Mediating Effect of Executive Function on Memory in Normal Aging Adults

MinJae Kim,JunSoo Kwon,MinSup Shin 대한신경정신의학회 2013 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.10 No.2

Objective-We hypothesize that the effect of aging on memory is mediated by executive function. Methods-Two hundred and thirty healthy adults (101 male, 129 female) were recruited for the study. We used a promising, newly developed, computerized neuropsychological test for the measurement of executive function and memory. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and path analysis. Results-The full mediation model showed a good fit to the data. However, chi-squared (χ2) tests for model comparison indicated that the partial mediation model better fits our data. Thus, the partial mediation model was used as the final model. In terms of auditory-verbal memory, the effect of aging on memory was fully mediated by executive function. However, visuo-spatial memory was significantly affected both indirectly (through executive function) and directly (by aging). Gender differences were not significant in this model. Conclusion-This study demonstrated the importance of executive function in the memory functioning of normal aging adults. It is noteworthy that modality differences were found between auditory-verbal and visuo-spatial memory. Aging is not the only factor that drives memory decline, and its direct, adverse effect on memory was more prominent in the visuo-spatial memory task than auditoryverbal memory task. Since performance in both modalities is fully or partially mediated by executive function, it is important to train normal aging adults in executive control skills, such as planning, strategy formation, and rapid decision making.

주관적 기억장애의 기억문제 호소 양상과 인지기능 및 정서 특성

송민지,강연욱 대한치매학회 2011 Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders Vol.10 No.4

Background: The aim of present study was to investigate the characteristics of memory complaints, objective cognitive function, and emotion in the elderly diagnosed with Subjective Memory Impairment (SMI). Methods: Thirty-one healthy elderly and 31 SMI participated in this study. Memory Functioning Questionnaire (MFQ) was given to examine the characteristics of memory complaints in SMI group. The Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery and other frontal lobe function tests were administered to evaluate the objective cognitive functions. The Short form of Geriatric Depression Scale and the Y form of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were also given to explore the emotional characteristics. Results: The SMI reported that their present memory is poorer than their past remote memory and they have more troubles in remembering the old events than the recent ones. It was found that the SMI use memory strategies less frequently compared to the control group, although they experience severe memory problems more frequently than the healthy elderly. Both the healthy control and SMI groups showed the normal range performance in objective cognitive tests, the SMI showed significantly lower performance in frontal lobe tests than the normal control. The SMI were found to have higher levels of depression but not anxiety. They were divided into two subgroups based on the levels of depression, the depressive SMI and non-depressive SMI groups. The depressive SMI showed lower performance in the objective cognitive tests measuring frontal lobe function than the non-depressive SMI. Conclusions: The results provided rich information about the behavioral, cognitive, and emotional characteristics of SMI. They suggest that the clinical evaluation of SMI should include the assessments of emotional aspects and comprehensive cognitive functions, especially frontal lobe function, as well as the evaluation of memory.

유아의 재인 기억과 출처 기억 수행에 실행 기능이 미치는 영향 탐색 연구

이승진 한국인간발달학회 2016 人間發達硏究 Vol.23 No.3

The present study seeks to examine children's age-dependent memory ability by evaluating recognition memory and source memory. Furthermore, this study also attempts to identify the role of executive function in the formation of early episodic memory in children. Four- to six-year-old children were presented with a variety of factual information from different sources (e.g., experimenter or doll). Then, we evaluated the children's recognition memory (the facts they learned) and source memory (the path through which they learned the information). Executive function was evaluated using the well known working memory, inhibitory control, and set shifting tasks. The findings indicated that children showed relatively better recognition memory and source memory with increasing age. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between executive functions and children's source memory even when children's age and receptive language ability was controlled. Based on these findings, we discussed the relationship between the formation of early episodic memory in children and executive function as well as the need for follow up studies.

뇌졸중환자의 기억신념과 우울, 인지기능과의 관계

박경아(Park Gyeong A),오명화(Oh Myung Hwa),김다혜(Kim Da Hye) 한국장애인재활협회 2017 재활복지 Vol.21 No.3

본 연구는 뇌졸중 환자의 기억신념과 우울, 인지기능과의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 실시하였다. 연구는 G광역시와 전라남도 소재의 병원에서 뇌졸중으로 진단 후 재활치료를 받고 있는 환자 88명을 대상으로 일반적 특성과 기억효능감 질문지, 기억통제감 척도 설문지, Beck Depression Inventory, 한국판 몬트리올 인지평가를 이용하여 정보를 수집한 값을 분석하였다. 연구 결과 기억효능감은 학력, 동거상태, 경제상태, 발병횟수에서, 기억통제감은 경제 상태에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 우울은 발병시기에서, 인지기능은 성별, 연령, 학력, 동거형태, 발병횟수에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 기억효능감은 기억통제감, 인지기능과는 정적 상관을, 우울과는 부적 상관을 보였으며, 기억통제감은 우울과 부적 상관을 보였다(p<.05). 그리고 우울은 인지기능과 부적 상관을 보였다. 인지기능에는 기억효능감과 기억통제감, 우울이 모두 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다(p<.05). 본 연구의 결과를 기반으로 뇌졸중 환자의 재활치료에 있어 긍정적 기분을 유발하여 우울과 같은 부정적인 정서를 감소시키며 인지기능의 회복에 대한 기억신념을 촉진하기 위한 다각적인 재활치료 프로그램 개발이 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between memory belief, depression and cognitive functioning for stroke patients. A total of 88 subjects were participated in this study and the questionnaire was composed with general characteristics and K-MoCA, Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Memory Self Efficacy Qestionnaire(MSEQ), Memory Controllability Inventory(MCI). The results showed that, for the memory self efficacy by general characteristics, there were significant differences in terms of level of education, living and economic status, the number of onset of stroke (p<.05), the memory controllability showed significant differences in economic status (p<.05), and the depression showed significant differences in onset duration of stroke (p<.05), and the cognitive functioning showed significant differences in gender, age, education, living condition, and the number of onset of stroke (p<.05). In addition, there was a significant correlation between memory self efficacy and memory controllability, depression, and cognitive functioning (p<.05). Memory controllability was correlated with depression (p<.01), depression was correlated with cognitive functioning (p<.01). Memory self efficacy, memory controllability and depression were found to be factors, affecting the cognitive functioning (p<.05). Based on this results, it is recommended to develop a multifaceted rehabilitation program in order to induce the positive mood, to reduce the negative emotions such as depression and to promote the memory belief about recovery of cognitive functioning.

자연과학편 : 강도별 유산소운동이 중년여성의 레닌-알도스테론, 신경전달물질 및 인지기능, 작업기억의 변화에 관한 연구

조원제(WonJeCho) 한국체육학회 2016 한국체육학회지 Vol.55 No.2

본 연구는 건강한 중년여성 28명을 대상으로 강도별 유산소운동을 12주간 주 3회로 실시하여 혈압, 레닌-알도스테론계, 신경전달물질 및 인지기능, 작업기억의 변화와 처치 후 인지기능에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하고자 실시하였다. 모집된 대상자를 통제집단 9명, 중강도 유산소운동집단 10명(50%V02max), 고강도 유산소운동집단 9명(70%V02max)으로 구분하여 처치 전과 후반복측정 분산분석과 다중회귀분석을 실시한 결과 다음과 같은 결과가 나타났다. 중강도 유산소운동은 레닌, BDNF, 인지기능과 작업기억을 증가시키고, 알도스테론, 안지오텐신Ⅱ, 알도스테론-레닌 비율을 감소시켰다. 고강도 유산소운동은 BDNF, 인지기능, 작업기억을 증가시키고 수축기혈압을 감소시켰다. 또한 강도별 유산소운동 후 인지기능에 미치는 요인을 회귀분석한 결과 중강도 유산소운동은 이완기혈압, 레닌-알도스테론 비율의 감소와 작업기억, BDNF의 증가가 인지기능에 영향을 미쳤고, 고강도 유산소운동은 작업기억 BDNF, 세로토닌의 증가가 인지기능에 영향을 미쳤다. 따라서 중강도 이상의 유산소운동은 중년여성의 인지기능 및 작업기억을 향상시키는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 인지기능 향상에 영향을 미치는 대사적 요인으로 중강도 유산소운동은 레닌-알도스테론 조절과 작업기억이었고 고강도 유산소운동은 신경전달물질과 작업기억으로 나타났다. This study was conducted by performing intensities aerobic exercise for 12 weeks, three times a week targeting 28 middle aged women. The purpose of this study was analyzing factors which affect cognitive function and changes of blood pressure, renin-aldosterone system, neurotransmitter, cognitive function and working memory after treatment. The participants were divided into three groups which are the control group(n=9, non exercise), moderate intensity aerobic exercise group(n=10, 50%V02max), high intensity aerobic exercise group(n=9, 70%V02max). The two-way ANOVA(repeated measure) and multiple regression analysis were carried out to target those three groups before and after treatment. The results were as follows like this. The moderate intensity aerobic exercise increased renin, brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF), cognitive function and working memory. Also, it reduced aldosterone, angiotensinⅡ and aldosterone-renin ratio. The high intensity aerobic exercise showed increase BDNF, cognitive function and working memory and decrease systolic. As a result of a multiple regression analysis of factors affecting cognitive function after intensities aerobic exercise, the moderate intensity aerobic exercise affected diastolic blood pressure, decrease of aldosterone-renin ratio and working memory. Also, an increase of BDNF affected cognitive function, the high intensity aerobic exercise affected working memory BDNF and an increase of serotonin affected cognitive function. Therefore, It could be seen that more than moderate intensity exercise increase woman``s cognitive function and working memory. Also, there were metabolic factors which affect the increase of cognitive function. To moderate intensity exercise, renin-aldosterone and working memory affected to increase of cognitive function. For high intensity exercise, BDNF and working memory affected to it.

Strategies Adopted by Transcultural Communities to Compensate the Loss of Collective Memory

Govinda Raj Bhattarai 한국외국어대학교 인도연구소 2014 남아시아연구 Vol.19 No.3

Memory is the Mother of all Wisdom said Aeschylus long ago. Truly, human civilization is nothing more than what we cherish as the best we have recollected in the form of version especially as an intangible existence. Tangible actions and events are complimentary. In this paper, I would like to discuss memory, not individual or personal one, but as a social phenomenon, which is termed as collective memory. People inherit, treasure and transmit memories recorded in their practices without conscious effort. To put it in Halbwachs’s words, “It is in society that people normally acquire their memories. It is also in society that they recall, recognize, and localize their memories”(1992: 46). He believes that human memory functions within a collective memory which is the result of shared remembrances. History also treasures memories but Halbwachs says history is dead and collective memories are living, both are publicly available facts however. Truly, these unrecorded memories bind people together so long as they live in a particular society. What happens if people disperse and societies disintegrate or fragment and they are away (virtually they are nowhere ) from their ancient seat of learning, acquisition and transfer of knowledge through social memory? They suffer memory loss (a case more dangerous than Alzheimers because a whole society goes amnesic and the loss becomes irretrievable), as a result they are most alarmed, feel insecure, shocked and dismissed. They are traumatized more for their children than themselves, as they know the succeeding generation(s) will be truncated or devoid of the past that looms since antiquity. I have seen parents trying to teach literacy and numeracy in their mother tongue to their children (in foreign lands) so that they could be connected with their homeland in future but it fails because there is no oral tradition existent to show the totality of ‘native’ social life that helps one ‘inherit’ language and culture automatically. With travels and migrations, memory landscapes change over a period of time and the culture of that race changes its color adapting to the local one. I have seen desperate parents planning to return to their homeland (to die) leaving their grown up children behind. I have seen this during my travels to many Nepali diasporas distributed from the USA to Hong Kong. In this paper I will substantiate instances of people gripped by fear of gradual “memory loss” not of a person but the “collective memory” of a whole generation, whole community. This can be equated with “culture death” which results from the loss of “cultural memory” which will leave people devoid of their identity. I will draw on my personal experience and cases of literary works created by authors distributed along various Nepali diasporas.

시설거주 노인들에서 주관적 기억장애 호소와 객관적 인지기능

이정식 ( Jung Sik Lee ),이우경 ( Woo Kyeong Lee ),박은미 ( Eun Mi Park ),이원혜 ( Won Hye Lee ),오홍석 ( Hong Seok Oh ),안은숙 ( Eun Soog An ),고영 ( Young Ko ) 한국정신병리진단분류학회 2006 精神病理學 Vol.15 No.1

Objectives: There are inconsistent results about relationships among the subjective memory complaints(SMC), objective memory functions, and depression. The Authors tried to examine the association of subjective memory complaints in the elderly with objective cognitive functions, depression and other demographic variables such as sex, age, and education. Methods: Total 175 participants living in the asylum for the aged had completed CERAD-K(the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer`s Disease) to evaluate neuropsychological function. All of them were evaluated by four specific questions about everyday memory function. Symptoms of depression were evaluated by SGDS-K(Short Geriatric Depression Scale of Korean version). We divided the elderly into two groups(SMC+ group, SMC- group) to evaluate the differences in cognitive function and depression. Results: 109(62.3%) of the subject acknowledged having trouble with their memory. Memory decline and cognitive decline were associated with SMC. SMC+ group scored significantly lower on word delayed recall test than SMC- group, especially. Age, sex and education were significantly associated with SMC in total subject but not education in non-demented subject. Total score of SMC was explained partly by word delayed recall and depression variables in non-demented subject. Conclusion: This study suggested that association between SMC and objective memory function had clinical implication that SMC was a significant part of MCI criteria associated with early stage of Alzheimer`s Disease.

백석 시에 나타난 기억의 구현 방식

이소연 한국문학이론과비평학회 2011 한국문학이론과 비평 Vol.53 No.-

This study, noting that Baekseok's poems prior to the liberation include many poems which figured the past, looked into the realization mode of memory indicated in Baekseok's poems. As a result of examining Baekseok's poems on the basis of Aleida Assmann's cultural memory theory, it could be known that Baekseok's poems of remembering the past was the product of exchange between 'storage memory' and 'function memory'. So to speak, the memories that were selected among storage memories, a storage of memories which were not used and not arranged and that were given some meanings is to move into an area of memories. These processes are involved in oblivion, because newly formed remembrance becomes possible owing to memories which disappeared into oblivion. Through a poetic method of composing function memories on the basis of stored memories, Baekseok newly creates the forgotten value now. In the second place, as memory media of Baekseok's poems, the author examined 'the body' and 'the place'. In order for a memory to be stored into the body, a special stability device is needed, linguistic habit and sentiments play such a role in Baekseok's poems. That is, frequently heard stories and pidginized accidents easily make memories fixed and so does strongly applies mental image or feeling. The place, another memory media, is presented in Baekseok's poems in two aspects; one is a memory for a place, and another is a place of a memory. A poem of memory for a place is a mode of remembering the past accidents and persons based on a certain place, and a poem for a memory place is a mode of taking out memories that the place includes or commemorates. A memory place appears in Baekseok's travel poems, which, in most cases, remind of past historical events. This paper found that Baekseok is engaged in modern introspection of reflecting upon himself in a poetic method named realization of memory. Baekseok looks for identity of life and discovers the value of life, composing function memories through poems.

만성 알코올 중독성 기억장애의 세부적 특성에 관한 연구

심주식,김홍근,김용숙 한국건강심리학회 2012 한국심리학회지 건강 Vol.17 No.1

본 연구는 만성 알코올 중독성 환자에서 나타나는 기억장애의 세부적 특징을 살펴보고자 수행되었다. 이를 위해 알코올 의존 환자 28명과 정상인 26명에게 ‘Rey-Kim 기억검사’와 K-WAIS를 실시하였다. 알코올 의존군이 보여주는 기억장애의 주요 특성은 다음과 같았다. 첫째, 기억기능을 즉시기억(immediate memory), 최근기억(recent memory), 옛날기억(remote memory)으로 구분하여 살펴본 결과 최근기억에만 결손이 있었고 즉시기억과 옛날기억은 정상 수준이었다. 둘째, 최근기억의 내용을 언어기억(verbal memory)과 시각기억(visual memory)으로 구분하여 살펴본 결과 언어기억과 시각기억 모두에 결손이 있었다. 셋째, 최근기억의 인지적 과정을 등록(encoding), 유지(retention), 인출(retrieval) 단계로 구분하여 살펴본 결과 등록과 인출 단계에만 결손이 있었고 유지 단계는 정상 수준이었다. 넷째, 최근기억과 일반지능에서 결손된 정도를 비교한 결과 최근기억의 결손이 유의하게 더 심하였다. 이 결과는 최근기억의 장애가 일반화된(generalized) 인지장애가 아니라 기억에 특이한(specific) 인지장애임을 시사한다. 마지막으로, 최근기억장애를 개인별 수준에서 살펴본 결과 다수가 경증이었고 중증은 약 20% 정도에 해당하였다. 종합적으로, 본 연구의 결과들은 만성 알코올 중독성 기억장애의 학술적 이해와 임상적 관리에 유용한 정보를 제공한다. The purpose of the present study was to investigate specific characteristics of memory deficits, associated with chronic alcoholism. To this end, we administered Rey-Kim memory test and K-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale to a sample of 28 alcohol dependent patients and 26 normal controls. The alcohol dependent group showed the following characteristics in their memory deficits. First, their memory deficits involved recent memory, but not immediate or remote memory. Second, their recent-memory deficits involved both verbal and visual memory. Third, their recent-memory deficits involved problems in registration and retrieval stage, but not in retention stage. Fourth, their deficits in recent memory were more severe than their deficits in general intelligence, suggesting that the memory deficits were not part of generalized cognitive dysfunction, but a memory-specific dysfunction. Finally, about 20% of the patients evidenced severe memory decline, whereas other patients showed mild to moderate decline. These results provide useful data for the understanding of alcoholic memory deficits and their clinical managements.

강도별 유산소운동이 중년여성의 적혈구생성인자, BDNF와 인지기능, 작업기억에 미치는 영향

조원제(WonJeCho) 한국체육학회 2015 한국체육학회지 Vol.54 No.1

본 연구는 강도별 규칙적인 유산소운동이 중년여성의 적혈구생성인자, BDNF와 인지기능, 작업기억에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 규명하기 위해 실시하였다. 경기도 Y시 소재 G구에 거주하는 40~60대 중년여성을 대상으로 통제집단(n=9, non-exercise), 중강도 유산소운동집단(n=10, 50%VO₂max, 200 kcal), 고강도 유산소운동집단(n=9, 70%VO₂max, 200 kcal)으로 분류하여 12주간 주 3회의 빈도로 집단의 특성에 맞게 운동처치를 실시하여 운동전과 6주, 12주 후 채혈과 인지기능 및 작업기억검사를 통해 적혈구생성인자, BDNF, 인지기능 및 작업기억을 측정하였다. 모든 자료는 SPSS Ver. 15.0를 통해 집단, 시기, 상호교호작용의 비교를 위해 반복측정분산분석, 일변량분석 및 사후검증(LSD)을 실시하였다. 그 결과 적혈구생성인자, BDNF, 인지기능, 작업기억에서 시기에 따른 유의한 차이가 나타나 일변량분석을 통해 집단 내 시기에 따른 분석을 실시한 결과 중강도 유산소운동은 적혈구 수, 헤마토크릿, BDNF와 작업기억에서 유의하게 증가하였고(p<.05), (p<.01), (p<.05), (p<.05), 고강도 유산소운동은 적혈구 수와 작업기억에서 유의하게 증가하였다(p<.01)(p<.001). 또한 집단 간 비교 결과 헤마토크릿은 중강도 유산소운동집단과 고강도 유산소운동집단이 통제집단에 비해 유의하게 높았고(p<.01), 헤모글로빈은 중강도 유산소운동집단이 통제집단에 비해 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<.05). 따라서 본 연구의 결과를 비추어볼 때 중년여성의 적혈구생성인자, BDNF, 인지기능 및 작업기억에 12주의 중강도 이상의 유산소운동이 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. This study was performed to identify the effects of different intensities of regular aerobic exercise on erythropoietin (EPO) and BDNF levels, and cognitive function and working memory in middle-aged women. Women aged 40 to 60 years residing in G-gu, Y-si, Gyeonggi-do were divided into 3 groups: control group, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise group and high-intensity aerobic exercise. All groups were asked to exercise at the given intensities, twice a week for a total of 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected from participants on week 0 (before exercising), week 6 and week 12, and then cognitive function and working memory tests were followed to measure erythropoietin (EPO) and BDNF levels, cognitive function and working memory. Repeated measures ANOVA, univariate analysis and follow-up test were performed on all data to compare the group, period and interaction through a SPSS. As a result, a significant difference over time was observed in EPO, BDNF, cognitive function and working memory; therefore, a follow-up one-way ANOVA analysis was performed on each group. As a result of analysis, a significant increase in erythrocyte, hematocrit, BDNF level and working memory was observed in moderate-intensity aerobic exercise group while erythrocyte and working memory were significantly increased inhigh-intensity aerobic exercise group. When comparing the results between the groups, the level of hematocrit was shown to be significantly higher in both moderate-and high-intensity aerobic group than the control group and also the higher level of hemoglobin was observed in both moderate-and high-intensity aerobic group comparing to control group. Considering the results of this study, therefore, a 12-week long aerobic exercise at moderate to high intensity positively affected EPO and BDNF levels, cognitive function and working memory in middle-aged women.