of pesticides among farmers. It was because the high-yielding rice varieties, such as Tong-il, could not be cultivated without pesticides. The intensive use of pesticides caused poisoning among farmers and pesticide residue problems on food which was called “nongyak gonghae” (農藥公害). However, the nongyak gonghae was differently represented by the government. This study shows that the government’s analysis was restricted to the residue problem in the food instead of the broader issue of farmers’ exposure to pesticides. Pesticide poisoning of farmers was examined by a limited number of scholars so it was impossible to identify how many people experienced poisoning. Even when pesticide poisoning recurred, the government did not devise policy measures to solve the problem. Pesticide poisoning of farmers was under-discussed in Korean society until the government change in the 1980s. This study argues that this selective research on pesticides in the green revolution worked as violence that caused the human cost of modernization.

전북지역 과수원 토양의 잔류농약 변동현황

김효진 ( Hyo-jin Kim ),장수연 ( Su-yeon Jang ),엄미정 ( Mi-jeong Uhm ),박나영 ( Na-young Park ),김용준 ( Yong-jun Kim ),윤순강 ( Sun-kang Yoon ),김주희 ( Ju-hee Kim ),이효섭 ( Hyo-sub Lee ) 한국환경농학회 2023 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2023 No.0

Agriculture in Korea is a reality in which continuous use of pesticides is unavoidable due to the characteristics of intensively cultivating various crops. Accordingly, there is a high possibility that pesticides with various residuals exist in agricultural fields. In addition, as the safety management of farm produce was strengthened with the implementation of the PLS, this study was conducted to preserve the sustainable agricultural environment through the investigation of the pesticide residues in the agricultural fields. As test materials, soil samples were collected from 71 orchard soils in the Jeonbuk region, dried, pretreated, and analyzed by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. For the pesticide residue analysis, the test pesticide MRM and RT were set, the analyzer LOD and LOQ were calculated, and a standard calibration curve was prepared to establish the recovery rate and confirm the quantity of the pesticide. As a result of pesticide residue analysis on 71 orchard soils, 84 components were detected at 40 sites. The area where the most pesticides were detected at 1 point was Buan, where 8 types were confirmed, and in the entire Jeonbuk area, more than 2 components of residual pesticides were detected on average at 1 point. The area with the most detected pesticides was Wanju (6 sites), where residual pesticides of 11 components were detected. The pesticide residues detected at the most points were Boscalid and Fluxapyroxad at 17 points, and the maximum values were 0.137 and 0.227 mg/kg, respectively, which were 2 to 3 times higher than the average concentrations of 0.052 and 0.068 mg/kg. Residual pesticides with high detection concentration values were Fluxapyroxad (0.227 mg/kg), Difenoconazole (0.168), Tetraconazole (0.153), Fluquinconazole (0.147), and Boscalid (0.137), all of which were germicide pesticides. It is thought that pesticide residue analysis can be used as important data for setting indicators for safe farm produce production.

농약살포액의 이화학적 특성과 생물활성 변화

진용덕(Yong-Duk Jin),이상범(Sang-Bum Lee),이상계(Sang-Guei Lee),오병렬(Byung-Youl Oh) 한국농약과학회 2005 농약과학회지 Vol.9 No.4

This study was carried out to establish rational methodologies for the use of pesticide formulations to be sprayed after water-dilution. Hardness and electric conductivity of six major river water and ground water sampled from 52 sites in major rice-growing areas across the country ranged from 5 to 324 ppm(av. 90 ppm) and from 0.038 to 1.078 dS/m(av. 0.265 dS/m), respectively, which are acceptable for diluent water of pesticides. The pH changes in pesticide spray solutions with time after preparation mainly depended on the pH of the water used for pesticide dilution. The surface tensions of pesticide spray solutions reduced slightly with time after preparation, irrespective of kinds of pesticide formulations. Suspensibility of WPs became worse with an increase in the hardness and salt concentrations of diluent water, even though the degree was negligible. Emulsion stability of ECs became worse with an increase in hardness and salt concentrations of diluent water. Degradation rates of the active ingredients of pesticide spray solutions 3 days after preparation were less than 5%, regardless of mixing or non-mixing of two or more pesticides. Consequently, the spray solutions of most pesticides were usable until two to three days after preparation unless physical properties deteriorated. The tank-mixing order of EC and WP formulations did not make any differences in all the physical properties of pesticide spray solutions. However, the proper order for the tank-mixing of compatible pesticides was WP, WG, SC, EC, and SL, because the order is easy to prepare the pesticide spray solutions. The efficacy of pesticide spray solutions on the respective target pathogens and insect pests of rice plants three days after preparation was recorded over 95% of that of 0 day, which was almost the same as that of the solutions applied punctually after preparation.

절화장미 시설하우스에서 방제 작업시 농약의 피부노출 특성

김효철 ( Hyo Cher Kim ),김경란 ( Kyung Ran Kim ),이경숙 ( Kyung Suk Lee ),김경수 ( Kyung Su Kim ),조경아 ( Kyun Ah Cho ) 한국산업위생학회 2007 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.17 No.3

This study was conducted in cut rose cultivation field in Goyang to evaluate pesticide exposure of farmers and the relationship between the exposure and work environment/method for cut rose farmers. Dermal exposure was assessed with patch (thin chromatography layer paper), cotton glove by body parts during mixing and spraying works in which pyrethroid, organophosphate, carbamate pesticide were used in 4 cut rose greenhouses located in Goyang province, checking characteristics of environment/working method at the same time. Body parts assessed were as follows; glove: hand, patch: head, neck(front/back), chest, back, shoulder(right/left), upperarm(right/left), forearm(right/left), thigh(right/left), shin(right/left). Pesticides were analyzed using gas chromatography(NPD/FID) after extracting with ethyl acetate. Exposure amount differed according to pesticide type. But after standardizing with total net weight of pesticide sprayed, there were no significant difference among pesticides. There were significant difference in exposure amount among body parts(especially exposure amount of thigh, shin were more than the others), which means exposure happen not by pesticide dispersion in air but by contact with cut rose(leaf, branch) indirectly. Walking forward during spraying made farmers more exposed than waling backward, these results means contacts with leaves/branches made exposure happen in cut rose greenhouse also. As a result, pesticide exposure in cut rose greenhouse was related with contact of leaf/branch which pesticide remained in, which made exposure pattern (especially exposure amount) differ by body parts.

Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects

Kim, Ki-Hyun,Kabir, Ehsanul,Jahan, Shamin Ara Elsevier 2017 The Science of the total environment Vol.575 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Pesticides are used widely to control weeds and insect infestation in agricultural fields and various pests and disease carriers (e.g., mosquitoes, ticks, rats, and mice) in houses, offices, malls, and streets. As the modes of action for pesticides are not species-specific, concerns have been raised about environmental risks associated with their exposure through various routes (e.g., residues in food and drinking water). Although such hazards range from short-term (e.g., skin and eye irritation, headaches, dizziness, and nausea) to chronic impacts (e.g., cancer, asthma, and diabetes), their risks are difficult to elucidate due to the involvement of various factors (e.g., period and level of exposure, type of pesticide (regarding toxicity and persistence), and the environmental characteristics of the affected areas). There are no groups in the human population that are completely unexposed to pesticides while most diseases are multi-causal to add considerable complexity to public health assessments. Hence, development of eco-friendly pesticide alternatives (e.g., EcoSMART) and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques is desirable to reduce the impacts of pesticides. This paper was hence organized to present a comprehensive review on pesticides with respect to their types, environmental distribution, routes of exposure, and health impacts.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Pesticides are designed to function with reasonable certainty and minimal risk to human health. </LI> <LI> Pesticide exposure is however turned out to be linked with various diseases including cancer. </LI> <LI> In light of the significance of pesticide pollution, the general aspects of pesticides are assessed. </LI> <LI> The current state of knowledge regarding pesticide use and its detrimental impacts is described. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>