Obesity Fact Sheet in Korea, 2021: Trends in Obesity Prevalence and Obesity-Related Comorbidity Incidence Stratified by Age from 2009 to 2019

양예슬,한병덕,한경도,정진형,손장원,On Behalf of the Taskforce Team of the Obesity Fact Sheet 대한비만학회 2022 Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome Vol.31 No.2

Background: The global public health burden of obesity has increased with socio-economic development. The Korean Society for the Study of Obesity released the 2021 Obesity Fact Sheet to address trends in obesity prevalence and comorbid conditions by different age groups. Methods: Individuals ≥20 years old who underwent a health checkup provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Service between 2009 and 2019 were included. The prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity was standardized by age and sex based on the 2010 population and housing census. The incidence of obesity-related comorbidities was tracked from 2009 to 2019, and the incidence per 1,000 person-years was calculated using Poisson regression adjusted for age and sex. Results: Obesity and abdominal obesity prevalence has increased for the entire population over the past 11 years. Obesity prevalence has risen rapidly in individuals in their 20s and 80s compared with other age groups. Additionally, class III obesity prevalence in both men and women has significantly increased by nearly threefold. The relative risk of developing type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and cancers in people with obesity or abdominal obesity is greater than in people without obesity or abdominal obesity. The relative risk was higher in young and middle-aged individuals than in the older population. Conclusion: The findings based on the 2021 Obesity Fact Sheet suggest the need to better understand obesity characteristics according to age and sex and to establish individualized treatment strategies.

Perspective on Diagnostic Criteria for Obesity and Abdominal Obesity in Korean Adults

남가은,박혜순 대한비만학회 2018 The Korean journal of obesity Vol.27 No.3

Excessive body weight is associated with increased health risks in humans. In general, the risk of mortality increases with greater obesity. The 2018 guideline for the management of obesity by the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity proposed the body mass index (BMI) cut-off levels of 25 kg/m2 and 23 kg/m2 as diagnostic criteria for obesity and overweight (pre-obese) in Korean adults, respectively. Abdominal obesity has been defined as waist circumference (WC) ≥90 cm in men and WC ≥85 cm in women. In this review, the validity of these criteria for Korean adults was examined based on the evidence regarding the associations of obesity index with mortality and morbidity. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology algorithm and American Diabetes Association guideline for the medical care of obese and overweight patients support a BMI of 25 kg/m2 and 23 kg/m2, respectively, as the cut-off levels for Asians (and some ethnicities) corresponding to the BMI values of 30 kg/m2 and 25 kg/m2, respectively, for Caucasians. In the future, the optimal cut-off levels for obesity and abdominal obesity may require adjustment as the demographic characteristics of the Korean population change. In addition, development of more valid indicators that better reflect health risks of obesity is needed.

비만에 대한 지식, 태도, 실천성

김하주(Kim Ha-Ju) 한국인체미용예술학회 2004 한국인체미용예술학회지 Vol.5 No.2

  To investigate the knowledge, eating habits, practice to the obesity in Koeran adults, questionnaires were carried out on the eating habits, physical activities and the knowledge of obesity of the Korean adult males and females.<BR>  The period of investigation was two weeks from March 1, 2004 to March 14, 2004. The subjects of research were based on random sampling and it was carried out by 303 the Korean adults in Busan City and Gyongbuk Province.<BR>  The significance of the questionnaires was examined by carrying out t-test, chi-square surrey and dispersion analysis with SPSS version 10.1 program with the gathered materials.<BR>  The results were as follows:<BR>  Sex distribution was male 34.4% vs. female 65.5%. Body mass index(BMI) is a tool for indicating weight status in adults. It is a measure of weight for height. On this study, the distribution was normal weight 63.6%, overweight 17.4%, obese 11.8%, underweight 6.6%. Females and older ages are more belong to the group of overweight and obese. The most people of this study don"t like to eat outside and control themselves. Older ages have more self-control of eating and rare breakfast. Younger ages like to have snacks, habits of overeating, convenience foods, sugar-contained foods and vegetarian foods. Males like to drink alcohol and eat after normal dinner time than females. Females have more tendency to have snacks, overeating, convenience foods, sugar-contained foods and vegetarian foods. Higher academic backgrounds have more tendency to eat outside and regular breakfast. Higher rankers of BMI have tendency of fast-eating and overeating. Most of the objectives have taking shower and bathing often, and older ages have regular body exercises and activities. 30"s and over-50"s have deeper sleep over 8hours contrast to 40"s and males are more likely to have regular exercise than females. Lower academic backgrounds like watching TV contrast to highers. They have low understanding about genetical cause of obesity and the relationships of obesity and ingestion of sugar. High educational backgrounds have more knowledge and recognition about obesity. Females have more and higher recognition about the dietary treatments for prevention about obesity. Over-50"s have lower knowledge and recognition about obesity than well-educated 30"s, but they prefer to have regular exercises practically. And they recognized the relationships between obesity and diabetes. High BMI rankers have low recognition that there are some genetical causes on obesity and prevention activity about obesity can diminish geriatric diseases. There are no similar statistical differences on physical activities. As a result of this study, there are close and intimate relationships between objetives" habit of eating, knowlege of obesity, physical activity and prevention of obesity. And to prevent obesity, good habits of living are needed like regular exercise and nutritional balanced meal, etc. Also educational programs about obesity are hopely needed for low educated and ol.

Obesity Fact Sheet in Korea, 2019: Prevalence of Obesity and Abdominal Obesity from 2009 to 2018 and Social Factors

남가은,김양현,한경도,정진형,이은정,이성수,김대중,이관우,이원영,the Taskforce Team of the Obesity Fact Sheet of the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity 대한비만학회 2020 The Korean journal of obesity Vol.29 No.2

Background: The prevalence of obesity has rapidly increased in countries across the world in recent decades. The 2019 Obesity Fact Sheet released by the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity addressed the prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity during the period of 2009 to 2018 and obesity-related social factors. Methods: Data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service health checkup database between 2009 and 2018 and the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2010 and 2017 were analyzed. The prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity was calculated after standardizing for age and sex based on the 2010 population and housing census. Results: From 2009 to 2018, the prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity increased to 35.7% and 23.8%, respectively, in 2018. Upward trends in the prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity was observed among both sexes and nearly all age groups. The prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity was higher among individuals with lower education and household income levels. Among occupations, managers exhibited the highest prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity. Further, the prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity became higher among individuals working longer hours and split and night shift workers. Conclusion: The 2019 Obesity Fact Sheet provides information on changes in obesity dynamics during the past decade and obesity-related social factors in the Korean adult population. This report might constitute a cornerstone by which to establish targets for future interventions for reversing the rise in the prevalence of obesity and reducing the burden of obesity in Korea.

Obesity, obesity-related diseases and application of animal model in obesity research An overview

( Byung Sung Park ),( N K Singh ),( Am M T Reza ) 한국유화학회 2013 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.30 No.4

The multi-origin of obesity and its associated diseases made it’s a complex area of biomedical science research and severe health disorder. From the 1970s to onwards this health problem turned to an epidemic without having any report of declining yet and it created a red alert to the health sector. Meanwhile, many animal models have been developed to study the lethal effect of obesity. In consequence, many drugs, therapies and strategies have already been adopted based on the findings of those animal models. However, many complicated things based on molecular and generic mechanism has not been clarified to the date. Thus, it is important to develop a need based animal model for the better understanding and strategic planning to eliminate/avoid the obesity disorder. Therefore, the present review would unveil the pros and cons of presently established animal models for obesity research. In addition, it would indicate the required turning direction for further obesity and obesity based disease research.

Perspective on Diagnostic Criteria for Obesity and Abdominal Obesity in Korean Adults

Nam, Ga Eun,Park, Hye Soon Korean Society for the Study of Obesity 2018 Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome Vol.27 No.3

<P>Excessive body weight is associated with increased health risks in humans. In general, the risk of mortality increases with greater obesity. The 2018 guideline for the management of obesity by the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity proposed the body mass index (BMI) cut-off levels of 25 kg/m<SUP>2</SUP> and 23 kg/m<SUP>2</SUP> as diagnostic criteria for obesity and overweight (pre-obese) in Korean adults, respectively. Abdominal obesity has been defined as waist circumference (WC) ≥90 cm in men and WC ≥85 cm in women. In this review, the validity of these criteria for Korean adults was examined based on the evidence regarding the associations of obesity index with mortality and morbidity. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology algorithm and American Diabetes Association guideline for the medical care of obese and overweight patients support a BMI of 25 kg/m<SUP>2</SUP> and 23 kg/m<SUP>2</SUP>, respectively, as the cut-off levels for Asians (and some ethnicities) corresponding to the BMI values of 30 kg/m<SUP>2</SUP> and 25 kg/m<SUP>2</SUP>, respectively, for Caucasians. In the future, the optimal cut-off levels for obesity and abdominal obesity may require adjustment as the demographic characteristics of the Korean population change. In addition, development of more valid indicators that better reflect health risks of obesity is needed.</P>

A Phenomenological Study of Obese Women’s Experiences in South Korea

Ji Eun Choi,Sang-Moon Han,Jin-Won Kwon 한국보건사회약료경영학회 2016 한국보건사회약료경영학회지 Vol.5 No.1

BACKGROUND The stigma for obesity may be more serious in Asia due to lower obesity prevalence. Our study explored the lived experience through the overall social difficulties of people living with obesity in a society with relatively lower obesity prevalence. METHODS This study was a qualitative study using phenomenological methods to grasp the essence by emphasizing the meaning of life experience of obese women. The experiences of social perception due to obesity in 10 women with a body mass index (BMI) over 30kg/m2 were assessed through focus group interviews and faceto- face interviews. The qualitative research assessed four categories including: causality of obesity, perception of the social attitudes towards obesity, motives for weight management, and needs for weight management. RESULTS Significant statements in the scripts for the four categories were identified. These statements were divided into subtheme and theme. Obese people thought that their own will to control their weight, support from family and health care professionals, and social support such as national medical insurance were necessary to control obesity. CONCLUSIONS This study would benefit the recognition of severe bias in society toward obese people, which is likely to impair their quality of life. Furthermore, this social trend may not be helpful in attenuating the increasing prevalence of obesity in South Korea, and may even worsen weight control in obese people by putting more stress on them. A social support system rather than negative attitudes against obese people would be required to resolve various social issues related to obesity.

Obesity, Body Image, Depression, and Weight-control Behaviour Among Female University Students in Korea

Eun Mi Jun,최승배 대한암예방학회 2014 Journal of cancer prevention Vol.19 No.3

Background: Obesity has become epidemic worldwide and 31.0% of Korean adults are obese. Obesity is the main cause of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiac disease, and cancer. The purpose of the study was to examine obesity, body image, depression, and weight-control behaviour among Korean female university students and investigate the differences in body image, depression, and weight-control behaviour with respect to obesity. Methods: This study examined obesity, body image, depression, and weight control in 700 female university students from 4 universities in South Korea. To evaluate obesity, both objective obesity (body mass index [BMI]) and subjective obesity (subjectively perceived) were measured. Results: There was a significant difference between objective and subjective obesity (χ2 = 231.280, P < 0.001). In addition, the objective obesity group had the lowest body image score (F = 19.867, P < 0.001) and difference in weight-control behaviour (F = 3.145, P = 0.045). Further, the subjective obesity group had the lowest body image score (F = 58.281, P < 0.001). The results revealed a statistically significant difference in body image and weight-control behaviour with respect to objective obesity. Conclusion: Objective and subjective obesity was negatively associated with body image, and no relationships between objective or subjective obesity and depression.

Development and Evaluation of an Obesity Ontology for Social Big Data Analysis

Kim, Ae Ran,Park, Hyeoun-Ae,Song, Tae-Min Korean Society of Medical Informatics 2017 Healthcare Informatics Research Vol.23 No.3

<P><B>Objectives</B></P><P>The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate an obesity ontology as a framework for collecting and analyzing unstructured obesity-related social media posts.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>The obesity ontology was developed according to the ‘Ontology Development 101’. The coverage rate of the developed ontology was examined by mapping concepts and terms of the ontology with concepts and terms extracted from obesity-related Twitter postings. The structure and representative ability of the ontology was evaluated by nurse experts. We applied the ontology to the density analysis of keywords related to obesity types and management strategies and to the sentiment analysis of obesity and diet using social big data.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>The developed obesity ontology was represented by 8 superclasses and 124 subordinate classes. The superclasses comprised ‘risk factors,’ ‘types,’ ‘symptoms,’ ‘complications,’ ‘assessment,’ ‘diagnosis,’ ‘management strategies,’ and ‘settings.’ The coverage rate of the ontology was 100% for the concepts and 87.8% for the terms. The evaluation scores for representative ability were higher than 4.0 out of 5.0 for all of the evaluation items. The density analysis of keywords revealed that the top-two posted types of obesity were abdomen and thigh, and the top-three posted management strategies were diet, exercise, and dietary supplements or drug therapy. Positive expressions of obesity-related postings has increased annually in the sentiment analysis.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>It was found that the developed obesity ontology was useful to identify the most frequently used terms on obesity and opinions and emotions toward obesity posted by the geneal population on social media.</P>

성인여성의 비만에 대한 인식ㆍ스트레스ㆍ복부비만관리에 대한 연구

정유영 ( Yu-young Jeong ),이인희 ( In-hee Lee ) 한국미용예술경영학회 2013 미용예술경영연구 Vol.7 No.3

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data to improve obesity and abdominal obesity management of adult women and their health condition by investigating obesity stress, the recognition of obesity, abdomen characteristics and abdominal obesity management of adult women. The subjects of this study were in total who applied to BMI 23.0-30.0kg/㎡, body fat percentage 28.0-35.0%, abdomen fat percentage 0.85-0.95 which is beyond reference range of standards WHO-WPR suggested out of adult women dwelling in Seoul 15 women in their 30s and 40s who live in Seoul it was executed from June 17th 2013 to June 20 2013. Obesity stress of 30s-40s women showed ' I am afraid others may look at flabby skin on my waist and abdomen' (M=4.07) as highest, the recognition of obesity, 'Obesity affects women as an unfavorable condition' (M=4.27) as highest, abdomen characteristics, 'Abdomen is rather cold' (M=3.80) as highest and insufficient exercise was shown as highest, 7 persons (46.7%) as a cause of abdominal obesity. To experience obesity clinic and body-shape shop or not showed 6 persons in Yes (40.0%), 9 persons in No (60.0%), the best method for abdominal obesity management, excercise therapy 10 persons (66.7%), desired facility for abdominal obesity management, the Fitness centers 9 persons (60.0%), and reason for abdominal obesity management, health problems 6 persons (40.0%). Since the study chose and investigated part of adult women the representativeness of samples may somewhat be raised and the further study continuously needs to be made focusing wider area and more people.