TQM as a Framework for Sensible Performance Metrics for State-Owned Enterprises : Evidence from Korean Government Performance Evaluation

이종석 대한경영학회 2019 大韓經營學會誌 Vol.32 No.8

Government performance evaluation (GPE) is adopted by many governments to address the agency problems of their state-owned enterprises (SOEs); however, empirical proof of its effectiveness is limited. Researchers attribute this lack of empirical evidence to three reasons: i) the lack of sensible performance metrics, ii) insufficient incentives, and iii) the lack of the state’s commitment to GPEs. This study identifies its main cause as the lack of sensible performance metrics because the performance metrics are sensible and, therefore, the results of GPEs are reliable, there is no reason for the state to be reluctant in providing sufficient rewards and commitment to GPEs. Given these, this study derives four conditions that constitutes such sensible metrics from relevant theories. This study also argues that total quality management (TQM) is able to act as a theoretical framework for generating sensible performance metrics for SOEs. The organizational context of SOEs is more complex than private sector firms: SOEs should be as efficient as private companies, but they should contribute to social values as public institutions. Hence, there is a wide range of factors that are critical to the performance of SOEs. TQM is able to encompass all of those factors. Subsequently, it empirically tests whether the performance metrics of TQM-based Korean GPE, called Annual Business Performance Evaluation (ABPE), meet the four conditions using ABPE results in 2009 and 2010 which are regarded as the most faithful implementation of TQM concept. The empirical results provide that ABPE performance metrics of these years met the four conditions derived and support the proposition of this study that TQM is able to act as a framework for generating sensible performance metrics for SOEs. From these results, this study derives three policy implications. First, the reason for the frequent failure of GPEs should be attributed to inappropriately designed performance metrics rather than insufficient incentives or commitment from the state. Hence, practitioners of GPEs should focus on formulating sensible performance metrics. Second, the results support that TQM can be used as a right framework for designing such sensible metrics. Third, there may be a drawback when GPE practitioners do not fully understand and reconcile the differences between TQM and GPE in the course of design and evaluation. The empirical results show some examples.

시조 율격론 난제

김진희 ( Jin Hee Kim ) 한국시가학회 2014 韓國 詩歌硏究 Vol.36 No.-

The metrics of the sijo poetry has focused on finding the strict rule which can be applied to the various formal phenomenons of sijo poems. It has been the attempt to find the junction between the formal variety of sijo poems and the general poetic rule in them. Such attempts were made while neglecting the reality of the sijo genre and the essential characteristics of the metrics, and they hitherto caused the confusion regarding the sijo metrics. This paper investigated in chronological order the problems related to the metrics of sijo, which could give the platform for establishing an alternative understanding of the sijo metrics.In chapter2, the concept of the meter upon which to build this paper was reconsidered. This chapter investigated the reception of the concept of the western meter in Korean literary arena and specified that the meter is a kind of mechanical poetic rhythm, which is basically constructed by phonetical rules.In chapter3, the academic discussions about the sijo metrics, which could be classified into umboyul and umsuyul, were considered in chronological order. The umsuyul, which was supported by the scholars of the early twentieth century, was meaningful in that it penetrated the importance of the syllable in the sijo metrics. However, it lacked the specific rule to explain the sijo metrics, resulting in harsh criticism. Instead of umsuyul, umboyul was claimed as the general metrical rule of sijo poems, but in fact it was contradictory to the reality of sijo poems. The umboyul assumed that sijo could be scanned by feet, but such a scansion was hard to be realized. It also caused the misunderstanding of feet and meter. None of the two ways of understanding the sijo metrics is completely right or wrong. Therefore, what is necessary is to recognize the problems contained in both of them and to grope for an alternative sijo metrics. This paper was dedicated to this purpose.

Software Metric for CBSE Model

Iyyappan. M,Sultan Ahmad,Shoney Sebastian,Jabeen Nazeer,A.E.M. Eljialy International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2023 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.23 No.12

Large software systems are being produced with a noticeably higher level of quality with component-based software engineering (CBSE), which places a strong emphasis on breaking down engineered systems into logical or functional components with clearly defined interfaces for inter-component communication. The component-based software engineering is applicable for the commercial products of open-source software. Software metrics play a major role in application development which improves the quantitative measurement of analyzing, scheduling, and reiterating the software module. This methodology will provide an improved result in the process, of better quality and higher usage of software development. The major concern is about the software complexity which is focused on the development and deployment of software. Software metrics will provide an accurate result of software quality, risk, reliability, functionality, and reusability of the component. The proposed metrics are used to assess many aspects of the process, including efficiency, reusability, product interaction, and process complexity. The details description of the various software quality metrics that may be found in the literature on software engineering. In this study, it is explored the advantages and disadvantages of the various software metrics. The topic of component-based software engineering is discussed in this paper along with metrics for software quality, object-oriented metrics, and improved performance.

Cohesion Metrics for Evaluating Semantic Web Ontologies

Lili Liao,Guohua Shen,Zhiqiu Huang,Fei Wang 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Hybrid Information Techno Vol.9 No.11

With the widespread development of the Semantic Web, large-scale ontologies are being developed in more real-world applications to represent and integrate knowledge and data. There is an increasing need for measuring the cohesion of these ontologies for better understanding, maintenance, reuse and integration. The ontology cohesion metrics proposed in this paper can be used as a very useful complementarity of existing ontology cohesion metrics. Specifically, we first propose a set of evaluation metrics to measure the cohesion of ontologies based on directed acyclic graph. Following the framework for software measurement validation, we then evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed metrics theoretically. Finally, we conduct experiments using a set of classical ontologies; the results show that the proposed metrics are reasonable and effective.

Quantifying how urban landscape heterogeneity affects land surface temperature at multiple scales

Rahimi Ehsan,Barghjelveh Shahindokht,Dong Pinliang 한국생태학회 2021 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.45 No.4

Background: Landscape metrics have been widely applied to quantifying the relationship between land surface temperature and urban spatial patterns and have received acceptable verification from landscape ecologists but some studies have shown their inaccurate results. The objective of the study is to compare landscape metrics and texture-based measures as alternative indices in measuring urban heterogeneity effects on LST at multiple scales. Results: The statistical results showed that the correlation between urban landscape heterogeneity and LST increased as the spatial extent (scale) of under-study landscapes increased. Overall, landscape metrics showed that the less fragmented, the more complex, larger, and the higher number of patches, the lower LST. The most significant relationship was seen between edge density (ED) and LST (r = − 0.47) at the sub-region scale. Texture measures showed a stronger relationship (R 2 = 34.84% on average) with LST than landscape metrics (R2 = 15.33% on average) at all spatial scales, meaning that these measures had a greater ability to describe landscape heterogeneity than the landscape metrics. Conclusion: This study suggests alternative measures for overcoming landscape metrics shortcomings in estimating the effects of landscape heterogeneity on LST variations and gives land managers and urban planners new insights into urban design. Background: Landscape metrics have been widely applied to quantifying the relationship between land surface temperature and urban spatial patterns and have received acceptable verification from landscape ecologists but some studies have shown their inaccurate results. The objective of the study is to compare landscape metrics and texture-based measures as alternative indices in measuring urban heterogeneity effects on LST at multiple scales. Results: The statistical results showed that the correlation between urban landscape heterogeneity and LST increased as the spatial extent (scale) of under-study landscapes increased. Overall, landscape metrics showed that the less fragmented, the more complex, larger, and the higher number of patches, the lower LST. The most significant relationship was seen between edge density (ED) and LST (r = − 0.47) at the sub-region scale. Texture measures showed a stronger relationship (R 2 = 34.84% on average) with LST than landscape metrics (R2 = 15.33% on average) at all spatial scales, meaning that these measures had a greater ability to describe landscape heterogeneity than the landscape metrics. Conclusion: This study suggests alternative measures for overcoming landscape metrics shortcomings in estimating the effects of landscape heterogeneity on LST variations and gives land managers and urban planners new insights into urban design.

Utilizing Usability Metrics to Evaluate a Subway Map Design

Kwang Tae Jung 대한인간공학회 2017 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.36 No.4

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of two representative subway map design types, namely a diagram type and a geographical type using physiological metrics, performance metrics, and self-reported metrics, which are representative usability metrics. Background: Subway maps need to be designed in order for users to quickly search and recognize subway line information. Although most cities’ subway maps currently use the diagram type designed by Henry Beck, New York City’s subway map has recently been changed to the subway map type combined with the geographical type designed by Michael Hertz. However, not many studies on its efficiency are found, and the studies that are available mainly depend on questionnaire surveys or take on a subjective behavioral study type based on experts’ experiences. In this regard, evaluation through a more objective method is needed. Method: This study employed usability metrics as a method to evaluate the efficiency of information search targeting the diagram type and geographical type subway maps used mostly as subway maps. To this end, physiological metrics obtained through eye tracking, task completion time, representative metric of task performance, and subjective evaluation metrics were used for the suitability evaluation of subway map designs. Results: In the result of gaze movement distance analysis, no significant difference was shown in the two design types in terms of a process finding a departure station from the starting point and a process finding a transfer station between the departure station and arrival station (destination). However, the gaze movement distance in the process finding the arrival station at the departure station was significantly shorter in the geographical type, rather than in the diagram type. The analysis of task completion time showed a result similar to the gaze movement distance analysis result. Task completion time was significantly shorter in the geographical type, rather than in the diagram type, which is in the process finding the arrival station at the departure station. In other information search processes, no significant difference was shown. As a result of subjective evaluation metrics analysis, no significant difference was revealed in the two design types. Conclusion: An analysis on the two representative subway map design types was carried out via the adoption of usability metrics. As a result, although no significant difference was shown in some information search processes, it was revealed that information search was easier in the geographical type overall. Also, it was found that usability metrics can be effectively used to evaluate the design types of subway maps. Application: The study results can be used to set design direction to offer ease in information search on subway lines. The study also can be used as a method to evaluate a subway map’s design type.

IT 성숙도 모델을 이용한 SLA 평가 지표 선정과 개선에 관한 연구

류성열(Sung-Yul Rhew),신성진(Sung-Jin Shin),김유리(Yoo-Ri Kim) 한국IT서비스학회 2009 한국IT서비스학회지 Vol.8 No.4

There are no objective standards for selection and improvement of SLA evaluation metrics for IT service. In this study, we analyze the current IT maturity models for selection and improvement of the metrics and then we derive them according to the maturity levels and propose the redesigned maturity model. To verify whether the model is applicable, we execute a case study based on the D company. We apply the proposed evaluation metrics of the maturity models to the D company and evaluate the metrics. We select a proper level of the D company and an improvement line after measuring evaluation metrics in the maturity level 2. We propose improvement guidelines of evaluation metrics which score is less than the improvement line's and derive SLA evaluation metrics. By using the SLA evaluation metrics for a year, we prove that the way of selection and improvement is useful.

객체지향 시스템에서 간접 의존성을 포함한 결합도 메트릭

유문성 (사)디지털산업정보학회 2011 디지털산업정보학회논문지 Vol.7 No.3

Nowadays software developers are moving from conventional software process technologies to the object-oriented paradigm. To develope the object-oriented softwares efficiently, various software metrics have been suggested. Coupling refers to the degree of independence between components of the system. It has long been well known that good software practice calls for minimizing coupling interaction. Many researches have been studied coupling metrics of the object- oriented systems. We review Chidamber and Kemerer’s work & Li’s work. In this paper, we study the coupling of the overall structures of object-oriented systems by analyzing the class diagram of UML. We propose four coupling metrics for object-oriented softwares. First, we use an established coupling metric for object- oriented systems as a basic coupling metric. Then we modify the basic coupling metric by including indirect coupling between classes, We also suggest two relative coupling metrics to measure coupling between subsystems. We investigate the theoretical soundness of the proposed metrics by the axioms of Briand et al. Finally, we apply the presented metrics to a practical case study. This coupling metric will be helpful to the software developers for their designing tasks by evaluating the coupling metric of the structures of object-oriented system and redesigning tasks of the system.

Characteristics of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index According to Forest Landscape Metrics Index

김영표 한국산림휴양복지학회 2014 한국산림휴양학회지 Vol.18 No.1

This study is more focused on structural characteristics of Forest Landscape Metrics of big cityadjacentareas with the pressure of commercial development by using time series change of the NDVI analysis inHaman county. The results of this study are as follow, In the two time horizon, the extent of NDVI areas and ForestLandscape Metrics decreased due to numerous outer influences, and number patches increased due tofragmentation. For Edge metrics & Shape Metrics, TE, MPS, and ED all increased in 2000 compared to 1985. Complexity of patch boundary form got higher in relatively high NDVI values, and got simplified in low NDVIvalues. MNN values increased, and MPI values decreased in Diversity & Interspersion Metrics. That is to say, theconnectivity of forest landscape metrics lowered due to patch fragmentation and isolation. Core Area Metrics inTotal Landscape Level are observed to have severe decrease in area, and big standard deviation of average area. Bylooking at the relationship with NDVI, NDVI with relatively high vegetation vitality had TCA and MCA value, butit shrunk big in width. To aggregate all the results of research above, forest landscape metrics according to NDVI ofHaman County has imbalance in composition and configuration, and at the side of landscape ecology, it can bejudged that unstable forest landscape structure is dangerous due to the weakening of vitality. Lastly, the results ofthe analysis of vegetation index characteristics using forest landscape metrics are to be applied efficiently to theanalysis of quantization and influence of structural pattern characteristics of forest landscape. Going one step forward,possibility as a future prediction tool offers a base line data necessary for forest landscape plan establishment offorest landscape’s soundness evaluation.

변수의 가중치를 이용한 응집도 척도의 개선

박철현(Cheolhyun Park),류성태(Sungtae Ryu),이은석(Eunseok Lee) 한국정보과학회 2011 정보과학회논문지 : 소프트웨어 및 응용 Vol.38 No.6

소프트웨어 품질 측정은 소프트웨어 공학의 필수적인 요소이다. 소프트웨어 품질 척도 중 하나인 응집도는 모듈의 구성요소가 얼마나 강하게 연결되어있는지를 나타낸다. 응집도는 소프트웨어의 결함-경향성, 모듈화, 재사용성, 변경-경향성 등 다양한 목적으로 사용된다. 기존의 응집도 척도들은 공유 변수를 가지는 메소드 쌍의 수에 의해서 결정되는데, 이는 변수의 가중치를 고려하지 않기 때문에 응집도를 정확히 측정 하지 못한다. 본 논문은 변수의 가중치를 측정하고, 이를 이용한 응집도 척도 개선 방법에 대해 제안한다. 본 논문의 유효성을 검증하기 위하여, 2개의 오픈 소스 프로젝트를 대상으로 기존의 방법과 개선된 방법으로 응집도 척도 4개를 측정하였다. 개선된 응집도 4개는 유지보수의 척도로 사용되는 변경-경향성(Change-Proneness)과의 상관계수가 기존의 응집도 척도에 비하여 평균적으로 20% 향상되었다. 따라서 개선된 응집도 척도는 소프트웨어 품질을 더 정확하게 측정할 수 있다. Software quality measurement in software engineering is essential. Cohesion of software quality metrics is “how tightly bound or related its internal elements are to one another”. Cohesion is used for various purposes, such as modularization, reusability, fault-proneness, and change-proneness. Existing cohesion metrics only use the number of pairs of methods with shared variables, and do not consider the weight of the variables. Therefore, they cannot measure cohesion metrics accurately. In this paper, we propose a new approach to improve cohesion metrics using the measured weight of variables by PCA (Principal Component Analysis). We compare our proposed approach with existing approaches in 4 cohesion metrics applied with 2 open source projects. The correlation coefficient between change-proneness and improved cohesion metrics increased by 20% on average compared to existing cohesion metrics. Thus, improved cohesion metrics can measure software quality more accurately.