미니돼지의 성장특성에 관한 연구

김준모,이승훈 한국동물유전육종학회 2021 한국동물유전육종학회지 Vol.5 No.4

Miniature pigs are a small and improved variety of regular pigs and are currently widely used as pets. With the development of medicine and biotechnology following the completion of the human genome project, the use of miniature pigs has become more specific and the scope of use has expanded. Since many experimental animals need to use mini pigs as experimental animals, miniature pigs, which are more expensive than mice, have the disadvantage of being less useful due to higher production costs. Therefore, miniaturization is urgent to increase the value of use as an experimental animal. To miniaturize mini pigs, factors that can change at the gene or DNA level must be found, and feed types and nutrition must be improved by indicators rather than other environmental changes. In this article, we investigated the growth characteristics of miniature pigs by breed to find genetic indicators for the miniaturization of miniature pigs. In the case of eight breeds known as major miniature pigs, the characteristics of each breed were classified and the growth characteristics of this breed were encapsulated. Furthermore, biological comparisons of regular pigs, micro pigs, and miniature pigs were carried out, and finally, the effects on pig growth were investigated and explained. Through this study, it is expected that the cause of the growth difference between mini pigs and ordinary pigs will be identified and basic data will be provided as an indicator of miniature pigs' miniaturization by analyzing and organizing factors that can affect the varieties, origin, and growth of miniature pigs. 미니돼지는 일반돼지를 소형화 개량한 품종으로서 현재는 애완용으로도 많이 이용되는 동물이다. 최근 의학의 발달과 인간게놈프로젝트의 완료로 인한 생명공학 기술의 발전으로 미니돼지에 대한 활용방안이 보다 더 구체화되고 이용범위가 광범위해졌다. 실험동물로서 미니돼지를 이용하기 위하여 다수의 실험동물이 사용되어야 하는 특성상 쥐에 비해 고가인 미니돼지는 비싼생산비용으로 인해 그 활용성이 떨어지는 단점이 있다. 따라서 실험동물로서 활용가치를 높이기 위하여 미니돼지의 소형화가 시급하다. 미니돼지의 소형화를 위하여 사료형태나 영양상태를 달리하는 환경적 변화보다 근본적으로 유전적 수준이나 DNA 수준에서 변화시킬 수 있는 요인을 찾고, 그것을 지표로 개량을 해야한다. 본 논문에서는 미니돼지의 소형화를 위한 유전적 지표를 찾기 위하여 미니돼지의 품종별 성장특성을 알아내고자 하였다. 주요 미니돼지로 알려진 8종에 대하여 품종별 특징을 구분하였고, 이들 품종들의 성장특성에 대해 정리하였다. 추가로, 일반돼지와 마이크로돼지, 미니돼지의 생물학적 비교를 하였고, 마지막으로 돼지의 성장에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사 및 서술하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 현재까지 개발된 미니돼지의 품종과 기원, 성장에영향을 미칠 수 있는 요인을 분석 정리함으로써 최종적으로는 미니돼지와 일반돼지의 성장에 차이를 주는 원인을 밝히고 미니돼지의 소형화를 위한 지표로 활용할 수 있는 기초자료를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Genetic diversity analysis in Chinese miniature pigs using swine leukocyte antigen complex microsatellites

Wu, Jinhua,Liu, Ronghui,Li, Hua,Yu, Hui,Yang, Yalan Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2021 Animal Bioscience Vol.34 No.11

Objective: The swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) gene group, which is closely linked and highly polymorphic, has important biomedical significance in the protection and utilization of germplasm resources. However, genetic polymorphism analyses of SLA microsatellite markers in Chinese miniature pigs are limited. Methods: Eighteen pairs of microsatellite primers were used to amplify the SLA regions of seven miniature pig breeds and three wild boar breeds (n = 346) from different regions of China. The indexes of genetic polymorphism, including expected heterozygosity (He), polymorphic information content (PIC), and haplotype, were analyzed. The genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst) and neighbor-joining methods were used for cluster analysis of the breeds. Results: In miniature pigs, the SLA I region had the highest numbers of polymorphisms, followed by the SLA II and SLA III regions; the region near the centromere had the lowest number of polymorphisms. Among the seven miniature pig breeds, Diannan small-ear pigs had the highest genetic diversity (PIC value = 0.6396), whereas the genetic diversity of the Hebao pig was the lowest (PIC value = 0.4330). The Fst values in the Mingguang small-ear, Diannan small-ear, and Yunnan wild boars were less than 0.05. According to phylogenetic cluster analysis, the South-China-type miniature pigs clustered into one group, among which Mingguang small-ear pigs clustered with Diannan small-ear pigs. Haplotype analysis revealed that the SLA I, II, and III regions could be constructed into 13, 7, and 11 common haplotypes, respectively. Conclusion: This study validates the high genetic diversity of the Chinese miniature pig. Mingguang small-ear pigs have close kinship with Diannan small-ear pigs, implying that they may have similar genetic backgrounds and originate from the same population. This study also provides a foundation for genetic breeding, genetic resource protection, and classification of Chinese miniature pigs.

Phylogenetic analysis for the Seoul National University (Minnesota) miniature pig by mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphism

YEOM, Su-Cheong,KONG, Dae-Young,PARK, Chung-Gyu,LEE, Byeong-Chun,LEE, Wang-Jae Blackwell Publishing Asia 2010 ANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL Vol.81 No.2

<P>ABSTRACT</P><P>Seoul National University (SNU) miniature pigs are originated from the Minnesota miniature pig. This study was conducted to investigate the maternal origin of SNU (Minnesota) miniature pigs and their phylogenetic relationships by analyzing the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) <I>D-loop</I> (control region) sequence. Two mtDNA <I>D-loop</I> sequences of the SNU miniature pigs were identified. On an unweighted pair-group method with an arithmetic mean (UPGMA) phylogenetic tree analysis, the large white was the pig breed closest to the SNU miniature pig, and the pairwise distance analysis showed the same result. While mtDNA sequences of 4 pig breeds which were used to establish Minnesota miniature pig were not known, our result might be different from the history of the Minnesota miniature pig development. In conclusion, we thought that some haplotypes of the Minnesota miniature pig maternally were originated from the Large white pig, or that wild pigs had similar mtDNA sequences to the Large white pig, and all SNU miniature pigs were derived from this colony.</P>

Analysis of programmed cell death during maturation of oocytes in miniature and normal

Ji-Hye Lee,Sang-Hwan Kim,So-Hyun Noh,Jong-Taek Yoon 한국수정란이식학회 2018 한국수정란이식학회 학술대회 Vol.2018 No.11

In the present study of this experiment was to understand the expression of apoptotic gene expression in the ovary of miniature pigs and pigs on the 15th day of estrus. Also the compare and analyze of programmed cell death type(Apoptosis and autophagy) expression pattern during mature oocyte on the miniature and normal pig cells. Analysis of mRNA gene expression of ovary in miniature and normal pigs on the 15th day of estrus showed that the expression of genes related to Autophagy (ATG13, MAP1LC3, Beclin1) was high in normal pigs but the expression of ATG1 and ATG5 genes was low. In addition, the expression of genes related to apoptosis (Casp-3, BAX) was high in the mini pigs, and the gene related to the LH hormone was high in the miniature pigs, whereas the expression of the gene related to the FSH hormone was high in the normal pigs. On the other hand, the result of muture oocyte on the miniature and normal pig cells is the expression of Casp-3 protein was moust high from treatment of FL+rapa (FSH+LH and Rapamycin) of the oocyte on the miniature pig cell. However, MAP1LC3 expression was higher in the oocytes of treatment of rapanycine treatment on the nomal pig cells. There was no gene expression in cumulus cells of matured oocytes in mini pig cells, whereas MAP1LC3 expression was higher in oocyte cumulus cells matured in normal pig cells. It was confirmed that the miniature and normal pigs showed different programmed cell death patterns, In the case of oocytes matured in miniature pig cells, MAP1LC3 gene expression was found to be low in spite of treatment with Autophagy regulator.

Development of Isolators for Gnotobiotic Miniature Pig

Young Ah Lee,Yoon Ju Cho,Jong-In Kim,Jae Won Lee,Byeong Han Lee,Whan Gook Nho,Jin Soo Han 한국실험동물학회 2009 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.25 No.3

Miniature pigs have been marked as a source of providing organs for xenotransplantation because they are similar with humans in the physiological structure, organ size and physiological state. Though the demands for gnotobiotic pigs are increasing by the rise of bio-organic researches, there are currently few facilities for producing miniature pigs gnotobiotically. Therefore the isolator only for the miniature pigs is essential for a production and study of the gnotobiotic miniature pigs. By utilizing the isolator for gnotobiotic miniature pigs, caretakers don't have to take complicated sterilization or pasteurization steps, and thus it reduces the risk of contamination. And it is further expected to have economically positive effects by reducing costs compared to a small scaled gnotobiotic breeding facility. We developed two models of isolator and applied to patents. Weighing balance and partition were installed in the isolator to perform the body weight and temperature measurement, injection and blood-collection more comfortably without any contamination, and it could minimize the stress of animal. It is easy and comfortable to handle miniature pigs using these isolators and expected to be very useful for the study of gnotobiotic pigs.

Assessment of Sperm Characteristics in Fresh and Frozen Semen of Miniature-Pig

Lee S. H.,Kim T. S.,Cheong H. T.,Yang B. K.,Kim C. I.,Park C. K. 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2004 Reproductive & developmental biology Vol.28 No.4

The present study was conducted to assess sperm characteristics in miniature-pig. The semen samples were transported to the laboratory at 17℃ within 3 hours after collection. The extended semen was stored at 17℃, and sperm quality was evaluated at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after storage. The semen volume of miniature-pig (62±22㎖) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of Duroc (155±25㎖) and Yorkshire (154±23㎖). Significant differences were also observed in sperm concentrations. During 3 days of storage, sperm viability did not differ among miniature-pig, Duroc and Yorkshire. However, the viability was significantly (p<0.05) lower in miniature-pig than in Duroc and Yorkshire semen after Day 3 of storage. In abnormality, acrosome intactness and intensity, there were no differences among miniature-pig, Duroc and Yorkshire semen. On the other hand, the viability of frozen-thawed sperm in miniature-pig was significantly (p<0.05) lower than in that of Duroc and Yorkshire. This study also examined CTC patterns in frozen-thawed spermatozoa. The rates of AR pattern were higher in miniature-pig than in Duroc and Yorkshire. However, no difference was found in F, B and AR patterns. The results of present study suggest that further research is necessary to develop of semen extender and freezing methods to improve sperm quality in miniature-pig.

Analysis of reference interval and age-related changes in serum biochemistry and hematology in the specific pathogen free miniature pig

Su-Cheong Yeom,Seong-Yong Cho,Chung-Gyu Park,Wang-Jae Lee 한국실험동물학회 2012 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.28 No.4

We analyzed 72 items related to serum biochemistry and hematology in 85 specific pathogen-free (SPF) Seoul National University (SNU) miniature pigs aged 1- to 36-months which originated from a Minnesota miniature pig. Almost all examined items were similar between male and female pigs. However, some items such as Cr level, B/C ratio, C.R.F, LDH, LAP and T4 were significantly different between male and female pigs (P<0.05). Thirty four examined items showed age-related changes, and the significant changes were observed in animals less than six months old. The values for BUN, K, uric acid, Ca, Ca++, and Pi were significantly higher in pigs younger than six months of age, which might reflect poor kidney function in young pigs. Additionally, TIBC, UIBC and RDW were significantly higher in young pigs, and RBC, Hb, HCT, MCHC and MCV were significantly lower in young pigs, thus indicating a similar physiology of iron deficiency anemia. These age-related specific phenotypes seemed to be normal, but it should be considered in the long-term experiment using the young pigs. In conclusion, in this study, we defined the normal reference intervals for SPF SNU miniature pigs, and we also determined that there are some physiological differences between the pig genders and ages. This study provides fundamental data for use in experiments involving SPF SNU miniature pigs.

Comparative Analysis of Various Blood Chemical Values Between Miniature Pigs and Conventional Pigs

박수현,김대용,박봉균,유한상,윤희성,한호재 한국실험동물학회 2006 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.22 No.1

It has been reported that the production of miniature animals contributes to the organ transplantation. Among many species, pig is the most fittable species to human in the point of comparative biology. However, the physiological and biochemical analysis were not conducted between miniature pigs and conventionally reared pigs. Thus, we analyzed whether there was a difference of physiological parameters between miniature pigs and conventionally bred pigs. The levels of respiratory frequency and heart rate were significantly not different between two groups. Total number of red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), mean corpuscular hematocrit (MCH), and mean corpuscular hematocrit concentration (MCHC) were higher in miniature pigs than in conventionally reared pigs. However, total number of white blood cells (WBC) and leukocyte differential counting were not different between two groups. In addition, the value of serum electrolytes was not different between two groups. In the experiment of serum biochemical analysis, albumin and uric acid were increased but blood urea nitrogen, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol were decreased in miniature pigs compared to conventionally reared pigs. The biochemical value and organ weight in this study may contribute to understanding of the physiological characteristics of miniature pigs.

Influence of strain and age differences on the yields of porcine islet isolation: extremely high islet yields from SPF CMS miniature pigs

Kim, Jae Hyeon,Kim, Hyoung-Il,Lee, Kang-Woo,Yu, Jae Eun,Kim, Sun Hee,Park, Ho Sun,Park, Chung-Gyu,Ihm, Sung-Hee,Ha, Jongwon,Kim, Sang Joon,Lee, Hong Kyu,Ahn, Curie,Park, Kyong Soo Munksgaard 2007 Xenotransplantation Vol.14 No.1

<P>Abstract: </P><P>Background: </P><P>Porcine pancreas is a potential source of material for islet xenotransplantation. However, the difficulty in isolating islets, because of their fragility and the variability of isolation outcome in donor age and breed, represents a major obstacle to porcine islet xenotransplantation. In this study, we compared the islet isolation yield of specific pathogen-free (SPF) Chicago Medical School (CMS) miniature pigs with that of another miniature pig breed and market pigs from a local slaughterhouse.</P><P>Methods: </P><P>Nine adult CMS miniature (ACM) pigs (>12 months), six young CMS miniature (YCM) pigs (6–7 months), four adult Prestige World Genetics (PWG) miniature (APM) pigs (>12 months), and 13 adult market (AM) pigs from a local slaughterhouse were used for islet isolation. </P><P>Results: </P><P>The islet yield per gram of pancreas from ACM pigs (9589 ± 2823 IEQ/g) was significantly higher than that from APM pigs (1752 ± 874 IEQ/g, P < 0.05), AM pigs (1931 ± 947 IEQ/g, P < 0.05), or YCM pigs (3460 ± 1985 IEQ/g, P < 0.05). Isolated islets from ACM pigs were significantly larger than those from AM pigs or YCM pigs. The in vitro and in vivo function of isolated islets showed no difference among experimental groups. The pancreases of ACM pigs contained higher mean islet volume density percentages and larger size of islets than those of AM or APM pigs. </P><P>Conclusions: </P><P>We isolated extremely high yields of well-functioning islets from ACM pigs bred under SPF conditions. SPF CMS miniature pigs should be one of the best porcine islet donors for clinical porcine islet xenotransplantation.</P>

Comparative Analysis of Various Blood Chemical Values between Miniature Pigs and Conventional Pigs

Soo Hyun Park,Dae Yong Kim,Bong Kyun Park,Han Sang Yoo,Hee Jeong Youn,Ho Jae Han 한국실험동물학회 2006 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.22 No.1

It has been reported that the production of miniature animals contributes to the organ transplantation. Among many species, pig is the most fittable species to human in the point of comparative biology. However, the physiological and biochemical analysis were not conducted between miniature pigs and conventionally reared pigs. Thus, we analyzed whether there was a difference of physiological parameters between miniature pigs and conventionally bred pigs. The levels of respiratory frequency and heart rate were significantly not different between two groups. Total number of red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), mean corpuscular hematocrit (MCH), and mean corpuscular hematocrit concentration (MCHC) were higher in miniature pigs than in conventionally reared pigs. However, total number of white blood cells (WBC) and leukocyte differential counting were not different between two groups. In addition, the value of serum electrolytes was not different between two groups. In the experiment of serum biochemical analysis, albumin and uric acid were increased but blood urea nitrogen, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol were decreased in miniature pigs compared to conventionally reared pigs. The biochemical value and organ weight in this study may contribute to understanding of the physiological characteristics of miniature pigs.