수질오염 기인 어업피해의 구제에 관한 연구 - 특히 부담주체에 관하여

공경자(Gyung-Ja Gong) 한국해사법학회 2006 해사법연구 Vol.18 No.2

  수질오염으로 인하여 어업활동 등에 장애를 입은 어민은 배상책임자에게 손해배상을 청구할 수 있는데, 「수산업법」 제82조에서는 “산업시설 기타 사업장의 건설 또는 조업이나 선박, 해양오염방지법 제2조 제10호의 해양시설과 해저광구의 개발 등”에 의한 수질오염으로 인하여 면허받은 어업에 피해가 발생한 때에는 그 오염발생시설의 경영자는 관계 법령이 정하는 바에 따라 피해자에게 정당한 배상을 하여야 한다.”고 규정하여 수질오염으로 인한 손해배상을 규정하고 있다.<BR>  이 경우 배상의 부담주체는 오염발생시설의 경영자가 행정청인 경우에는 행정청이 손해배상의 주체가 될 것이며, 행정청이 아닌 경우에는 손해를 입힌 오염발생시설의 경영자가 배상주체가 될 것이며, 또한 적용되는 법률도 다를 것이다. 즉, 부담주체가 국가 및 지방자치단체인 경우에는 국가배상의 논리가 적용될 것이고, 부담주체가 행정청이 아닌 경우에는 민법의 불법행위의 논리가 적용될 것이다.<BR>  「수산업법」 제82조는 피해자가 손해의 배상을 청구함에 있어서는 수질오염을 일으키는 행위의 존재 및 수질오염의 사실을 입증하는 것으로 충분하고, 이들 사이의 인과관계의 존재 및 수질오염에 대한 상대방의 고의 또는 과실을 별도로 입증할 필요는 없는 것으로 해석된다. 왜냐하면 「수산업법」 제82조의 입법취지는 동조 제1항이 규정하는 각종 행위와 수질오염 및 이로 인한 손해의 발생 사이의 인과관계의 존재를 인정하고 나아가 피해자에 대하여 오염발생시설 경영자 등의 고의 또는 과실의 존재에 대한 법률상의 입증책임을 면제함으로써, 피해의 구제를 용이하게 규정한 특별한 손해배상책임으로서의 의미를 부여한 것으로 이해할 수 있을 것이다.<BR>  그리고 폐기물 해양투기비용에 오염자 부담원칙을 적용하여 해양투기로 인해 발생할 수 있는 수질오염의 손해 발생 문제는 육상 폐기물을 해양에 투기하도록 한 환경부가 일차로 져야 한다고 본다. 그러나 오염자 부담원칙은 법률에 명시적으로 규정되어 있지 않는 한 단지 환경정책적 또는 행위준칙의 성격을 지닐 뿐이라고 보는 것이 다수설이기에 해양오염방지법상에 명시되어 있지 않는 한 환경부에게 책임을 묻지는 못한다. 따라서 해양오염방지법상 육상폐기물의 투기에 대한 손해배상의 책임소재를 새롭게 규정하는 것이 필요하다고 본다.   Fisherman who suffer from water pollution can claim for loss or damages against the subject of pollution. In relation with the claim, the Fisheries Act, Article 82, will regulate the claim for loss or damages caused by water pollution. The law specifies the types of water pollution and regulates that a head of the pollution subject should have the obligation to compensate for the possible loss or damage. When the pollution subject is an administrative body, it will be obligated to compensate for the damage in accordance with the Law of National Compensation. If not the case, the head of pollution subject shall be responsible for the pollution in accordance with the general principle of the civil law on compensation for damage in clause 750 of the civil code.<BR>  Ministry of Maritime Affairs & Fisheries who responsible for ocean environment shall be responsible for marine pollution and the possible loss and damages. However, if the pollution subject should be responsible for the damages, the responsibility would go to the Ministry of environment which neglects the dumping of land wastes. However, as the he Law of the Prevention of Marine Pollution, doesn"t specify the responsibility of pollution subject, many believe that it is interpreted in the administrative level and as the rule to action. For this reason, unless it is not specified in the Law of Prevention of Marine Pollution, the Ministry of environment shall not be responsible for the case. Accordingly, it is required that the Law of the Prevention of Marine Pollution or the Fisheries Act, Article 82, should specify who will be responsible for the dumping of land wastes.

海洋警察의 業務와 改善方案에 관한 小考

설계경(Kye-Kyoung Seol) 한국해사법학회 2009 해사법연구 Vol.21 No.3

우리나라도 해양에 대한 미래지향적인 국토관리 체제의 확립이 필요한 바, 이에 대한 대책으로 우선 해양경찰권의 기능강화가 절실히 필요한 때 이다. 특히 해상에서의 위기관리를 위해서는 국내법 및 국제법과 국제적 관례에 따라 즉시 해양경찰권의 행사가 합리적으로 이루어 져야 한다. 우리나라 해양경찰은 국토해양부 소속하에 일반경찰과는 달리 운영되어 오고 있으나 대부분은 아직도 각 개별법 및 일반경찰법령에 근거하고 있다. 이처럼 비록 해양경찰이 일반경찰과 독립된 기관임에도 불구하고 아직도 해양경찰권 발동에 독립된 집행법이 없다는 것은 해양경찰의 발동에 많은 한계가 있다. 따라서 본고에서는 해양의 특수성과 중요성을 감안하여 해양경찰의 업무 및 외국의 해양경찰의 주요업무 등을 살펴보고, 현재의 해양경찰발동의 문제점 및 그 개선방안에 관하여 고찰하였다. Our country need to the establishment of the ocean. First of all, the functional reinforcement of oceanic police power is necessary. Also, the oceanic police power from the sea must come to accomplish rationally. The oceanic police positions ministry of land, transport and maritime affairs. But the most is based to each individual law and a general police law. Because activity of the oceanic police is many limit. In this paper, I observed to the business of oceanic police and important business of oceanic police of the foreign nation ect, and investigated to the problem and improvement.

폐기물 해양투기 오염규제에 관한 법제 개선방안

이상일(Sang-il Lee),여숙경(Sook-kyung Yeo),이윤철(Yun-cheol Lee) 한국해사법학회 2007 해사법연구 Vol.19 No.1

인간의 활동으로 인해 발생하는 폐기물은 대부분이 유독성 오염물질로서, 특히 해양에 투기되는 오염물질은 해양환경이나 해양생태계에도 치명적인 피해를 입히게 된다. 우리나라는 해양오염방지법에 따라 일정한 요건을 갖추면 합법적으로 해양투기가 가능한 실정이다. 그러나 캐나다, 영국 등 유럽선진국들은 일찍이 하수슬러지의 해양투기를 전면 금지하였고, 해양투기가 가능한 폐기물이라 할지라도 엄격한 관리를 통해 제한된 투기만을 예외적으로 허용하고 있다. 이 논문에서는 이러한 국내ㆍ외적인 상황을 기초로 하여 우리나라 주변해역에서의 폐기물 투기기인 오염으로부터 해양환경을 보호하기 위하여 현재 진행되고 있는 폐기물 해양투기에 대한 현황과 문제점을 살펴보고, 이에 대한 개선방안을 법과 제도적인 측면으로 구분하여 제시하였다. Ocean Dumping means any intentional disposal among several types of dumping at sea. Intentional disposal of wastes at sea is the most important aspect when considering the subject of a regulation. In 1972 London Convention was signed as an international law related to the dumping of wastes at sea. The Republic of Korea has been dumping wastes at sea since 1988, pursuant to the Marine Pollution Prevention Act. Since then, the quantity of dumping has been continuously increased and ocean pollution was noticed after all as a result from uncontrolled disposal. To the contrary, advanced nations such as the United States, the United Kingdom and other EU countries who play leading roles to comply with London Convention are entirely prohibiting dumping noxious wastes or decreasing them in ocean. This paper aims to study the facts and problems of the ocean dumping in the Republic of Korea, compare them with international trends and regulations, analyze causes for the problems of the waste disposal at sea surrounding the Republic of Korea, and suggests the legal and systematic countermeasures.

초국경적 환경오염원으로부터 해양환경 보호의무에 관한 국제법적 연구

장혜원 국제법평론회 2023 국제법평론 Vol.- No.65

The purpose of this study is to examine the responsibility for marine discharge of radioactive contaminated water under international law, and to examine the significance of marine discharge of contaminated water from Fukushima nuclear power plant, which is expected in 2023. The contents and legal structure of the actual laws and regulations. To this end, we analyzed marine environmental pollution and under the contents and legal structure of the actual laws and regulations to clarify the phenomena and definitions. We tried to examine examples of practical applications based on the Fukushima nuclear accident. The Fukushima nuclear accident is not just a nuclear accident, but shows the dangers of a society when relying on nuclear energy. This discussion could be an approach to environmental issues beyond mankind marine pollution and its impact. Therefore, in this paper, analysis was conducted focusing on international agreements for research. Conventions that have become the center of research are the 1972 London Convention, the 1996 London Protocol, two international conventions. This study is based on the analysis of marine environmental pollution and nuclear power plant accident liability analysis revealed through the previous discussion, the problem of ocean discharge of contaminated water from the Fukushima nuclear power plant, scheduled for 2023, was considered. In particular, after reviewing the overview including the background of the discharge of polluted water to the sea, I reviewed the current status of countermeasures for the discharge of polluted water and the related future tasks. In addition, analyzed the pros and cons of the discharge of polluted water according to the rationale. Also, examined Contaminated marine emissions discussed at the Conference of Parties to the London Convention and Protocol and significance of environmental impact assessment that can act as a precautionary measure such as environmental assessment of the release of radioactive contaminated water into the ocean. In conclusion, it should be possible to emphasize the meaning of information disclosure and cooperation as a national activity and development of guidelines for the London Convention and Protocol to effectively regulate the release of radioactive contaminated water to the sea. In addition, in accordance with diverse attempts under international law to prevent this in advance, it is necessary to take a lead towards Japan’s release of radioactive contaminated water through cooperative and systematic research between countries in the Pacific.

폐기물 해양투기 오염규제에 관한 법제 개선방안

이상일(Sang-il Lee),이윤철(Yun-cheol Lee) 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2007 한국마린엔지니어링학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2007 No.-

Ocean Dumping means any intentional disposal among several types of dumping at sea. Intentional disposal of wastes at sea is the most important aspect when considering the subject of a regulation. The Republic of Korea has been dumping wastes at sea since 1988, pursuant to the Marine Pollution Prevention Act. Since then, the quantity of dumping has been continuously increased and ocean pollution was noticed after all as a result from uncontrolled disposal. To the contrary, advanced nations such as the United States, the United Kingdom and other EU countries which play leading roles are entirely prohibiting dumping noxious wastes or decreasing them in ocean. This paper aims to study the facts and problems of the ocean dumping in the Republic of Korea, compare them with international trends and regulations, analyze causes for the problems of the waste disposal at sea surrounding the Republic of Korea, and suggests the legal and systematic countermeasures.

플라스틱으로 인한 해양오염에 대한 대책 -국제법적,미국법적 대처와 그 시사점-

김성배 ( Sung Bae Kim ) 한국환경법학회 2012 環境法 硏究 Vol.34 No.2

Today some 40 percent of the world``s oceans are covered in giant, swirling convergences of garbage, including billions of pounds of plastic. Plastics pollution has a direct and deadly effect on wildlife. Thousands of seabirds and sea turtles, seals and other marine mammals are killed each year after ingesting plastic or getting entangled in it. In the first decade of this century, we made more plastic than all the plastic in history up to the year 2000. And every year, billions of pounds of plastic end up in the world``s oceans. Most ocean pollution starts out on land and is carried by wind and rain to the sea. Once in the water, there is a near-continuous accumulation of waste. Plastic is so durable that every bit of plastic ever made still exists. There are, however, few regulations that have promise for preventing the spread of the Garbage Patch. Because international solutions for this problem are unlikely to arise in the near future, domestic regulations are the most viable measures available today for preventing the Garbage Patch from creeping outward. This article will review international environmental principles and law, analyze U.S.A regulations for plastic and controversy over plastic ban and make some suggestions for lawmaker to stopping the marine environmental disaster.

미세플라스틱에 의한 해양오염의 규율을 위한 국제적 대응방안에 대한 검토 : 국제법을 통한 규범적 접근을 중심으로

김민경(Min-kyung KIM),정서용(Suh-yong CHUNG) 서울국제법연구원 2020 서울국제법연구 Vol.27 No.1

해양쓰레기는 해양생태계에 심각한 환경, 건강 및 경제적 문제점을 야기한다. 또한 국가관할권 내외의 다양한 육상 및 해상 기인으로 발생할 수 있기 때문에 많은 국내 국제법적 문제를 제기한다. 이와 관련 해양쓰레기 중 특히 플라스틱에 의한 해양 오염은 오늘날 심각한 수준에 이르렀다. 해양생태계에서 플라스틱이 발견됨에 따라 먹이사슬과 생태계 건강에 미치는 영향을 이해하기 위해 다양한 연구가 수행되었는데 이중 가장 중요하게 조사된 것이 해양 및 담수 생태계의 미세플라스틱 오염이다. 미세플라스틱 문제는 일반 플라스틱의 문제와는 다른 측면이 많이 있어서 미세플라스틱 문제 해결을 위한 새로운 국제사회의 노력이 필요하다. 특히 미세플라스틱에 의한 해양오염의 경우 무엇보다도 해양생태계에 대한 미세플라스틱으로부터의 피해를 제거하고, 영향을 최소화하며 근본적으로는 플라스틱에 대한 대체제 개발까지를 염두에 둔 근본적인 대책이 필요하다고 본다. 그러나 문제해결에 대한 정책적 의지와 정치적 긴박성은 이에 미치지 못하는 것이 현실이다. 또한 해양 미세플라스틱 문제의 초국가성에 비추어 국제적 차원에서의 다양한 이해관계자의 참여가 가능한 거버넌스가 필요하며, 대부분의 문제 발생이 해양법의 영역 밖인 육상에서 그리고 국내법적 차원에서 기인하고 있다는 점에서 효과적인 문제해결에 대한 국제법 차원의 접근이 가능할 것인가에 대한 고민이 필요하다. 국제사회에서는 이러한 문제점을 감안한 새로운 국제법적 레짐의 마련이 요구되고 있다. 따라서 본고는 해양 미세플라스틱 오염을 규율하기 위해 현재 다양한 차원에서 전개되고 있는 국제사회의 노력을 평가하고 현행 국제법규범체계의 적용현황을 검토하였다. 나아가 현행 규범체계에 대한 대안으로 위에서 지적된 문제점을 염두에 두고 제품의 생산 및 소비에 대한 규제, 감시 및 국가 간 협력을 중심으로 하는 국제법적 레짐 마련의 일환으로 새로운 포괄적 형태의 조약 체결 가능성에 대하여도 간략히 검토하였다. Marine debris creates serious environmental, health and economic problems for the marine ecosystem. In addition, it raises many domestic and international legal issues because it can be caused by various land and sea origins within and outside the national jurisdiction. In this regard, marine pollution, especially plastics, has reached a serious level today. As plastics are found in marine ecosystems, various studies have been conducted to understand the effects on food chains and the healthy ecosystem, the most important of which is microplastic contamination of marine and freshwater ecosystems. The microplastic problem has many different aspects from the general plastic problem, which requires the renewed efforts of the international community to solve it. More specifically, in the case of marine pollution caused by microplastics, it is necessary to remove the damage from microplastics to the marine ecosystem, minimize the impact, and fundamentally take measures to consider alternatives to plastics. However, the reality is that the political will and sense of urgency for solving the problem are not enough. In addition, in light of the supranational nature of the marine microplastic issues, it is necessary to have effective governance that enables the participation of various stakeholders at the international level. At the same time, it is also necessary to study whether international law-based approaches is possible for effective problem solving in view of the fact that microplastic pollution originates from land and it is under the national jurisdiction. Against such backdrop, today, it is urgently required to prepare a new international legal regime to cope with these problems. For this purpose, this paper evaluates the efforts of the international community that are currently under way at various levels to regulate marine microplastic pollution. It also reviews the current status of the application of the international environmental laws and regulations for microplastic pollution issues. Furthermore, as an alternative to the current international environmental law system, it briefly studies the feasibility of concluding a new comprehensive treaty to establish the international legal regime centered on regulating, monitoring the production and consumption of plastics and facilitating cooperations among countries.

Atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic inorganic nitrogen in airborne particles and precipitation in the East Sea in the northwestern Pacific Ocean

Park, Geun-Ha,Lee, Seon-Eun,Kim, Young-il,Kim, Dongseon,Lee, Kitack,Kang, Jeongwon,Kim, Yeo-Hun,Kim, Haryun,Park, Seunghee,Kim, Tae-Wook Elsevier 2019 Science of the Total Environment Vol.681 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic nitrogen is an increasingly important new source of nitrogen to the ocean. Coastal areas east of the Korean Peninsula are suitable for the investigation of the effects of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the ocean nutrient system because of the low riverine discharge rates and the prevailing influence of the East Asian outflow. Thus, we measured the concentrations of nitrate (NO<SUB>3</SUB> <SUP>−</SUP>) and ammonium (NH<SUB>4</SUB> <SUP>+</SUP>) in airborne particles and in precipitation from March 2014 to February 2016 at a coastal site (37.08°N, 129.41°E) on the east coast of Korea. The dry deposition of NO<SUB>3</SUB> <SUP>−</SUP> (27–30 mmol N m<SUP>−2</SUP> yr<SUP>−1</SUP>) was far greater than that of NH<SUB>4</SUB> <SUP>+</SUP> (6–8 mmol N m<SUP>−2</SUP> yr<SUP>−1</SUP>). The greater rate of dry NO<SUB>3</SUB> <SUP>−</SUP> deposition was associated with air masses traveling over northeastern China and central Korea. In contrast, the rates of wet deposition of NO<SUB>3</SUB> <SUP>−</SUP> (17–24 mmol N m<SUP>−2</SUP> yr<SUP>−1</SUP>) and NH<SUB>4</SUB> <SUP>+</SUP> (14–27 mmol N m<SUP>−2</SUP> yr<SUP>−1</SUP>) were comparable and were probably associated with in-cloud scavenging of these ions. The results indicate that the total deposition of NO<SUB>3</SUB> <SUP>−</SUP> and NH<SUB>4</SUB> <SUP>+</SUP> combined could contribute to ~2.4% and ~1.9% of the primary production in the coastal areas east of the Korean Peninsula and in the East Asian marginal seas, respectively, which would be a lower bound because the dry deposition of reactive nitrogen gas was not included. Our study shows that the atmospheric input of anthropogenic NO<SUB>3</SUB> <SUP>−</SUP> and NH<SUB>4</SUB> <SUP>+</SUP> may substantially increase phytoplankton biomass in the coastal waters of the East Sea near the Korean Peninsula.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition (AND) was 64–89 mmol N m<SUP>−2</SUP> yr<SUP>−1</SUP> in the East Sea. </LI> <LI> AND was enhanced in air masses traveling over northeastern China and central Korea. </LI> <LI> AND could contribute to ~1.9% of the primary production of East Asian seas. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

해양환경보호를 위한 국제적 입법 동향과 그 대응책

윤효영 한국경영법률학회 2004 經營法律 Vol.14 No.1

Twentieth Century has confronted with environmental pollution due to rapid population increase, industrialization etc. The environmental accidents give rise to fatal problems in every life sphere of Mankind. In case of ocean pollution accidents the international efforts to restore and amend pollution damages has been made. The vital results of the efforts are 1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage(CLC 1969), 1971 International Convention on the Establishment of International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage(FC 1971) and the protocol of the conventions (Protocol of 1992 to amend the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969 and the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 1971). Recently International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea 1996(HNS 1996) and International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, 2001 (Bunkers Convention 2001) has been established. This thesis deals with International Legislative Efforts for Protecting Ocean Environment, and synthetic devices for prevention and recovering ocean pollution and coping with the conventions.

폐기물 해양투기에 관한 국제법적 규제 및 우리나라의 대응방안에 관한 연구

여숙경(Sook-kyung Yeo),이윤철(Yun-cheol Lee) 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2006 한국마린엔지니어링학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2006 No.-

This thesis has an aim to on the study the facts and problems of the ocean dumping in Korea, compare them with international trends and regulations, and analyze the cause for the problems of the waste disposal at sea in Korea. Ocean Dumping means any intentional disposal among several types of dumping at sea. Intention is the most important aspect when considering the subject of a regulation. In 1972 London Convention was signed as an international law related to the dumping of wastes at sea. Korea is dumping wastes at sea since 1988, persuant to the Marine Pollution Prevention Act. However marine pollution is generated by dumping of wastes at the permitted sea area, due to continuously incresaing amount of dumping annully, since then. The dumping of wastes at sea, without considering the capacity of marine environment shared by various nations, can damage neighboring mations and cause some international environmental disputes. Therefore China, Russia, North Korea and Japan, which share the West and East Sea with Korea, have to prepare a cooperative measure concerning the environmental pollution and geographical important around the surrounding sea area.