Effect of Partial Replacement of Soybean Meal with Palm Kernel Meal and Copra Meal on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Pigs

Kim, B.G.,Lee, J.H.,Jung, H.J.,Han, Y.K.,Park, K.M.,Han, In K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.6

To study the effects of partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with palm kernel meal (PKM) and copra meal (CM) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs, a total of 150 crossbred pigs (Landrace$\times$Duroc$\times$Yorkshire; average $52.11{\pm}1.08kg$ body weight) were alloted to five treatments, in a randomized block design. The treatments included 1) Control: without PKM or CM, 2) PKM2: 2% of palm kernel meal, 3) PKM4: 4% palm kernel meal, 4) CM2: 2% of copra meal, 5) CM4: 4% of copra meal. During the early finishing period (52~74 kg), growth performance was better in CM diets than in PKM diets or control diet, and in overall period (74~100 was lower (p<0.05) in PKM4 diet than the other diets. Nutrient digestibilies of PKM or CM substituted diets showed the tendency to be lower than those of control diet. In the early finishing period, total amino acid digestibilities of PKM and CM diets had the tendency to be lower than control diet, and in the late finishing period, they were lower (p<0.05) than control diet. Carcass length was longer (p<0.05) in the pigs fed 2% CM than in the pigs fed 4% PKM diet, but other carcass characteristics were not different among treatments. Although the dietary C14:0 content affected (p<0.05) on the C14:0 content in the carcass, the inclusion of PKM or CM in the diet did not affect the total saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids in the backfat of finishing pigs. Although it was not significant, supplementation of CM at the 2% and 4% of control group tended to decrease feed cost per kg weight gain by 2.89 to 1.42%, respectively. In conclusion, copra meal can be a valuable source of protein in the diet for finishing pigs and may replace other protein sources in pig diets to a considerable extent.

Effects of dietary palm kernel meal and β-xylanase on productive performance, fatty liver incidence, and excreta characteristics in laying hens

( Won Jun Choi ),( Jong Hyuk Kim ),( Hyun Woo Kim ),( Kwan Eung Kim ),( Dong Yong Kil ) 한국축산학회 2021 한국축산학회지 Vol.63 No.6

The objective of the present experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary palm kernel meal (PKM) and β-xylanase supplementation on productive performance, egg quality, fatty liver incidence, and excreta characteristics in laying hens. A total of 320 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (33 weeks of age) were allotted to 1 of 4 treatments with 8 replicates in a feeding trial. Each replicate consisted of 10 consecutive cages with 1 hen per cage. The corn-soybean meal-based control diet was prepared. Additional diet was prepared by including 10% of PKM in the control diet with a partial replacement of corn, soybean meal, and animal fat. In addition, 0.025% β-xylanase was supplemented at the expense of celite to those 2 diets to produce 4 treatment diets in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. All hens were provided the diet and water ad libitum for 8 weeks. Results indicated no significant interactions between inclusion of dietary PKM and β-xylanase for all measurements; therefore, the main effects were mainly discussed. Hens fed diets containing 10% PKM had greater (p < 0.05) feed intake and yolk color than those fed diets containing no PKM. However, dietary PKM did not influence fatty liver incidence and excreta characteristics. Dietary β-xylanase supplementation had no effects on all measurements, regardless of inclusion of PKM. In conclusion, PKM can be a potential feed ingredient for laying hens at the inclusion of 10% in the diet. It appears that dietary β-xylanase used in the current experiment has little effect on layer productivity, regardless of inclusion of 10% PKM in the diet.

Effect of dietary supplementation of tapioca on growth performance and meat quality in pigs

Jae-Won Park,Jing-Ai Cui,Sang-In Lee,Young-Hwa Kim,Joon-Cheol Park,Byung-Jo Chae,In-Ho Kim 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2015 농업과학연구 Vol.42 No.4

This study evaluated whether dietary supplementation of tapioca could alleviate the negative effects of palm kernel meal (PKM) on growth performance and meat quality in growing and finishing pigs. In experiment 1, 120 73-dold crossbred growing pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc], with an average body weight of 31.7±4.5kg, were used in a 3-week trial. In experiment 2, 120 108-d-old crossbred finishing pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc], with an average BW of 52.6±4.2kg were used in a 10-week trial. Treatments were: CON, a corn-soybean meal-based diet; PKM, 8% PKM, and TPKM, 8% PKM and 10% tapioca. No difference was observed in growth performance or meat quality among treatments in growing pigs. In finishing pigs, no difference was observed in growth performance or meat quality among CON and TPKM dietary treatments. Finishing pigs fed PKM decreases in final BW and ADG compared with those fed CON. Meat quality was not affected by dietary treatments. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of tapioca alleviated anti-nutritional effect of PKM on growth performance in growing and finishing pigs. Thus, the PKM with tapioca could be an available alternative energy source to reduce the cost of pig diets.

Effect of dietary supplementation of tapioca on growth performance and meat quality in pigs

Park, Jae-Won,Cui, Jing-Ai,Lee, Sang-In,Kim, Young-Hwa,Park, Joon-Cheol,Chae, Byung-Jo,Kim, In-Ho Institute of Agricultural Science 2015 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.42 No.4

This study evaluated whether dietary supplementation of tapioca could alleviate the negative effects of palm kernel meal (PKM) on growth performance and meat quality in growing and finishing pigs. In experiment 1, 120 73-dold crossbred growing pigs [$(Yorkshire{\times}Landrace){\times}Duroc$], with an average body weight of $31.7{\pm}4.5kg$, were used in a 3-week trial. In experiment 2, 120 108-d-old crossbred finishing pigs [$(Yorkshire{\times}Landrace){\times}Duroc$], with an average BW of $52.6{\pm}4.2kg$ were used in a 10-week trial. Treatments were: CON, a corn-soybean meal-based diet; PKM, 8% PKM, and TPKM, 8% PKM and 10% tapioca. No difference was observed in growth performance or meat quality among treatments in growing pigs. In finishing pigs, no difference was observed in growth performance or meat quality among CON and TPKM dietary treatments. Finishing pigs fed PKM decreases in final BW and ADG compared with those fed CON. Meat quality was not affected by dietary treatments. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of tapioca alleviated anti-nutritional effect of PKM on growth performance in growing and finishing pigs. Thus, the PKM with tapioca could be an available alternative energy source to reduce the cost of pig diets.

The impact of substituting soybean meal with various plant byproducts on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal scores of growing pigs

Weihan Zhao,김인호 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2024 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.51 No.2

Soybean meal (SBM) is a high-protein plant product commonly used as the primary protein source in pig diets. However, its price has been steadily rising, prompting us to search for costeffective, high-yield protein sources. This experiment aimed to assess the effects of partial replacing SBM with 6% of palm kernel meal (PKM), lupin kernel (LK), rapeseed meal (RSM), and distillers dried grains solubles (DDGS) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal scoring in growing pigs. A total of 200 (Yorkshire × Duroc) growing pigs with an initial weight of 34.83 ± 1.38 kilograms were utilized in this research for 29 days. All pigs were randomly assigned to one of five dietary treatments based on their gender and initial body weight, Each treatment consisted of 10 replicates with 2 barrows and 2 gilts per pen. The dietary treatments were as follows: control (CON), a corn-SBM-based diet; and basal diet supplemented with 6% of different plant byproducts (PKM, LK, RSM, and DDGS) Adding 6% of RSM to the basal diet showed slightly higher daily gain (2.520 > 2.513) and there was no difference observed on the nutrient digestibilty and fecal score. Replacing soybean meal with different plant byproducts has no adverse effect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal score.

식이섬유 공급원이 포유모돈의 체형변화, 분만시간, 혈중 포도당 수준 및 유성분에 미치는 영향

김성호 ( Xinghao Jin ),김민진 ( Minjin Gim ),페니여 ( Niru Pan ),아론니욘사바 ( Niyonsaba Aaron ),김유용 ( Yoo Yong Kim ) 한국축산학회 2022 축산기술과 산업 Vol.9 No.2

This study was to be conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fiber sources supplementation in lactating sow diet on physiological responses, farrowing duration, serum glucose level, and milk composition. A total of 24 F1 multiparous sows (Yorkshire × Landrace) were allotted to one of 4 treatments considering body weight, backfat thickness, and parity in a complete randomized design (CRD) with 6 replicates. Treatments were 1) Control: corn-SBM-DDGS based diet; 2) BP: corn-SBM-DDGS based diet + beet pulp 3%; 3) BPPK: corn-SBM-DDGS based diet + beet pulp 1.5% + palm kernel meal 2%; 4) PK: corn-SBM-DDGS based diet + palm kernel meal 4%. As a result, during the lactation period, dietary fiber sources did not significantly differ in body weight and backfat thickness of lactating sows and the growth performance of piglets. Numerical shorter Farrowing duration was observed when dietary fiber sources were provided, especially BPPK treatment shortening farrowing time about 28 minutes compared with control treatment. In relation to the serum glucose level of sows, BPPK treatment had higher serum glucose level than other treatments at 24 h postpartum (p < 0.05). In an analysis of fecal fiber contents, BP and BPPK treatments were lower than PK and control treatments (p < 0.05). Consequently, dietary fiber supplementation with beet pulp 1.5% and palm kernel meal 2% in the lactation diet may improve the energy status of sows to reduce the farrowing duration and enhance the growth of piglets.

Nonruminant Nutrition : Effect of Dietary β-Mannanase Supplementation and Palm Kernel Meal Inclusion on Laying Performance and Egg Quality in 73 Weeks Old Hens

( Jun Yeob Lee ),( Sang Yun Kim ),( Jae Hwan Lee ),( Jeong Heon Lee ),( Sang Jip Ohh ) 한국동물자원과학회(구 한국축산학회) 2013 한국축산학회지 Vol.55 No.2

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary β-mannanase supplementation and palm kernel meal (PKM) inclusion (5%) on laying performance, egg quality and nutrient utilizability of laying hens with 73 weeks of age. A total of 240 Lohmann brown laying hens with average 77.5% egg production were randomly allocated with 60 hens per treatment, 4 replicates per treatment and 15 hens per replicate. Experimental design was a completely randomized design with 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with the factors being (1) two levels of PKM (0 vs. 5%) and (2) with or without dietary β-mannanase (480 IU/㎏ of diet CTCzyme) supplementation. All hens were housed in cages (35 ㎝W ×35 ㎝H) with 2 hens per cage for six weeks feeding trial. Laying performance was recorded daily during feeding trial. Egg quality, nutrients utilizability and blood assays were done at the end of feeding trial. Egg production was improved (P<0.05) by both dietary PKM inclusion and β-mannanase combined supplementation. Either β-mannanase or PKM did not affect feed intakes and feed conversion ratio of all diets. Egg weight of hens fed diet containing 5% of PKM had heavier (P<0.05) eggs compared with hens fed without PKM. Albumen height was improved (P<0.05) by dietary mannanase supplementation. Crude fat utilization of 5% PKM diet was higher than that of no PKM diet regardless of β-mannanase supplementation. Both DM and total carbohydrate utilization were decreased (P<0.05) in hens fed 5% PKM diet. Serum IgG and yolk IgY contents of PKM groups were lower (P<0.05) than those of no PKM groups. This result showed that 5% PKM diet, independent of dietary β-mannanase supplementation, was able to improve egg production. In addition, dietary β-mannanasc supplementation could be used for improving the albumen height of eggs.

Influence of Palm Kernel Meal Inclusion and Exogenous Enzyme Supplementation on Growth Performance, Energy Utilization, and Nutrient Digestibility in Young Broilers

Abdollahi, M.R.,Hosking, B.J.,Ning, D.,Ravindran, V. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2016 Animal Bioscience Vol.29 No.4

The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of palm kernel meal (PKM) inclusion and exogenous enzyme supplementation on growth performance, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) and total tract retention of nutrients in young broilers fed corn-based diets. Four inclusion levels of PKM (no PKM [PKM0], 8% [PKM8], 16% [PKM16], and 24% [PKM24]) and two enzyme additions were evaluated in a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments. A total of 384, one-d-old male broilers (Ross 308) were individually weighed and allocated to 48 cages (eight broilers/cage), and cages were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments. Results indicated that the inclusion of 8% and 16% PKM increased (p<0.05) the weight gain compared to the PKM0 diet. Birds fed the PKM8 diets had the highest (p<0.05) feed intake. Weight gain and feed intake were severely reduced (p<0.05) by feeding the PKM24 diet. Enzyme supplementation increased weight gain (p<0.05), independent of PKM inclusion level. In PKM0 and PKM8 diets, enzyme addition significantly (p<0.05) lowered feed conversion ratio (FCR); whereas enzyme addition had no effect on FCR of birds fed PKM16 and PKM24 diets. In PKM0 and PKM16 diets, enzyme addition significantly (p<0.05) increased CAID of nitrogen and energy but had no effect in the PKM8 and PKM24 diets. Inclusion of PKM into the basal diet, irrespective of inclusion level, enhanced (p<0.05) starch and fat digestibility. Inclusion of PKM at 16% and 24% resulted in similar CAID of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) but higher (p<0.05) than that of the PKM0 and PKM8 diets. Enzyme addition, regardless of the level of PKM inclusion, significantly (p<0.05) increased CAID of NDF. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in AMEn with PKM inclusion of 24%. The present data suggest that inclusion of PKM in broiler diets could be optimized if PKM-containing diets are formulated based on digestible amino acid contents and supplemented with exogenous enzymes. If amino acid digestibility and AME of PKM considered in the formulation, it can be included in broiler diets up to 16% with no deleterious effects on growth performance.

Quality of Frozen Pork from Pigs Fed Diets Containing Palm Kernel Meal as an Alternative to Corn Meal

Jeong Yeon An,Hae In Yong,So Yeon Kim,Han Bit Yoo,Yoo Yong Kim,Cheorun Jo 한국축산식품학회 2017 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.37 No.2

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of palm kernel meal (PKM), an alternative to corn, on the quality of pork. A total of 72 crossbred pigs ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc) were assigned into four dietary treatments (PKM level of 0, 4, 8, or 12%). After 12 wk, one pig of median weight in each pen was selected and slaughtered to analyze meat quality. The color, free radical scavenging activity, lipid oxidation, texture, composition of fatty acids, and sensory qualities of pork loin were evaluated post slaughter. When the levels of PKM in the diet increased, the L*-value of pork loin decreased, whereas a*-value and total saturated fatty acids increased. 2-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values of pork loin were lower in groups treated with 8 and 12% PKM than in the control group at day 0; this difference, however, was not observed at day 3 and 7. The results of texture analysis showed that increasing the PKM ratio decreased hardness, chewiness, and springiness at day 7. The sensory test, however, indicated no differences between the control and treated groups. These findings show that finisher pigs could tolerate PKM as a replacement for corn; PKM did not negatively affect the quality of pork, indicating that it can be utilized as feed.

Effect of Dietary β-Mannanase Supplementation and Palm Kernel Meal Inclusion on Laying Performance and Egg Quality in 73 Weeks Old Hens

Lee, Jun Yeob,Kim, Sang Yun,Lee, Jae Hwan,Lee, Jeong Heon,Ohh, Sang Jip Korean Society of Animal Sciences and Technology 2013 한국축산학회지 Vol.55 No.2

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary ${\beta}$-mannanase supplementation and palm kernel meal (PKM) inclusion (5%) on laying performance, egg quality and nutrient utilizability of laying hens with 73 weeks of age. A total of 240 Lohmann brown laying hens with average 77.5% egg production were randomly allocated with 60 hens per treatment, 4 replicates per treatment and 15 hens per replicate. Experimental design was a completely randomized design with $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement, with the factors being (1) two levels of PKM (0 vs. 5%) and (2) with or without dietary ${\beta}$-mannanase (480 IU/kg of diet CTCzyme$^{(R)}$) supplementation. All hens were housed in cages ($35cmW{\times}35cmD{\times}40cmH$) with 2 hens per cage for six weeks feeding trial. Laying performance was recorded daily during feeding trial. Egg quality, nutrients utilizability and blood assays were done at the end of feeding trial. Egg production was improved (P<0.05) by both dietary PKM inclusion and ${\beta}$-mannanase combined supplementation. Either ${\beta}$-mannanase or PKM did not affect feed intakes and feed conversion ratio of all diets. Egg weight of hens fed diet containing 5% of PKM had heavier (P<0.05) eggs compared with hens fed without PKM. Albumen height was improved (P<0.05) by dietary mannanase supplementation. Crude fat utilization of 5% PKM diet was higher than that of no PKM diet regardless of ${\beta}$-mannanase supplementation. Both DM and total carbohydrate utilization were decreased (P<0.05) in hens fed 5% PKM diet. Serum IgG and yolk IgY contents of PKM groups were lower (P<0.05) than those of no PKM groups. This result showed that 5% PKM diet, independent of dietary ${\beta}$-mannanase supplementation, was able to improve egg production. In addition, dietary ${\beta}$-mannanase supplementation could be used for improving the albumen height of eggs.