Adenosine Stress Dual Energy Cardiac Perfusion CT에서 심근관류 결손부위와 주변 정상심근의 조영증강 정도에 따른 Dual Energy Image의 유용성에 관한 연구

부재철(Jae Cheol Boo),한영길(Young Gil Han),이현진(Hyun Jin Lee),임근교(Geun Gyo Im),김순배(Soon Bae Kim) 대한CT영상기술학회 2011 대한CT영상기술학회지 Vol.13 No.2

I. Purpose This study aimed to determine the clinical effectiveness of dual energy imaging by comparative analysis with reference to the HU values measured from 140 kVp, 80 kVp, and mixing images with a ratio of 7 : 3 between them in normal myocardium and myocardial perfusion defect regions. This idea of comparative evaluation is based on the characteristics of dual energy that the HU values from the images from SP-DECT (adenosine stress cardiac perfusion CT using dual energy) vary with energy changes in X-ray caused by the increase or decrease of contrast agents. II. Meterial and Methods Subjects were patients who underwent dual source cardiac CT from September 14, 2009 to August 20, 2010 and were found to be with coronary artery disease. Each of them completed SP-DECT. Out of the images acquired, we used the images that were suspected to be with perfusion defect (PD) as a result of comparison With cardiac MRI and coronary angiography. They were sorted into stress-induced PD (SPD, N: 32) and myocardial infarction (MI, N: 31) by using our judgment. Next, measurement of HU values was made using ROIs in the PD site and normal myocardium adjacent to it. The size of each ROI was chosen as large as possible within the measurement areas and the number of ROIs was determined to be more than 2 to be averaged. For comparative evaluation, standard deviations of the means were calculated. III. Result The group means of standard deviations were 9.35 for MI and 27.53 for the SPD group, and in relation to the MI group, the mean of standard deviations of normal myocardium was 47.17, while in relation to the SPD that was 50.38. Our one way ANOVA analysis with SPSS (version 12.0, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) of the data classified into three groups: SPD, MI, and normal myocardium (normal as against each of the SPD and MI groups) found that there were significant differences among the three groups, with p-value being .000(p<0.05). The Scheffe post hoc test also showed significant differences among the three groups, with p-value being .000(p<0.05). IV. Conclusions The results of this study of patients who underwent SP-DECT and were suspected to be with PD showed that, in terms of the mean of standard deviations of the HU values acquired, there were significant differences among the groups of adenosine stress induced PD, MI, normal myocardium. This suggests that at the time of the perfusion examination, contrast agents increase in the ascending order of normal myocardium, SPD, and MI. Differently phrased, given that contrast agents travel through blood vessels and blood flow in normal myocardium is considered to be normal, it can be interpreted that blood flow in the SPD group is worse than normal, but better than in the MI group. Another implication is that with these values a quantification analysis is feasible. In short, SP-DECT will be useful in increasing the accuracy of perfusion evaluation of ischemic heart disease in that it allows for more diverse imaging presentations by using characteristics of dual energy in relation to contrast agents, thereby making available comparative evaluation of images and facilitating quantitative analysis. 목적 Dual energy를 이용한 adenosine stress cardiac peifusion CT(SP-DECT) 검사에서 조영제의 증강정도에 따라 X-ray의 에너지 변화에 의한 영상의 HU값이 변화되는 특성을 이용하여 140 kVp, 80 kVp와 두영상을 혼합(7:3)한 mixing image의 정상심근과 myocardial perfusion defect부위의 HU값을 비교 측정하여 진단적 유용성을 알아보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 연구대상은 2009년 09월 14일부터 2010년 8월 20일까지 dual source cardiac CT검사를 받은 환자 중 coronary artery disease가 있는 환자를 SP-DECT검사를 시행하였고 cardiac MRI와 coronary angiography와 비교해 perfusion defect(PD)가 있다고 판명된 영상을 사용하였다. 그 중 판독상에 stress에 기인한 PD(SPD, N:32)와 myocardial infarction(MI, N:31)로 분류하여 PD가 있는 부위와 인접한 정상심근에 ROI를 이용해서 각각의 HU수치를 측정하였다. ROI크기는 측정부위가 벗어나지 않는 정도에서 최대한 크게 하였고 최소 2부위 이상 측정하여 평균을 구하였다. 그리고 평균의 표준편차를 계산하여 비교 평가하였다. 결과 MI의 표준편차의 평균은 9.35이고 MI에 대한 normal myocardium의 표준편차의 평균은 47.17이였다. 그리고 SPD는 27.53이고 SPD의 normal myocardium은 50.38이였다. 그리고 두 집단의 전체 normal myocardium과 SPD, MI로 분류하여 SPSS(version 12.0, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA)를 이용하여 One way ANOVA로 분석한 결과 p value값이 .000(p<0.05)으로 나와 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 Scheffe 사후검증결과 normal myocardium, SPD, MI 모두 p value값이 .000(p<0.05)으로 세 집단간 모두 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 결론 본 연구 결과 SP-DECT를 시행하고 PD가 있는 환자 중 adenosine stress에 기인한 PD와 MI, 그리고 normal myocardium간에는 HU수치의 표준편차 값이 유의한 차이를 보였으며 이것은 perfusion검사 당시 normal myocardium, SPD, MI 순서로 조영제가 증강이 되는 것을 의미한다. 즉 조영제는 혈류를 따라 가기 때문에normal myocardium의 혈류가 정상이라고 했을 때 SPD는 정상심근 보다는 혈액의 흐름이 잘 안 된다고 볼 수 있고 MI 보다는 혈액의 흐름이 잘된다고 할 수 있을 것이다. 그리고 이러한 값들을 가지고 정량적인 수치화도 기능할 것이다. 결론적으로 SP-DECT는 조영제에 대한 dual energy의 특성을 이용하여 여러 영상을 제공해 줌으로써 그 영상들을 서로 비교 평가 할 수 있고 보다 객관적인 정량화가 가능하다는 점에서 ischemic heart disease의 관류평가에 유용한 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

한국인의 심근 조직내 카드뮴 농도의 참고치

박정덕,임헌방,최병선,권일훈,이상연,강은용,홍연표,장임원 大韓産業醫學會 1999 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.11 No.1

Cadmium(Cd) is an ubiquitous, toxic and nonessential metal which is controversial about the association with a cardiovascular disease. In this study, we investigated the reference level of Cd in myocardium in Korean general population. The level of Cd and zinc(Zn) concentration in myocardium of 252 cases of "sudden and unexpected death" autopsies (male: 172, female : 60) aged 0 to 87 years was analyzed. The concentration of Cd and Zn was determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometer(Perkin-Elmer Model 5100) by flameless and flame method, respectively. The content of Cd and Zn in myocardium showed the log-normal distribution rather than normal distribution. Geometric mean concentration of Cd was 0.19 ㎍/g wet weight in myocardium. The level of Cd in myocardium was not significantly different between male (0.18㎍/g wet weight) and female (0.22㎍/g wet weight). Geometric mean concentration of Zn in myocardium was 25.25 ㎍/g wet weight. The level of Zn between male (25.13 ㎍/g wet weight) and female (25.57㎍/g wet weight) was not different. The deposit of Cd in myocardium was age-dependent of biphasic pattern, but the Zn level by age was not significantly different. The level of Cd in myocardium was increased to the fifties of age, thereafter a leveling-off was shown. The regression model of Cd deposit in myocardium by age was predicted as the following equation: Log Heart-Cd= -1.2726 + 0.0234 ·Age -0.0002 ·Age². The maximum Cd deposit in myocardium was estimated to be 0.26 ㎍/g wet weight at the age of 58.5 in Korean general population. In addition, the total Cd burden in heart by age was predicted as a following equation: Total Cd burden in Heart= -10.165+2.891 ·Age -0.0258 ·Age². The maximum heart burden of Cd was estimated to be 70.7㎍ at age of 55.4. The positive correlation between Cd and Zn was observed in myocardium. The linear regression equation was Log Heart-Zn = 1.4195+0.0262 ·Log Heart-Cd.

가토 허혈-재관류 심근에서의 Apoptosis에 대한 Superoxide Dismutase의 효과

김영권,박이태,김성숙 대한순환기학회 1997 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.27 No.9

Adenosine Stress Cardiac Perfusion CT에서 심근관류 평가에 대한 Dual Energy Scan의 유용성

부재철(Jae Cheol Boo),최문화(Moon Hwa Choi),원성화(Seong Hwa Won),임우택(Woo Taek Lim),김도윤(Do Yun Kim),김순배(Soon Bae Kim) 대한전산화단층기술학회 2013 대한CT영상기술학회지 Vol.15 No.1

목적 : Ischemia와 myocardial infarction(MI)의 구분을 위해 rest와 delay scan이 추가적으로 필요한 adenosine stress single energy(SE) cardiac perfusion CT에 비해 energy에 따라 여러 영상이 재구성되는 adenosine stress dual energy(DE) cardiac perfusion CT(SP-DECT)의 유용성과 그에 따른 방사선량 감소 효과를 알아 보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 심근관류 평가 기준범위(평가범위)를 알기 위해 2009년 1월 16일부터 2010년 5월 27일까지 SP-DECT를 시행한 45명의 stress 영상으로 판독결과에 의존한 후향적 분석이 이루어졌다. 방법으로 DE(140, mix, 80kVp) 영상의 해부학적으로 같은 정상심근과 PD부위의 CT number(HU)와 표준편차(SD)를 구하였다. 통계적 분석은 SPSS 17.0 독립 K표본(Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA)으로 허용 유의수준은 α=.05로 하였다. 평가범위를 적용하기 위해 2012년 5월 3일부터 2012년 9월 17일까지 시행된 관상동맥과 심근의 상태를 모르는 19명을 대상으로 SE 영상인 mix 영상 test와 DE 영상 test를 시행하여 판독결과와 비교 평가하였다. 결과 : 통계적 분석 결과 정상심근, ischemia, MI의 SD에 대하여 χ2은 134.218이고 p-value .000으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 후향적 분석결과를 토대로 평가범위는 mix test는 HU 85.0이하-MI, 85.1~128.1-ischemia, 128.2이상-정상심근, DE test에서는 SD 13.3이하-MI, 13.4~38.2-ischemia, 38.3이상-정상심근으로 정하였다. Blind test결과 mix test에서 총 20/31부위(64.5%), 정상심근 11/18부위(61.1%), ischemia 7/8부위(87.5%), MI 2/5부위(40%)가 일치하였고 DE test는 총 29/31부위(93.5%), 정상심근 17/18부위(94.4%), ischemia 7/8부위(87.5%), MI 5/5부위(100%)가 일치하였다. 선량 분석결과 DLP와 유효선량의 평균은 stress scan에서 340.06 mGy, 2.85 mSv, rest scan 372.3 mGy, 2.92mSv, delay scan 138.5 mGy, 0.69 mSv이었다. 결론 : SP-DECT는 SE의 단일영상에 비해 rest와 delay 영상을 배제한 stress 영상으로 정상심근 및 ischemia, MI의 정량적 구분이 가능하였다. 결론적으로 SP-DECT에서 multi-image HU·SD측정 방법은 기존의 심근관류 protocol에 비해 방사선량과 조영제의 감소 및 검사시간의 단축 효과를 기대할 수 있을 것이라 사료된다. Purpose : It aims to examine the efficacy of adenosine stress dual energy(DE) cardiac perfusion CT(SP-DECT) - which reconstitutes several images or scans depending on energy rather than the adenosine stress single energy(SE) cardiac perfusion CT that additionally needs rest and delay scan for distinguishing ischemia with myocardial infarction(MI) - and its consequent effect of decreasing radiation dose. Materials and Methods : In order to understand the standard range(evaluation range) of evaluating myocardium, from January 16, 2009 to May 27, 2010, a retrospective study has been conducted as relying on the result of reading the stress scans of 45 people who had carried out SP-DECT. As a method, the standard deviation(SD) of the following two - the anatomically same normal myocardium of DE scan(140, mix, 80 kVp) and the CT number(HU) of PD part - was calculated. For the statistical analysis, the acceptable significance level was determined as α=.05 with use of SPSS 17.0 Independent K Standard(Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA). To apply the evaluation range, from May 3 to September 17, 2012, both mix scan test of SE scan and DE scan test have been conducted with target of 19 people who did not recognize the states of the coronary arteries and myocardia, and its result was compared to the reading result and it was also evaluated. Results : As the result of the statistical analysis, it appeared that there was a significant difference between χ2 of 134.218 and p-value .000 in the matter of SD of normal myocardium, ischemia and MI. Based on the result of the retrospective study, the evaluation range was determined as the following: in mix test, HU 85.0 or less - MI, 85.1~128.1 - ischemia, and 128.2 or more - normal myocardium, and in DE test, SD 13.3 or less - MI, 13.4~38.2 - ischemia, and 38.3 or more - normal myocardium. As the result of blind test, in mix test, total 20/31 parts (64.5%), normal myocardium 11/18 parts (61.1%), ischemia 7/8 parts (87.5%), and MI 2/5 parts (40%) were coincided. In DE test, total 29/31 parts (93.5%), normal myocardium 17/18 parts (94.4%), ischemia 7/8 parts (87.5%), and MI 5/5 parts (100%) were coincided. As the result of dose analysis, in the case of stress scan, DLP and the averages of effective dose were 340.06mGy, 2.85mSv, rest scan 372.3mGy, 2.92mSv, delay scan 138.5mGy, and 0.69mSv. Conclusions : Compared to single scan of SE, SP-DECT as the stress scan excluding rest and delay scan was possible to carry out the quantitative distinction of normal myocardium, ischemia, and MI. Consequently, it is regarded that at SP-DECT, if the multi-image HU-SD calculating method, rather than the existing myocardial protocol, is used, the deduction of both radiation dose and contrast media, as well as the effect of shortening test duration can be expected.

Isolated Noncompaction of Ventricular Myocardium: a Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of 11 Patients

Hong Yun,Meng-su Zeng,Hang Jin,Shan Yang 대한영상의학회 2011 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.12 No.6

Objective: To retrospectively summarize the cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) findings of isolated noncompaction of ventricular myocardium (INVM). Materials and Methods: Eleven patients (M:F = 9:2; mean age, 35 years) were evaluated. Steady-state free precession (SSFP), fast spin echo (SE) sequence, SSFP cine imaging, and delayed enhanced inversion recovery spoiled gradient echo (IR-SPGR) sequence were used for showing abnormal myocardium, measuring ratio of noncompacted/compacted myocardium layers (NC/C ratio), and detecting myocardial viability. The left ventricle was divided into nine segments and a NC/C ratio > 2.3 in diastole was used as cutoff value in diagnosing left INVM. The right ventricle was assessed qualitatively. Results: Cardiac MRI indicated left INVM in seven patients, right INVM in one patient and biventricle INVM in three patients. Characteristic CMRI changes included prominent trabeculations, deep intertrabecular recesses and an increase in the NC/C ratio. The most frequently involved segments was left ventricular apex. Three patients had abnormal high signals within the trabecular structures on SE T2 weighted image. One ventricular aneurysm and one apical thrombus were also observed. Delayed enhancement was seen in six of nine patients with subendocardial and transmural patterns. Conclusion: There are CMRI features that might be characteristic for INVM. Objective: To retrospectively summarize the cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) findings of isolated noncompaction of ventricular myocardium (INVM). Materials and Methods: Eleven patients (M:F = 9:2; mean age, 35 years) were evaluated. Steady-state free precession (SSFP), fast spin echo (SE) sequence, SSFP cine imaging, and delayed enhanced inversion recovery spoiled gradient echo (IR-SPGR) sequence were used for showing abnormal myocardium, measuring ratio of noncompacted/compacted myocardium layers (NC/C ratio), and detecting myocardial viability. The left ventricle was divided into nine segments and a NC/C ratio > 2.3 in diastole was used as cutoff value in diagnosing left INVM. The right ventricle was assessed qualitatively. Results: Cardiac MRI indicated left INVM in seven patients, right INVM in one patient and biventricle INVM in three patients. Characteristic CMRI changes included prominent trabeculations, deep intertrabecular recesses and an increase in the NC/C ratio. The most frequently involved segments was left ventricular apex. Three patients had abnormal high signals within the trabecular structures on SE T2 weighted image. One ventricular aneurysm and one apical thrombus were also observed. Delayed enhancement was seen in six of nine patients with subendocardial and transmural patterns. Conclusion: There are CMRI features that might be characteristic for INVM.

심근경색을 가진 환자에서 호흡정지 T2강조 자기공명영상의 유용성: 지연 조영증강 영상과의 비교

최상일,강성권,유원희,임청,조중행,이활,정진욱,박재형,이경원,Choi Sang Il,Kang Sung-Kwon,Ryu Won Hee,Lim Cheong,Choh Joong Haeng,Lee Whal,Jeong Jin-Wook,Park Jae-Hyung,Lee Kyung Won 대한자기공명의과학회 2003 Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Vol.7 No.2

목적 : 심근경색을 가진 환자에서 호흡정지 T2강조 자기공명영상의 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 심근 생존능을 평가하기 위하여 자기공명영상이 시행된 환자에서 지연 조영증강을 보였던 11명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 지연 조영증강을 보이는 심근부위와 비교하여 T2강 조영상에서 일치하는 부위를 고신호강도, 동등신호강도, 저신호강도로 나누어 분석하였으며, 정상 심근과 경색 부위의 신호강도 세기 및 통벽성 범위(transmural extent)을 측정하였다. 환자의 임상정보를 토대로 심근경색의 시기와 T2 강조영상과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 결과 : T2강조영상에서 5명의 환자의 12분절에서 정상심근에 비하여 경색부위에 고신호강도를 보였으며, 6명의 환자의 12분절에서 저신호강도를 보였다. 경색부위의 고신호강도는 정상심근에 비하여 $175{\pm}9\%$ 이었으며, 저신호강도는 $73{\pm}5\%$ 이었다 (p < 0.05). 통벽성 범위(transmural extent)의 평가에 있어, T2강조영상에서 고신호강도 부위는 지연 조영증강을 보인 부위보다 컸으나 $(100\%\;vs.\;49{\pm}17\%)$, 저신호강도 부위는 일치하였다. T2 강조영상에서 고신호강도는 심근경색후 11일 이내에 보였고, 저신호강도는 7개월 이후에 보였다. 결론 : 호흡정지 T2 강조영상은 부종 및 섬유화 반흔 범위의 평가와 함께 심근경색의 시기를 예측하는 데에 있어 유용할 것으로 사료된다. Purpose : To evaluate the usefulness of breath-hold T2-weighted MR imaging in patients with myocardial infarction. Materials and Methods : We investigated 11 patients with myocardial infarction who shown delayed enhancement on MR imaging. Infarcted myocardium on T2-weighted MR imaging was classified as high, iso, and low signal area comparing with normal myocardium. The intensity and transmural extent of infracted myocardium was also analyzed. On the basis of clinical information, the stage of infracted myocardium on T2-weighted MR imaging was assessed. Results : It was observed high signal area in 12 segments of 5 patients, low in 12 segments of 6 patients on T2-weighted MR imaging. The high signal intensity of infarcted myocardium was shown as $175{\pm}9\%$ comparing with that of the normal myocardium, low signal intensity as $73{\pm}5\%\;(p\;<\;0.05)$. In the evaluation of transmural extent, the high signal areas on T2-weighted MR imaging were larger than infarct area on delayed enhancement imaging $(100\%\;vs.49\%{\pm}17\%)$, whereas low signal areas on T2-weighted MR imaging correlated. High signal area was visualized on T2-weighted MR imaging within 11 days, whereas low-signal area was seen after 7 months. Conclusion : Breath-hold T2-weighted MR imaging is useful in the evaluation of stage as well as edema and fibrous scar in patients with myocardial infarction.

급성 심근경색 : Gd-DTPA 조영증강 자기공명영상 Gd-DTPA Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging

정경일,김제현,이창호,이영주,김한수,소동문,이영돈,박경주,왕희정,탁승제,이철주,김선용,김옥화,임태환,문창현,최병일,서정호 아주대학교 의과학연구소 1996 아주의학 Vol.1 No.1

This study was undertaken to determine the value of gadolinium dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) enhanced MRI in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Seven cats were subjected to 2 hours of left anterior descending coronary arteryocclusion (group 1) and 8 cats to 1 hour of occlusion (group 2). Reperfusion was followed by taking Tl-weighted MR images at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes after Gd-DTPA (0.2 mmol/kg) injection. Myocardial enhancement patterns were categorized into three zones (central ischemic, peripheral ischemic, and normal) or two zones (ischemic and normal) and the presence of injured myocardium in each zone was confirmed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Signal intensity (SI) of each zone was evaluated relative to back muscle in regard to its chronological changes and difference among the zones. Group 1 displayed three zones of enhancement in 6 cats whereas 1 cat in group 1 and all in group 2 showed two zones of enhancement. Intermediate SI central zone was compatible but smaller than TTC nonstained area, and determined to be a persistently occlusive injury. High SI peripheral zone in group 1 and high SI ischemic zone in group 2 were stained and determined as reperfused injury although reversibility was not definite. The peak SI, occurring 15 minutes after Gd-DTPA injection, of 2.47±0.48 at peripheral zone was greater than that of 1.66±0.36 at central zone in group 1 and of 1.81±0.41 at ischemic zone in group 2 (p < 0.05). SI of injured myocardium increased more rapidly and decreased more gradually than that of normal myocardium. That the features of SI change with time in injured myocardium was compatible with the results of other studies using different contrast agents. Gd-DTPA enhanced MRI differentiated persistently occlusive injury as central intermediate SI, and reperfused injury as homogenous high SI, with the maximal contrast between the two at 15 minutes after contrast injection, thus indicating the value of Gd-DTPA enhanced MRI in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.

허혈-재관류 후 아급성기 심근 평가 : 고양이에서 Gd-DTPA-polylysine 조영증강 자기공명영상

최성훈 대한영상의학회 1998 대한영상의학회지 Vol.39 No.6

Purpose : To investigate changes in the size and degree of signal enhancement of reperfused myocardium duringthe subacute stage of an ischemic episode, using Gd-DTPA-polylysine enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Materialsand Methods : In six cats, the left anterior descending artery was occluded for 150 minutes, and this was followedby reperfusion. Contrast enhanced T1-weighted spin echo magnetic resonance imaging using gadoliniumdiethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-polylysine (Gd-DTPA-polylysine) was performed on the 1st , 2nd, and 6th days ofthe reperfusion period. The size of ischemic myocardium was estimated each day on MR images by measuring the sizeof signal enhanced area and the degree of signal enhancement according to time was measured. After sacrificing theanimals on day 6, the myocardial specimen was histochemically stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazoliumchloride(TTC). Results : Signal enhancement and the size of the ischemic myocardium, as seen on MR images,decreased linearly during the six days of the subacute stage. On the 6th day, however, signal intensity was stillhigher than that of normal myocardium, and the size of signal enhanced area measured on MR images wassignificantly larger than on TTC-stained specimens (p<0.001). Conclusion : We conclude that the size of enhancedarea and degree of signal enhancement decreased linearly during the subacute stage of reperfused myocardialinfarction and that the area of MR signal enhancement during the acute stage includes both irreversibly andreversibly damaged myocardium.

Targeted Gene Delivery to Ischemic Myocardium by Homing Peptide-Guided Polymeric Carrier

Won, Young-Wook,McGinn, Arlo N.,Lee, Minhyung,Bull, David A.,Kim, Sung Wan American Chemical Society 2013 Molecular pharmaceutics Vol.10 No.1

<P>Myocardial ischemia needs an alternative treatment such as gene therapy for the direct protection of cardiomyocytes against necrosis or apoptosis and to prevent the development of myocardial fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction. Despite the utility of gene therapy, its therapeutic use is limited due to inadequate transfection in cardiomyocytes and difficulty in directing to ischemic myocardium. Here, we present a polymeric gene carrier that is capable of targeting ischemic myocardium, resulting in high localization within the ischemic zone of the left ventricle (LV) of an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) rat model upon systemic administration. Cystamine bisacrylamide-diamino hexane (CD) polymer was modified with the ischemic myocardium-targeted peptide (IMTP) and <SMALL>d</SMALL>-9-arginine (9R) for dual effects of the homing to ischemic myocardium and enhanced transfection efficiency with minimized polymer use. Conjugation of IMTP and 9R to CD led to an increase in transfection under hypoxia and significantly reduced the amount of polymer required for high transfection. Finally, we confirmed targeting of IMTP-CD–9R/DNA polyplex to ischemic myocardium and enhanced gene expression in LV of the I/R rat after tail vein injection. This study provides a clue that gene therapy for the treatment of myocardial ischemia can be achieved by using homing peptide-guided gene delivery systems.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/mpohbp/2013/mpohbp.2013.10.issue-1/mp300500y/production/images/medium/mp-2012-00500y_0007.gif'></P>

Effects of salts on ultrasonic extraction of protein from porcine myocardium

Kim, Hyun Kyung,Kim, Young Ho,Kim, Young Eon,Jung, Sung Keun,Lee, Nam Hyouck,Song, Kyung-Mo Elsevier 2018 Food and bioproducts processing Vol.108 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The porcine myocardium is a valuable protein source. However, it is generally not utilized owing to inefficient processing methods, e.g., protein extraction requires a complicated process and a high concentration of salt (>0.2M NaCl). In the present study, the extraction method was improved by simplifying the pre-treatment process and reducing the amount of salt used. The effects of three salts used as food additives (NaCl, sodium phosphate, and sodium pyrophosphate) on the protein extraction efficiency were compared. The extraction yield was the greatest for sodium pyrophosphate, followed by sodium phosphate and NaCl. An extraction yield of 91.5% w/w was achieved only with 5mM pyrophosphate and 80min of ultrasonication. The physiological properties of extracted proteins were assessed by measuring Na<SUP>2+</SUP>- and Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>-ATPase activities, and digestion properties were examined using pepsin. Ultrasonic treatment in sodium pyrophosphate enhanced the extraction of proteins and digestibility by promoting the structural collapse of the myocardium. Accordingly, the developed extraction method can be used to recover proteins from the porcine myocardium and may contribute for the posterior application of this meat by-product in a nutritional supplement.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We developed an effective method for extraction of proteins from porcine myocardium. </LI> <LI> The extraction method is simpler and requires less salt than previous methods. </LI> <LI> Extraction yield was the highest using 5mM pyrophosphate–80min of ultrasonication. </LI> <LI> The porcine myocardium has potential use as a nutritional supplement. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>