Cytotoxicity of Gallium-Indium Liquid Metal in an Aqueous Environment

Kim, Ji-Hye,Kim, Sungjun,So, Ju-Hee,Kim, Kyobum,Koo, Hyung-Jun American Chemical Society 2018 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.10 No.20

<P>Eutectic gallium-indium alloy (EGaIn) liquid metal is highly conductive, moldable, and extremely deformable and has attracted significant attention for many applications, ranging from stretchable electronics to drug delivery. Even though EGaIn liquid metal is generally known to have low toxicity, the toxicity of the metal, rather than a salt form of Ga or In, has not been systematically studied yet. In this paper, we investigate the time-dependent concentration of the ions released from EGaIn liquid metal in an aqueous environment and their cytotoxicity to human cells. It is observed that only the Ga ion is dominantly released from EGaIn when no external agitation is applied, whereas the concentration of the In ion drastically increases with sonication. The cytotoxicity study reveals that all human cells tested are viable in the growth media with naturally released EGaIn ions, but the cytotoxicity becomes significant with sonication-induced EGaIn releasates. On the basis of the comparative study with other representative toxic elements, that is, Hg and Cd, it could be concluded that EGaIn is reasonably safe to use in an aqueous environment; however, it should be cautiously handled when any mechanical agitation is applied.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>

교정학적 적용을 위한 초내식성 스테인리스강의 특성

오근택,김금진,황충주,박용수,김경남 大韓齒科器材學會 2001 대한치과재료학회지 Vol.28 No.3

Various kinds of orthodontic appliances have been developed for ideal tooth movement during orthodontic treatment. The orthodontic appliances made of metals are bands, arch wires, brackets and miniscrews as orthodontic anchorage. Generally, these appliances are made of stainless steel, pure titanium, Ni-Ti and TMA with the proper biocompatibility. However, localized corrosion of these materials can frequently occur in the particular environment. Super stainless steels, recently developed, have good corrosion resistance to reduce metal ion release induced by many kinds of corrosion. Recently, it has been reported that nickel ion release from orthodontic appliances affect the prevalence of nickel sensitization; however, there has been some controversy about nickel hypersensitivity to orthodontic appliances containing nickel. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the microhardness, nickel ion release, corrosion resistance and cytotoxicity of 4 types of super stainless steels and 316L stainless steel as the control group according to nickel contents, and to determine the acceptability as the new material for various kinds of orthodontic appliances. All super stainless steels showed higher microhardness than 316L stainless steel, SR-3Mo showed especially the highest microhardness. In anodic polarization test, corrosion resistance was high in order of SR-50A, SFSS, SR-6DX, 316L stainless steel, SR-3Mo. There was no increase in nickel ion release from SR-50A, SR-6DX, 316L stainless steel with immersion time in artificial saliva; whereas there was some increase from SFSS and SR-3Mo with immersion time. All super stainless steels showed very low cytotoxicity regardless of nickel contents although SR-3Mo showed relatively higher cytotoxicity than the others. It is concluded that SR-50A among super stainless steels has the highest corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. It is undesirable to consider the alloys with high nickel content to release lots of nickel ion.

TiN 피막 처리된 스테인레스강 교정용 장치물의 금속 유리에 대한 연구

김명숙,성재현,권오원 대한치과교정학회 1995 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.25 No.1

TiN 피막 처리된 스테인레스강 교정용 장치물이, 전해질이 있는 구강내에 장기간 장착될 때 발생할 수 있는 금속 유리 정도를 파악하기 위해 상악 편측에 해당하는 모조 교정 장치를 제작하였다. welding을 실시하고 TiN 피막 처리한 시편을 제1군으로, welding을 실시하지 않고 TiN 피막 처리한 시편을 제2군으로, welding을 실시하고 TiN 피막 처리를 하지 않은 시편을 제3군으로 welding과 TiN 피막 처리를 실시하지 않은 시편을 제4군으로 하여 각 군당 10개씩의 시편을 준비하였다. 각 시편을 인공 타액내에 15일간 침적하여 용액 속에 유리되어 용해된 니켈과 크롬의 누계와 침전물 형태로 존재하는 니켈과 크롬의 양을 측정하여 총량의 차이를 TiN 피막 처리 유무와 welding 유무에 다라 t-test로 검정한 결과, welding을 실시한 두 군중 TiN 피막 처리한 군에서 금속 유리량이 더 적었으며, TiN 피막 처리한 두 군중 welding을 실시하지 않은 군에서 금속 유리량이 더 적은 것으로 나타났다. 표면 조직 관찰시 welding을 실시한 두 군에서 수많은 침전물과 pitting corrosion이 보였으며 이 중 Tin 피막 처리한 군에서 그 정도가 낮았다. 본 실험을 통하여 스테인레스강 교정용 장치물에 TiN 피막 처리시 심미성 및 각종 물성의 개선 이외에도 금속 유리의 정량적인 분석 결과 내식성이 현저히 개선됨을 알 수 있었다. This study was conducted to examine the metal release of Tin-plated stainless steel orthodontic appliances by constructing the simulated orthodontic appliances equivalent to maxillary half arch, by dividing into TiN-plated and TiN-nonplated groups and by dividing again these groups into welded and nonwelded groups. And then, the total quantity of metal release was obtained by measuring the amounts of both soluble and precipitated nickel and chromium after immersing in artificial saliva for 15 days. And then, the corrosion appearances of surface structure was observed by using SEM. The results of this study were summarized as follows. 1. The total amounts of released nickel and chromium showed that the TiN-plated group after welding(Group Ⅰ) was 25.46㎍, respectively, and 17.4㎍, while the TiN-nonplated group after welding(Group Ⅲ) was 54.69㎍, respectively, and 85.27㎍. Then, the TiN-plated group indicated less amounts of metal release(p<0.005). 2. The total amounts of the TiN-plated group without welding(Group Ⅱ) was 0.005㎍ and 0.34㎍, respectively. Then it was shown that the TiN-plated group without welding (Group Ⅱ) indicated less metal release than that of TiN-plated group after welding(Group Ⅰ)(p<0.01, p<0.05). 3. When observing their surface structure, there were a lot of precipitate and pitting corrosion in the groups with welding(Group Ⅰ& Ⅲ), when the TiN-plated group(Group Ⅰ) showed lower level than the TiN-nonplated group(Group Ⅲ). On the other hand, the groups without welding(group Ⅱ & Ⅳ) indicated a little of pitting corrosion. 4. In case of observation with the naked eyes, it was shown that there were significant discoloration and corrosion in the groups with welding(Group Ⅰ& Ⅲ), while there was no any remarkable change in the groups without welding(group Ⅱ & Ⅳ).

금속-금속 관절면 고관절 치환술 후 금속 이온 유리

이수호(Soo-Ho Lee),조수현(Su-Hyun Cho),남태석(Tae-Seok Nam) 대한정형외과학회 2004 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.39 No.6

목적: 금속-금속 관절면에서의 논쟁의 초점인 금속 이온 유리가 실재하는지와 골두의 직경이 큰 금속-금속 관절면 고관절 표면치환술(hip resurfacing arthroplasty)과 상대적으로 작은 전치환술(total hip arthroplasty)에서 유리 정도에 차이가 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 본원에서 1998년 6월부터 2003년 4월까지 수술 후 추시 중 금속 이온 농도 측정이 가능하였던 금속-금속 관절면 고관절 표면치환술(평균 골두 직경 47.1 ㎜) 42예와 전치환술(골두 직경 28㎜) 39예에서 나이, 체중 및 수술 후 검사 기간이 조화되는 환자, 각 21예를 대상으로 혈중 코발트와 크롬 이온 농도를 비교하였다. 정상 대조군은 세라믹-세라믹 관절면 고관절 전치환술을 시행받은 환자로 하였다. 금속 이용 농도는 환자의 혈청을 희석하여 유도 결합 플라즈마 질량 분석기(inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Agilent 4500, Rhode Island, USA)로 측정하였다. 결과: 혈중 코발트와 크롬 모두 금속-금속 관절면 양군에서 대조군에 비하여 증가된 소견을 보였다. 또한 금속-금속 관절면 양군간의 비교에서는 표면치환술군이 전치환술군에 비해 혈중 코발트는 증가된 소견을 보였으나(p=0.025), 크롬은 통계적인 차이를 보이지 않았다(p=0.50l). 결론: 금속-금속 관절면의 사용시 금속 이온의 유리는 실재하며, 큰 골두 직경을 사용하는 표면치환술에서 더 높은 코발트 농도를 보였다. 그러나 이의 임상적 의의는 장기적인 추시가 필요하다고 생각된다. Purpose: To verify that the metal-on-metal (MOM) surfaces produce metal ions and to ascertain the differences between large and small femoral head diameters with regard to the release of metal ions. Materials and Methods: Forty two cases of MOM hip resurfacing arthroplasty (mean head diameter: 47.1 ㎜) and 39 cases of conventional total hip replacement arthroplasty (head diameter: 28 ㎜) were performed at our hospital from June 1998 to April 2003. All the cases were followed-up using the serum cobalt and chromium ion levels. The serum cobalt and chromium ion levels were compared in the 21 cases in each group, which were matched by age, weight and follow-up period. The control group involved 21 patients who had undergone an alumina-alumina total hip arthroplasty. The patient's serum metal ion concentration was measured from the serum, which had been separated from the whole blood and diluted using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Agilent 4500, Rhode Island, USA). Results: All MOM bearing implants produced higher serum levels of cobalt and chromium ions than the control. The serum concentration of cobalt with MOM resurfacing was higher than that observed with a 28 ㎜ MOM total hip arthroplasty (p=0.025), but the chromium levels were not significantly different (p=0.501). Conclusion: The MOM bearing implants in this study produced elevated serum levels of cobalt and chromium ions. In addition, large diameter heads resulted in greater systemic exposure of cobalt ions than the small diameter heads. However, a long-term follow-up will be needed to determine the clinical significance.

초내식성 스테인리스강 선재와 브라켓의 내식성 및 금속 이온 용출 특성

오근택,정경진,황충주,박용수,김경남 大韓齒科器材學會 2001 대한치과재료학회지 Vol.28 No.4

Metallic orthodontic appliances are known to release metal ions in an oral cavity. It is not advisable that toxic corrosion products derived from the appliances is absorbed into the body. Metal ions release from orthodontic appliances is known to have large effects on the result of orthodontic treatment and systemic health. Metal bracket and wire were made of super stainless steel(S32050) with high corrosion resistance. The corrosion resistance and ion release property of S32050 and conventionally used appliances were examined. Four types of wire were ligated in either super stainless steel(SB) or Tomy bracket(TB) with O-ring, and then each group was immersed in an artificial saliva at 37℃ for 12 weeks. Amount of released metal ions was measured with immersion time by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy and surface morphology was investigated. S32050 showed the low passive current density of about 1 μA/㎠ and the stable passive region to a high potential in artificial saliva. S32050 appliances did hardly release nickel ions in artificial saliva. S32050 wire(SRW) and NiTi wire(NW) didn't show significant difference of Ni ion release with immersion time, meanwhile, Remanium wire(RW) showed significant difference in 12 weeks. Ni ion releasce from the brackets didn't show any significant difference with immersion time and between SB and TB. Amounts of Ni ion released from TB-SRW showed significant difference in 12 weeks, those from TB-RW showed significant difference from 4 weeks later and highest release among all groupsin12weeks. TB-NW released little Ni ion for all immersion time and showed significant difference from 4 weeks later, TB-TW(TMA wire) showed significant difference in 12 weks. SB-SRW didn't show any significant difference and SB-RW signigicant difference in 12 weeks,but lower compared with TB group. SB-NW and SB-TW didn't show any significant difference. Corrosion products didn't be observed in mostly groups during the immersion time, except that in TB-RW, they were observed on the bracket surface between O-ring and wire from 8 weeks later. Super stainless steel wire had good corrosion resistance compared with stainless steel wire, and it is believed that it can be used as orthodontic material for bracket and wire.

금속 임플란트 소재의 내마모성 향상을 위하여 적용되는 질소 이온주입 및 이온도금법의 한계

김철생 대한의용생체공학회 2004 의공학회지 Vol.25 No.2

금속 임플란트 재료들의 마모저항을 향상시키기 위하여 질소 이온주입 및 이온도금 기술을 적용하였다. 질소 이온주입 된 초내식성 스테인리스강(S.S.S)의 마모이온용출 특성을 S.S.S, 316L SS, TiN코팅된 316S SS와 비교 평가하기 위하여 탄소로 원자흡수분광분석기를 이용하여 시편들로부터 마모용출된 Cr과 Ni 이온량을 측정하였다. 또한, 저온아크증착법을 이용하여 TiN, ZrN, TiCN코팅된 Ti(Grade 2)원반의 마모저항을 비교하였고, 질소이온주입 및 질화물 코팅된 표면충의 화학적 조성은 SAES(scanning Auger electron spectroscopy)를 이용하여 분석하였다. 질소 이온주입된 S.S.S 표면으로부터 마모에 의하여 용출된 Cr과 Ni 이온량은 표면처리하지 않은 스테인리스강들에 비하여 크게 감소하였다 그러나 인공고관절에 걸리는 하중조건 하에서 실행된 마모이온용출실험에서 이온에너지 100 KeV로 질소이온 주입된 표면층은 20만회 내에서 쉽게 제거되었다. 질화물 코팅된 Ti 시편들의 마모저항도 크게 향상되었고, 그 마모특성은 코팅층의 화학적 조성에 따라 크게 차이가 났다. 코팅두께 3Um의 코팅시편들 중 TiCN 코팅된 티타늄이 가장 높은 내마모 특성을 보였으나 같은 하중조건 하에서 disk(Ti)-on-disk 마모실험에서 그 질화물 코팅면들의 마모 무게감 소비는 1만회 아래에서 모두 Ti의 마모비와 유사하게 전환되었다. 본 실험으로부터 얻어진 연구결과에 의하면, 100 KeV 질소이온주입 및 두께 3$\mu\textrm{m}$의 길화코팅된 표면층의 경우 표면 경화충의 깊이가 충분치 않아 높은 하중을 받는 임플란트의 마찰부위에 사용하기에는 한계가 있음을 보였다. Nitrogen ion implantation and ion plating techniques were applied for improvement of the wear resistance of metallic implant materials. In this work, the wear dissolution behaviour of a nitrogen ion implanted super stainless steel (S.S.S, 22Cr-20Ni-6Mo-0.25N) was compared with those of S.S.S, 316L SS and TiN coated 316L SS. The amounts of Cr and Ni ions worn-out from the specimens were Investigated using an electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Furthermore, the Ti(Grade 2) disks were coated with TiN, ZrN and TiCN by use of low temperature arc vapor deposition and the wear resistance of the coating layers was compared with that of titanium. The chemical compositions of the nitrogen ion implanted and nitride coated layers were examined with a scanting auger electron spectroscopy. It wat observed that the metal ions released from the nitrogen ion implanted S.S.S surface were significantly reduced. From the results obtained, it was shown that the nitrogen ion implanted zone obtained with 100 KeV ion energy was easily removed within 200,000 revolutions from a wear dissolution testing under a similar load condition when applied to artificial hip joint. The remarkable improvement in wear resistance weir confirmed by the nitrides coated Ti materials and the wear properties differ greatly according to the chemical composition of the coating layers. for specimens with the same coating thickness of about 3$\mu\textrm{m}$, TiCN coated Ti showed the highest wear resistance. However, after removing the coating layers, the wear rates of all nitrides coated Ti reverted to their normal rates of below 10,000 revolutions from Ti-disk-on-disk wear testing under the same load condition. From the results obtained, it is suggested that the insufficient depth of the 100 Kel N$\^$+/ ion implanted zone and of the nitrides coated layers of 3$\mu\textrm{m}$ are subject to restriction when used as frictional parts of load bearing implants.

초내식성 스테인레스강의 금속이온용출특성 및 세포적합성

김철생,박진수,허억,강곤,Kim, Cheol-Sang,Park, Jin-Soo,Her, Erk,Khang, Gon 대한의용생체공학회 1996 의공학회지 Vol.17 No.1

The toxic metal ion release behaviour and the cytotoxicity of a super stainless steel (S.S.S, 22cr-20Ni -6Mo-0.25N) were investigated The measurement of the amount of static and wear- induced trace metal ion released from the steels was conducted in Hank's balanced salt solution using an electrothermal atomic absdrption spectrometry equiped with Uaphite furnace. And the in vitro cytotoxicity of the materials was assesed in cell culture. The static dissolution rates of Fe and Cr ions from the S.S.S were significantly lower than those of 316L SS. However, the Ni ion release from the S.S.S during the first 4 weeks was yester than that from 316L 55 by 15-45%. Also, the wear-in- duces dissolution rates from the steels were not correlated either with their elemental composition rates or with the static metal ion release rates. The S.S.S did not deteriorate the osteoblasts viability. And no toxic response was observed from the macrophages cultured for 7 days in RFMI 1640 medium immersed with the S.S.S specimens.

CaCO3 침전능 조절에 의한 금속시편에서의 부식방지

이재인,임진경,서상훈,신춘환,김동윤 한국환경과학회 2000 한국환경과학회지 Vol.9 No.6

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Ca(OH)_2 and CO_2 additions on the corrosion of metal coupons (ductile iron, galvanized steel, copper and stainless steel). Corrosion rate and released metal ion concentration of ductile iron and galvanized steel was decreased by adjusting alkalinity, calcium hardness and pH with Ca(OH)_2 & CO_2 additions named CCPP (Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential) index control process. But the effects of Ca(OH)_2 & CO_2 additions on copper and stainless steel were less than those on ductile iron and galvanized steel. When ductile iron coupon was exposed to water treated with Ca(OH)_2 & CO_2 additions, the main components of corrosion product formed on its surface were CaCO_3 and Fe_2O_3 or Fe_3O_4, which often reduce the corrosion rate by prohibiting oxygen transport to the metal surface.

Enhancing cycling stability and suppressing the oxygen release of Li-rich layered oxides (LLOs) via surface modification of binary metal oxides

오대원,이창우 한국공업화학회 2024 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2024 No.0

Adsorption and Release of Rare Metal Ion using Poly-γ-glutamic Acid from Bacillus subtilis Chungkookjang

Dong-Hwan CHOI,Jae-Chul CHOI,Moon-Hee SUNG 한국생물공학회 2013 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2013 No.10