앙카라 전투와 아나돌루 지역의 변화

이영희(Lee, YoungHee) 한국외국어대학교 역사문화연구소 2019 역사문화연구 Vol.70 No.-

오스만조(Ottoman Empire)는 아나돌루 북서부 해안지역에서 오스만 가지(Osman Gazi: 1281-1326)에 의해서 건국되었다. 이후 오르한 가지(Orhan Gazi:1326-1360)에 들어서 슐레이만 파샤(Süleyman Paşa)가 루멜리(Rumeli) 지역으로 확장하면서 발전의 기틀을 마련하게 된다. 오스만조가 루멜리로 진출하자 유럽의 여러 나라들은 십자군을 결성하여 대항한다. 무라드 1세(MuradⅠ:1360-1389)는 1389년 유럽의 십자군을 코소보전투(Battle of Kosovo)에서 승리하면서 유럽의 위협을 제거하게 된다. 코소보 전투에서 무라드 1세가 사망하고 바예지드 1세(BayezidⅠ:1389-1402)는 오스만조의 술탄에 즉위하게 된다. 바예지드의 별칭인 ‘Yıldırım’에서 알 수 있듯이 저돌적인 정복전쟁으로 오스만조의 영토를 확장시키게 된다. 오스만조는 점령지를 통치할 때 원격지배 구조를 취하였다. 점령지 지도자들의 권한을 인정하는 대신 세금을 원하였고, 군사원 정시 군대와 군비를 조달하게 하였다. 하지만 바예지드는 점령지를 직접통치 형태로 변화 시킨다. 그는 정복지를 점령하면 지도자들의 지배권을 철저히 배제하고, 정복지를 자신의 가신들과 아들들에게 나누어주었다. 그리고 자신의 이름으 로 후트베(Hutbe)를 낭독하게 하였고, 동전을 주조하게 하였다. 이러한 변화는 오스만조가 아나돌루 투르크 연맹체의 맹주가 아닌 제국의 지도자로서 변화하려고 하였다. 이러한 중앙집권적 정치구조의 변화는 아나돌루 공국들(Anadolu beylikleri)의 지도자들의 반발을 가져왔고, 그들은 오스만의 지배에 저항하거나 도주하였다. 바예지드 시기 영토가 확장되었으며, 동부 아나돌루 지역을 두고 티무르(Timur)의 티무르조와 대립하게 된다. 동부 아나돌루 지역의 에라트나 공국(Eratna Beylikleri)이 붕괴하면서 발생한 혼란은 두 제국의 지도자의 관심을 끌게 하였다. 바예지드는 시바스(Sivas)를 장악하였고, 티무르 역시 동부 아나돌루 지역으로 진출하게 된다. 두 지도자는 서로에게 서신을 보내 비난하며, 쟁을 책임을 서로에게 물었다. 바예지드는 티무르를 ‘늙은 개’, 불신자, 이교도로 비난하였고, 티무르 역시 바예지드를 불신자, 이교도, 비열한 지도자로 비난하였다. 두 지도자는 1402년 앙카라 전투를 벌이게 된다. 바예지드는 티무르와 전투를 벌였고, 바예지드가 패배하게 된다. 패배의 결정적인 원인은 아나돌루에서 징집된 병사들이 전쟁을 이탈하였기 때문이다. 아나돌루 병사들은 자신의 지도자의 깃발이 티무르 군영에서 발견하게 되자 티무르에게 투항하여 전장을 이탈하였다. 이 때문에 오스만조의 군대는 와해되었고 오스만조는 전쟁에 패배하게 된다. 바예지드는 티무르의 포로가 되었고, 티무르는 전투에서 승리하여 아나돌루에 오스만조의 지배력을 붕괴 시킨다. 티무르는 아나돌루 공국들을 부활시켰다. 카라만공국(Karamanoğulları), 멘테셰공국(Menteşeoğulları), 게르미얀공국(Germiyanoğulları), 하미드공국(Hamidoğulları), 사루한공국(Saruhanoğulları) 이 재건된다. 공후들은 티 무르의 지배권을 인정하고 예단과 예물을 헌상하였다. 티무르는 여러 나라에 사절을 파견하였고, 티무르의 승리를 축하하는 여러 나라들의 사절들이 군영으로 몰려왔다. 바예지드의 아들들도 티무르에게 헌상하며 그의 질서를 받아들이게 된 다. 티무르는 아나돌루를 횡단하며 자신의 지배질서를 세우고 사마르칸트로 귀환한다. 앙카라 전투는 단순히 오스만조와 티무르조가 동부 아나돌루 지역의 패권을 두고 벌인 전투이다. 하지만 전투의 결과는 세계사적으로 많은 영향을 미쳤다. 오스만조는 앙카라 전투에 패하면서 바예지드가 포로가 되었다. 이 때문에 술탄자리를 두고 바예지드 아들들이 10년간의 내전을 벌이게 된다. 내전은 메흐메드 1세의해 종식되었다. 그리고 무라드 2세가 즉위하는 1421년 이후에야 아나돌루 공국들을 제압하고, 제국으로 성장할 수 있게 되었다. 그리고 비잔틴 제국의 수명이 연장되었다. 바예지드는 제위기간동안 여러 차례 콘스탄티노플 공성전을 벌였다. 하지만 앙카라 전투로 오스만조가 쇠퇴하고, 내전을 벌이게 된다. 이 때문 에 반사 이익으로 비잔틴 제국의 수명이 연장된다. 비잔틴 제국은 메흐메드 2세가 즉위한 이후 1453년 멸망하게 된다. 이 때문에 앙카라 전투는 오스만조가 세계 제국으로 성장하기 위한 성장통이라고 볼 수 있다. The Ottoman Empire was founded by Osman Gazi (1281-1326) in the northwestern coast of Anatolia. After that, Orhan Gazi (1326-1360), Süleyman Pasha expanded to the Rumeli area and set the stage for development. When the Ottomans entered the Rumelia, countries in Europe formed a crusade against them. Murad I(1360-1389) eliminated the European threat by winning the European Crusade in 1389 in the Battle of Kosovo. In the Battle of Kosovo, Murat I died and Bayezid I (1389-1402) was crowned the Ottoman sultan. As evidenced by the nickname of Yıldırım , he has extended the territory of the Ottoman Empire to a devastating conquest war. The Ottomans took remote governance when ruling the occupied territories. Instead of acknowledging the powers of the occupied territories, they wanted to pay taxes, and in the case of military expeditions, they had to raise armies and armaments. However, Bayezid transforms the occupied territories into direct rulership. When he conquered the conquest territories he completely excluded the rulership of the leaders and distributed the conquest territories to his traitors and sons. Then, in his own name, he read Hutbe and forced to cast coins. This change shows that Bayezid attempted to change as a leader of an empire, not an ally of the Anatolia Alliance. This change in the centralized political structure led to opposition from the leaders of the Anatolian beylikleri, who resisted or escaped the domination of the Ottomans. The territory of the Bayezid time was expanded and confronted Timur Empire of Timur with the eastern Anatolia area. The disruption caused by the collapse of the Eratnaogulları in the eastern Anatolia region was enough to attract the attention of the leaders of he two empires. Bayezid took possession of Sivas, and Timur also entered eastern Anatolia region. The two leaders sent letters to each other, blamed each other, and asked each other to blame for the war. Bayezid denounced Timur as an old dog , an unbeliever, and a pagan, and Timur also condemned Bayezid as an unbeliever, pagan, and a mean leader. The two leaders will battle Ankara in 1402. Bayezid had a battle against Timur, and Bayezid was defeated. The decisive cause of the defeat is that the soldiers, who were conscripted in Anatolia, left the battlefield. When the Anatolia soldiers discovered the flag of their former leader in the Timur Empire military, they flew to Timur and left the battlefield. Because of this, the Ottoman army was destroyed and the Ottoman army was defeated in the war. Bayezid became the captive of Timur, and Timur wins the battle and disintegrates Ottoman rule over Anatolian. Timur resurrected the principalities of Anatolian. The Karamanoğulları, Menteşeoğulları, Germiyanoğulları, Hamidoğulları and Saruhanoğulları are rebuilt. Gentiles acknowledged Timur s rule and presented preliminary favors and presentations. Timur dispatched ambassadors to various countries, and the ambassadors of various countries celebrating the victory of Timur came to the military. The sons of Bayezid also confer to Timur and accept his order. Timur crosses the Anatolia, establishes his dominance and returns to Samarkand. The Battle of Ankara is merely a battle between Ottoman and imur Empire over the hegemony of eastern Anatolia. However, the result of the battle has had a great impact on the world history. The Ottoman Empire defeated the Ankara battle, and Baghdad was captured. For this reason, the Bayezid sons will have 10 years of civil war in the Sultan s seat. The civil war was ended by Mehmed I. And after 1421, when Murad II is crowned, he will be able to overthrow the main powers of the Anatolian Empire and grow into an empire. And the life of the Byzantine Empire was extended. During his presidency, he carried out several sieges of Constantinople. However, in the battle of Ankara, Ottoman Joe declines and civil war will take place. Because of this, t

16세기 오스만제국과 지중해

우덕찬 ( Woo¸ Duck-chan ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해지역원 2020 지중해지역연구 Vol.22 No.4

This study focuses on Ottoman empire and Mediterranean in 16th century. From the beginning of the 16^th century, Ottoman pursued expansionist policy in Mediterranean. It led to direct confrontations between Ottoman and Spanish empire. As a result of that, the 16^th century Mediterranean has often been described as a battleground between the two great empires of Catholic Spain in the West and the Muslims Ottoman Empire in the East. It was a century during which the two great empires gave evidence of their formidable might. 1958 Preveza victory brought Ottoman superiority in the Mediterranean. But the Battle of Lepanto undermined her dominance. Despite that, Ottoman held the strong hand in the Mediterranean. After Tunisia went under absolute Ottoman rule at 1574, Spain ceased to struggle in the Mediterranean and directed to the Atlantic. Despite intense confrontation between two parties until the end of 16th century, commercial relations were maintained in indirect ways. It can be claimed that commerce was never interrupted. Because both parties needed the products of the other, relations were kept intact. European ports holding Ottoman imperial pledge mediated the trade between Spain and Ottoman empire and exchanged Eastern goods with Spanish silver. At the beginning major intermediary between two partie was Venice. Later, French port of Marseille took over this role. After that, Marseille became one of the major ports for trade between Spanish empire and Ottoman empire.

오스만제국 내 기독교인에 관한 정책 연구

김종일(Kim Jong Il) 한국중동학회 2019 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.40 No.1

The Ottoman Empire, which destroyed the thousand-year rule of the Byzantine Empire(AD 395-1453) which had existed as the last bastion of Christianity in the Middle East, was responsible for the leadership, expansion and revival of the Islamic world until its demise in World War I. In addition, following the successful completion of this mission, the Ottoman Sultan became the leader of the Islamic world and it is clear that the Sultan himself would have seen the conquest as an opportunity to gain in terms of conquest and mission fulfillment. However, contrary to the concerns of European society, the Ottoman Empire maintained a tolerant policy to the other nations living in their conquered territories. The other nations were even given the freedom to keep their beliefs and social culture while living on Ottoman land. Furthermore, the Ottoman Empire’s tolerant policy became an important factor in the expansion of the empire with the addition of other nations. The purpose of this research is first of all, to show that the Ottoman Empire, which ruled the Middle East Islamic world following the Middle Ages, had a tolerance policy rather than one of oppression towards other nations with different religions. Secondly, the purpose of the paper is to research the Ottoman Empire’s policy towards other nations. South Korea is now living in a period with more than 2 million migrants which is also approaching 3 million, and will likely see even more migrants living together in society. The Ottoman Empire’s rule and policy towards other Millet with various culture and faiths within its Empire which had an Islamic identity, may also be applicable towards South Korea’s multicultural policy.

특집 : 유럽과 이슬람사회-식민 지배에서 재스민 혁명까지 ; 오스만 제국을 바라보는 독일의 시선 -“동방문제(Die orientalische Frage)” 인식과 팽창의 판타지-

박용희 ( Yong Hee Park ) 한국서양사학회 2012 西洋史論 Vol.0 No.113

This paper starts with a comprehensive analysis of a long tradition of European attitudes to the Ottoman Empire. After the failed siege of Vienna by the Ottoman troops in the 17th century, the West took the initiative to the Ottoman Empire, and the so called “Eastern Question” emerged. As the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire was believed to be imminent, the European powers engaged in a power struggle to safeguard their military, strategic and commercial interests in the Ottoman domains. During the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, Russia, United Kingdom, and France were the powers directly concerned with the “Eastern Question”. Especially in the 19th century, they entered the most dynamic phase of the aggressive expansion, and the “Eastern Question” became a major European issue. After a comprehensive analysis of European perceptions of the “Eastern Question” in modern times, this paper deals with Germany`s engagement in this issue. But it is evident that western scholars attempted for a long time to understand German imperialism on the assumption that it took place suddenly in 1880s and continued only three decades till the World War I. But the aim of this paper is to trace a continuous history of German fantasy of overseas expansion especially into Asia Minor and Mesopotamia. By analyzing some intellectual discourses from the early 19th century, it reveals that the Germans showed early the tendency to build an imperial power in the Middle East. In the latter part of the 19th century, the positions of some of the Great Powers in relation to each other and to the Ottoman Empire began to shift. In this situation Germany pursued its own interests. Germany surprisingly became friendlier towards the Ottoman Empire, which became a close German ally. The Germans took over the re-organisation of the Ottoman military and financial system; in return they received several commercial concessions, including the permission to build the Baghdad Railway. In the German intellectual discourses the Ottoman Empire was continuously treated as an object of direct expansion. On the other hand, the Empire was perceived as a cooperator for the German imperialism. It is safe to say that Germany was driven not only by commercial interests, but also by an imperialistic and militaristic desire. (Dongguk University / pyh@dongguk.ac.kr)

‘다종교·다민족·다문화’적인 오스만제국의 통치 전략

이은정(Lee, Eun-jung) 역사학회 2013 역사학보 Vol.0 No.217

This article examines some techniques of rule that the Ottoman empire employed to project its power over the centuries. And it explores the interaction of internal and external factors that led to the rise and demise of the Ottoman empire. The central dynastic Ottoman state employed a variety of strategies to assure its own perpetuation. Especially as the multi-ethnic, multi-religious Ottoman empire, state power relied on an effective and tolerant model of a multi-religious political system that governed inter-communal relations in the Ottoman empire for centuries. The state’s primary concerns were not religious but rather political: to maintain and extend its power by whatever means necessary. So Ottoman empire showed an exceptional flexibility, a readiness and ability to pragmatically adapt to changing conditions. In earlier centuries, the Ottoman social and political order had been based on differences among ethnicities, religions, and occupations. Peaceful relations among Ottoman subjects were the norm over most of the period and the Ottoman system worked relatively well for almost all of its history. But in a series of three enactments between 1829 and 1856, the central state aimed to strip away the differences among Ottoman subjects. It is clear, after all, that inter-subject relations in the 19th-century Ottoman empire were far worse than in the past. It was the main factor that led to the demise of the Ottoman empire which was one of the greatest, most extensive, and longest-lasting empires in history.

종교개혁 시대 프로테스탄트들의 이슬람에 대한 이미지 연구

김정명 ( Jeoungmyoung Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2015 중동연구 Vol.34 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to review how the Ottoman Empire’s military expansion in the 16~17th centuries influenced the development of the Reformation in Europe and to show how this event led to the change in the image of Islam among the Protestant activists. The Protestant Reformation was initiated in 1517 by Martin Luther who had criticized the Roman Catholic Church in his work the Ninety-Five Theses. Here it is important to remember that the time when the Protestant Reformation wave swept across Europe coincided with the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. Immediately after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman Turks invaded many European territories including Athens, Otranto, Rhodes, and Budapest. Especially in 1529 the Turks almost took Vienna, the capital of the Habsburg Empire. The Habsburg Empire thus entered into direct conflict with the Ottomans. Even though not intentional, the military expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the 16~17th centuries helped the Protestants survive under the religious persecutions led by the Papal-Hapsburg powers. In other words, the Ottoman pressure in central Europe made the Habsburg Empire not concentrate its military energies on rooting out the Protestants. In addition to that, the Sultans of the Ottoman Empire were known for their tolerance of the Protestant faith. For example, Suleiman the Magnificent sent letters to the Protestants in Germany and the Low Countries to offer military help against the Pope and the Emperor. This political situation made the Protestant activists to have interest in the Ottoman Empire and to express their views about Islam through books, sermons, and pamphlets. It is interesting to find that their images of Islam changed from negative to positive gradually during the Reformation. In the early 16th century, the prominent Protestant theologians like Martin Luther and John Calvin showed a marked hostility in their theological disputations against Islam. They depicted Muslims as the true enemies of Christ along with the Pope. Since the later 16th century, however, Protestant monarchs and politicians in England, the Netherlands and Hungary began to seek establishing political and military alliances with the Ottoman Empire to crush the Catholic-Habsburgian hegemony in Europe. The so called ‘Protestant-Islam Alliance’ made Protestants regard the Ottoman Turks as their political protector and use diplomatic rhetorics stressing on the similarity between Muslim and Protestant ideologies.

오스만제국 셀림 1세(Selim I)의 사파비제국 원정

이영희(Younghee Lee) 한국외국어대학교 역사문화연구소 2024 역사문화연구 Vol.90 No.-

바예지드 2세 통치 말기 오스만제국은 내우외환을 위기를 겪는다. 장성한 아들들은 통치자 계승분쟁을 벌였고, 동부 아나돌루 지역에서 성장한 사파비제국은 오스만제국에 거주하는 크즐바쉬를 선동하여 반란을 획책하였다. 셀림 1세 시기는 오스만제국의 혼란을 수습하고 새로운 통치자가 등극하였고 제국을 안정시키기 위해서 사파비제국 원정, 동방원정을 계획하였다. 본 연구는 셀림 1세가 사파비제국과의 전쟁을 준비하는 과정에서 시행된 여러 정책에 대해서 알아보았다. 국경을 봉쇄하여 사파비제국과의 왕래를 차단하면서 경제적 타격을 주고자 하였고 외교적으로 사파비제국을 고립시키고자 하였다. 그리고 오스만제국에 거주하는 사파비교단, 크즐바쉬를 이주시켰다. 또한 셀림 1세는 페트바를 통해 사파비제국과의 전쟁을 성전으로 미화하고 전쟁의 명분을 얻는다. 이러한 노력을 바탕으로 셀림 1세는 사파비제국 원정, 동방 원정을 떠나게 된다. 1514년 5월 시작된 오스만제국의 군사 원정은 늘어진 보급선, 오랜 행군으로 많은 위기를 맞이하였다. 오스만제국 관료들은 셀림 1세에게 회군을 요청하였고, 예니체리는 셀림 1세의 천막에 총탄을 쏘는 등 오스만제국은 위기에 봉착한다. 하지만 셀림 1세는 뛰어난 지도력으로 이를 극복하고 찰드란 전투에서 사파비제국을 패퇴시키고 승리하였다. 오스만제국은 사파비제국의 수도 테브리즈를 점령하였고 회군하면서 주변 여러 공국을 점령하여 동부 아나돌루 지역을 제패하였다. 찰드란 전투를 계기로 현대 중동의 종교 지형이 형성되었다. 오스만제국의 영역을 중심으로 수니 문화권이 형성되었고, 사파비제국의 영역을 중심으로 시아 문화권이 형성되었다. The Ottoman Empire underwent internal and external troubles during the last years of Bayezid II's rule. His sons who came to age engaged in succession disputes, and the Safavid Dynasty that grew in the Anadolu region in the east plotted a revolt by instigating the Kizilbash living in the Ottoman Empire. Ascending the throne as a new ruler, Selim I sorted out the mess in the empire and planned an expedition to the Safavid Dynasty and the East to stabilize the empire. This study examined various policies implemented in the process of Selim I's preparation for a war with the Safavid Dynasty. He blocked any traffic to and from the Safavid Dynasty by closing the border to hit an economic blow to the dynasty and tried to isolate the dynasty diplomatically. He ordered the Safavid order and the Kizilbash living in the empire to move. In addition, he glamorized the planned war with the Safavid Dynasty as a holy war through fatwa and got a justification for the war. Based on these efforts, Selim I went off on an expedition to the Safavid Dynasty and the East. This military expedition of the Ottoman Empire began in May 1514 and faced many crises due to the extended supply ship line and long marches. The bureaucrats of the Ottoman Empire asked Selim I to withdraw, and the Yeniceri fired at his tent. These events drove the Ottoman Empire to a crisis, but Selim I overcame them with his remarkable leadership and won a victory at the Battle of Chaldiran by defeating the Safavid Dynasty. The Ottoman Empire occupied Tabriz, the capital of the Safavid, and many dukedoms nearby on its withdrawal route, thus dominating the Anadolu region in the east. The modern religious topography of the Middle East was formed after the Battle of Chaldiran. The Sunni cultural zone was established around the territory of the Ottoman Empire, and the Shia cultural zone was around the territory of the Safavid Dynasty. This shows that the outcomes of the important Battle of Chaldiran have impacts even in modern days.

오스만제국 동양학자 디미트리에 칸테미르(1673-1723)

이희철(Heechul Lee) 한국외국어대학교 역사문화연구소 2021 역사문화연구 Vol.78 No.-

Dimitrie Cantemir(1673-1723), a prolific man of letters, was an Orientalist raised in the Ottoman Empire during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. He was born in the Principality of Moldavia, a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, and became a renowned historian, geographer, musician, theologian, politician, linguist, musicologist and diplomat, and one of the most intelligent figures in 18th century Europe. Interestingly, he has been evaluated differently in Moldavia, Romania, Turkey, and Russia, due to his major stages in life occurring in different countries such as his birth in Moldavia, education in Istanbul, and political asylum in Russia. As an Orientalist, he left several treaties of monumental significance that covered the spectrum of philosophy and history of both Orient and the West. His magnum opus was 『The History of the Growth and Decay of the Ottoman Empire』, which was a marvelous treatise and is acknowledged as a primary historical source of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment that values intellectual quest of the Orient. Another masterpiece was 『The Book of the Science of Music according to the Alphabetic Notation』, which was a different treatise on Turkish classical music and the innovative system of musical notation. Because of this, Cantemir is highly regarded as a preeminent oriental scholar who conducted a first-hand study on the history and culture of the Ottoman Empire. More importantly, paying attention to the fact that Cantemir spent almost half a lifetime living and studying in Istanbul, this paper aims to explore answers to three questions; First, what was the historical and educational backdrop that made Cantemir an outstanding literary scholar and Orientalist of the time possible? Second, what was the broad outline and historical value of his greatest masterpiece on the Ottoman history? Third, what was the reason of Turkish people’s unfavorable emotions on Cantemir contrary to Europeans? Ultimately, this thesis concludes that Dimitrie Cantemir was one of the most prominent Orientalist scholars on history and culture of the Ottoman Empire and an active contributor to the Oriental Studies in Europe with the help of a high-quality education and learning in Istanbul.

오스만제국 말기 청년지식층과 여성

우덕찬 ( Duck Chan Woo ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2004 지중해지역연구 Vol.6 No.2

The purpose of this study is to examine the political thoughts and the ideologies of Young Intellectuals(Young Ottomans and Young Turks) and their views of women in the last period of Ottoman Empire. Young Ottomans, among whom were Sinasi, Ziya Pasha, Sadullah and Namık Kemal, emerged as a reaction to the authoritarianism, extreme Westernism and superficiality of Tanzimat policies. Their ideology involved a complex blend of Ottoman nationalism, Islamism and constitutionalism. Young Ottomans were the earliest advocates of women`s emancipation, preparing the ground for later reforms, Sinasi`s satirical play Sair Evlenmesi (The Poet`s Wedding) written in 1859 is considered one of the earliest criticisms of the arranged marriage system. Among them, Namık Kemal was the most important intellectual. He was vocal in his criticisms of the more oppressive and unjust aspects of marriage and family life, as well as women`s overall position in society. He used the newpaper he edited, Ibret, to call for reforms in women`s education. His novel, Zavallı Cocuk (Poor Child) also offer critical commentaries on women`s condition. Young Turks influenced by the political and the ideological thoughts of Young Ottoman were the second generation of Young Intellectuals in the last period of Ottoman Empire. Especially, the overthrow of the autocratic regime in 1908 by Young Turks, members of CPU(the Committee of Union and Progress), was followed by a period of intense social upheaval and ideological ferment. Women`s rights issues were no exception. During the Second Constitutional Period, debates on women and the family became more tightly and self-consciously integrated into ideological positions representing different recipes for salvaging the empire. These can be identified as Islamist, Westernist and Turkist positions. But it goes without saying that the activities of Young Intellectuals in the last period of Ottoman Empire served as an important springboard for the reforms under the Ataturk regime.

오스만제국의 루멜리(Rumeli) 일대 장악과 그 역사적 의미

이영희 전북사학회 2021 전북사학 Vol.- No.61

루멜리 지역은 오스만제국의 역사에서 대단히 중요한 위치를 점한다. 오스 만제국은 아나돌루 북서부 해안지역에서 시작되어 이후 점차 비잔틴제국의 영토를 잠식해 나갔다. 오르한 가지(Orhan Gazi) 시기에는 슐레이만 파샤 (Süleyman Paşa)의 주도 아래 겔리볼루 반도에 진출하면서 루멜리 지역으로 세력을 확장하게 된다. 그리고 루멜리 지역의 중심 도시 에디르네(Edirne)를 정복하고 수도로 삼았다. 오스만제국이 루멜리 지역으로 진출하자 위협을 느낀 유럽의 여러 나라는 십자군을 결성하여 대항하였다. 무라드 1세 시기에 있었던 1차 코소바 전투 와 무라드 2세 시기에 있었던 2차 코소바 전투가 그것이다. 1, 2차 코소바 전 투에서 유럽의 십자군은 수적 우위에도 불구하고 오스만제국에 패배하였다. 그 결과 루멜리 지역의 여러 나라는 오스만제국의 진출을 저지하지 못하고 그 지배를 받게 되었다. 이후 오스만제국은 루멜리 지역의 경제적, 군사적 이 점을 활용하여 아나돌루의 다른 공국들보다 빠르게 성장해 갔다. The purpose of this study is to examine the meanings of the Rumeli region in the history of the Ottoman Empire. For this purpose, the study first traced the process of the Ottoman Empire moving into the Rumeli region. The empire made a start in the northwestern coast of Anadolu and encroached on the territory of Byzantine Empire. Marching into the Gallipoli Peninsula under the leadership of Süleyman Paşa during the period of Orhan Gazi, it expanded its force to the Rumeli region. Finally, it conquered Edirne, the central city of the Rumeli region, and made it its capital. As the Ottoman Empire moved into the Rumeli region, many countries in Europe were threatened by the move and engaged in battles after forming crusaders including the first Battle of Kosovo during the reign of Murad I and the second Battle of Kosovo during the reign of Murad II. The European crusaders were, however, defeated by the Ottoman Empire despite their numerical advantage in the first and second Battle of Kosovo. In the end, many countries in the Rumeli region ended up under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, failing to resist its advance into the region effectively. the Ottoman Empire was able to make faster growth than other dukedoms in Anadolu by taking advantage of the economic and military benefits of the Rumeli region.