Variation of Medicinal Plants Species Richness along Vertical Gradient in Makawanpur District, Nepal

Damodar Gaire,Lichun Jiang,Vijay Kumar Yadav,Jit Narayan Shah,Sunita Dhungana,Anju Upadhyaya,Shiv Kumar Manjan,Binod Kumar Heyojoo 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2021 Journal of Forest Science Vol.37 No.2

The research attempted to analyze the medicinal plant species richness in the vertical gradient from lower to the highest elevation of Makawanpur, focusing on the relationship between species richness and elevation which is very important for conservation and management of species diversity. Inventory was carried out in the study area by taking sampling intensity of 0.5% in the effective area. Altogether, 42 sample plots were laid in the field with the help of GIS software maintaining 50 m altitude difference. High species diversity was found in the herbs species whereas shrubs have comparatively low species diversity. The maximum species richness is found in herbs and poles whereas shrubs and trees have relatively low species richness. Research showed that species richness of medicinal plants increased with altitudinal gradient. While analyzing the species richness from 350 to 2,550 m (msl), the highest species richness was received with the elevation ranges from 1,800 m to 2,300 m. There was a positive relationship between species richness and altitudinal gradient in the study area. In addition, we have recorded the high value medicinal plants after 1,800 m altitude and rarely within 1,000 m. Medicinal plants correlated both positive and negative relationships with the increased altitude. The altitudinal response has positively seen except density (n/ha) of Shrubs. Domestication and cultivation of high value medicinal plants should be promoted in community forest including private lands. Training, workshops and awareness programs should be conducted to make people aware about medicinal plants resource utilization, conservation and commercialization of available medicinal plants.

Pharmacological, ethnopharmacological, and botanical evaluation of subtropical medicinal plants of Lower Kheng region in Bhutan

Phurpa Wangchuk,Karma Yeshi,Kinga Jamphel 한국한의학연구원 2017 Integrative Medicine Research Vol.6 No.4

Background: The Bhutanese Sowa Rigpa medicine (BSM) uses medicinal plants as the bulk ingredients. Our study was to botanically identify subtropical medicinal plants from the Lower Kheng region in Bhutan, transcribe ethnopharmacological uses, and highlight reported pharmacological activities of each plant. Methods: We freely listed the medicinal plants used in the BSM literature, current formulations, and the medicinal plants inventory documents. This was followed by a survey and the identification of medicinal plants in the Lower Kheng region. The botanical identification of each medicinal plant was confirmed using The Plant List, eFloras, and TROPICOS. Data mining for reported pharmacological activities was performed using Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and SciFinder Scholar. Results: We identified 61 subtropical plants as the medicinal plants used in BSM. Of these, 17 plants were cultivated as edible plant species, 30 species grow abundantly, 24 species grow in moderate numbers, and only seven species were scarce to find. All these species grow within the altitude range of 100–1800 m above sea level. A total of 19 species were trees, and 13 of them were shrubs. Seeds ranked first in the parts usage category. Goshing Gewog (Block) hosted maximum number of medicinal plants. About 52 species have been pharmacologically studied and only nine species remain unstudied. Conclusion: Lower Kheng region is rich in subtropical medicinal plants and 30 species present immediate economic potential that could benefit BSM, Lower Kheng communities and other Sowa Rigpa practicing organizations.

Factors affecting long-term availability of medicinal plants in India

Singh Preet Amol,Dash Subhransu,Choudhury Abinash,Bajwa Neha 한국작물학회 2024 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.27 No.2

The majority of conventional medications and food supplements are created following the processing of medicinal plants. As majority of the medicinal plants are collected from the forests, the rise in the demand for herbal goods is placing significant strain on the forests while encouraging unsustainable wild harvesting of therapeutic plants. The current study's objective is to gain insight into current debates on the value chain of medicinal or therapeutic plants, role of various Indian acts, i.e., Forest Act, Forests Right Act, export, and other variables affecting the sustainable supply of herbs. A targeted literature search on online databases, scientific studies, and authentic texts was performed to understand the value chain, consumption, export, Indian laws, endangered species, and capacity building institutions, limitations, and future of medicinal plants. The World Flora Online database was used to verify the scientific names of the plants. Value chains for medicinal plants are wide and complex. There is need to weaken the role of middlemen and giving forest gatherers and farmers more negotiating leverage especially through artificial intelligence. The Ministry of AYUSH and National Medicinal Plants Board both play significant roles in India's medicinal plant sector. The different acts and rules pertaining to medicinal plants conservation, usage, transit, and trade should work in harmony and there is need for exclusive medicinal plants policy across India. Maintaining a balance between the protection of medical plant species and a sustainable supply of herbs to support the sector based on medicinal plants while empowering forest gatherers is urgently needed

방글라데시의 약용식물 연구동향 및 활용실태

이석영,Mondal Haque Mamtazul,조규택,조은기,김태산,김창영,조유현 한국국제농업개발학회 2007 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.19 No.3

Bangladesh is a country considered to be rich in medicinal plants genetic resources. Among the 5,700 species of higher plants, more than 600 wild medicinal plant species are potentially being used for human ailments and veterinary medicines, and more than 100 species of medicinal plants are grow in Bangladesh. Among the institute, Bangladesh Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) has conserved maximum number of medicinal plant genetic resources, and Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute(BARI) is trying to establish a medicinal plant genebank. Since the knowledge and information of the recipe have handed over verbally from generation to generation, up to now very few detailed systematic survey on the inventory as well as documentation of medicinal plants in the country existed. Also, very few knowledge about distribution, reproductive biology, cultivation practices, conservation and management were recorded. Bangladesh usually follows Ayurveda and Unani system in their traditional medical system. Among the family using as medicinal plants, Fabaceae includes the most abundant in species as 21 and Euphorbiaceae as 18 species, and Zingiberaceae as 14 is the order. In the targeted area for use of medicinal plants, dysentery, rheumatism, fever, diarrhea and diuretic is the most widely used in Bangladesh. The priority research areas are systematic survey and making inventory of medicinal plant species, proper identification of all available medicinal plant species and evaluation for their pharmaceutical activities. Finally, definite national policy and legislation should be framed for conservation, conducting research and utilization of medicinal plants.

Conservation, Use and Research Activities of Medicinal Plants in Sri Lanka

이석영,조규택,이정로,마경호,윤문섭,이영이,성정숙,D.S.A. WIJESUNDARA,박기훈,곽재균 한국국제농업개발학회 2009 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.21 No.4

스리랑카에는 전통적으로 500여종의 자생식물과 900여종의 도 입식물이 약용으로 이용되고 있다. 전체 자원중 10%는 고유종이 나 79종 정도는 멸종위기에 처해 있다. 약용식물의 멸종은 전통적 인 의료 체계인 Ayurveda (아유베다)에 의한 주요종의 과용과 채 취에 의한 것이며 약용식물의 중요성에 대한 정리는 전통지식에 기반하고 있다. 스리랑카에는 34개 정도의 아유베다 병원이 있으 며 100개 이상의 아유베다 약물생산공급시설이 있다. 자체생산 약 용식물은 자체 수요의 68% 정도이며, Solanum virginianum, Mollugo cerviana, Zingiber officinale, Anethem graveolens, Cedrus deodara, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Phyllanthus emblica, Trachyspermum roxburghianum, Withania somnifera, Piper longum 등이 주요 수입 자원이고, 류마티즘 치료를 위해서는 59과에 속하는 114종, 당료 치료를 위해서는 19과의 32종 등이 사용되고 Caesalpinia bonduc, Erythrina variegata, Indigofera aspalathoides, Cinnamomum camphora, Tinospora glabra 등이 암 치료에 사용되고 있다. 현재 스리랑카에서 중요하게 연구되는 10종의 약용식물은 Coscinium fenestratum (Menispermaceae), Salacia reticulata (Celastraceae), Munronia pinnata (Meliaceae), Rubia cordifolia (Rubiaceae), Woodfordia fruticosa (Lythraceae), Cassia angustifolia (Fabaceae), Withania somnifera (Solanaceae), Indigofera tinctoria (Fabaceae), Cardiospermum halicacabum (Sapindaceae) and Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) 등이다. Among the native flora of Sri Lanka, there are well over 500 species that have been and are used in traditional medicine. Apart from that there are over 900 non indigenous medicinal plants used in native medicine. This study introduces the use of medicinal plant for arthritis and rheumatism, cancer, diabetes and tonic, and information on the 10 largest imported herbal materials as well. The main areas of medicinal plant research in Sri Lanka can be categorized as phytochemistry of indigenous medicinal plants and their relatives, medical properties of indigenous medicinal plants, and conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants. The research institutes working on medicinal plant covered governmental sector and private sector were introduced. Finally, the ten species of priority medicinal plants for further research in Sri Lanka was reviewed as Coscinium fenestratum (Menispermaceae), Salacia reticulata (Celastraceae), Munronia pinnata (Meliaceae), Rubia cordifolia (Rubiaceae), Woodfordia fruticosa (Lythraceae), Cassia angustifolia (Fabaceae), Withania somnifera (Solanaceae), Indigofera tinctoria (Fabaceae), Cardiospermum halicacabum (Sapindaceae) and Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) with the Medicinal Plant Conservation Area (MPCA) activity for stainable use.

약용식물의 천연색소와 염색

남윤자,박선영 경희대학교 생활과학연구소 2001 생활과학논집 Vol.5 No.1

Plants have been used s the materials of dye and medicine because of its containing coloring-matters such as flavonoid, antocyan, carotene, etc and having variable therapeutic effects. The purpose of this study is to provide the basis of obtaining the new medicative dye-plants through examining the medicinal plants with known composition. The results are a follows; First, the medicinal plants among the similar classification in plant-taxonomy have almost similar chemical structure and function. Therefore, chemotaxonomy and biochemistry about the species and pigments of the plants, should be examined for the search of lots of alternative medicinal dye-plants. Second, the variety of medicinal compounds is due to quantity of individual compounds which is influenced by environment such as nutrition, sun-light, temperature, water, et al. In conclusion, new alternative medicinal dye-plants for the functional materials should be discovered by examining the composition and function of previously used medicinal plant. Besides, if the weeds could be used as dye-plants, environmental protection will be accompanied.

韓國産毛茛科植物에 關한 本草學的考察

孫仁慶,宋昊埈,辛民敎 한국전통의학연구소 1998 한국전통의학지 Vol.8 No.2

In this study my attention is centered on the plants of Ranunculaceae produced in Korea. I have proceeded to review the theses and writings on herbalogy from the ancient , modern and present times, and the conciusions are as follows ; 1) There are totaled to 208 kinds of plants of Ranunculaceae in Korea and among them medicinal plants are 108, but can be added in number for plants are likely to be the same in family. 2) According to the oriental names which can be used for medical purpose the medicinal plants belonging to Ranunculaceae are classified into 52 kinds of medicine such as Radix 20, Herba and Radix 8, Herba , Rhizoma 6, Flos 4, Folium 2, Radix and Lignum 2, Lignum 1, Cortex 1, Semen 1. Thus it is noticed that the number of the kinds of Radix is the most of all . 3) Among Ranunculaceae plants totaled to 208 kinds , plants of Aconitum are 46. Clematis 37, Ranunclus 25 get 22%, 18% and 12% each. It is considered that, among medicinal plants totaled to 128 kinds, Aconitum plants get about 36% . 4) RADIX ACONITI LOCZYANI in korea is a noxious plant belonged to Aconitum and it misuses as substitute for a innoxious plant RADIX GENTIANAE MACROPHYLLAE be longed to Gentiana, Gentianaceae. 5) In origin plants for individual medicines, RADIX ACONITI are 40 kinds, the most of all, and the others, RADIX PAEONIAE LACTIFLORAE, RADIX CLEMATIDIS, 7 kinds each. 6) According to efficacies of medicine , febrifugal and detoxicant drugs are 17 kinds, antiphlogistic drugs 15, invigorating blood circulation and eliminating blood stasis drugs 10 Thus it is noticed that they could be used for febrifugal and detoxicant, antiphlogistic and invigorating blood circulation and eliminating blood stasis drug mostly. 7) Additionally the number of noxious plants are 69 kinds and it gets 54 % of 128 medicinal kinds. It is expected that they are used in a clinic with care. In this study is has revealed that drugs belonged Ranunculaceae in Korea yet are not clear in their properties, they also are not used in a clinic so that must be studied continually. And origin plants must be gone deep in to a comparative study, that will do much for developing of traditional medicines.

Ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in Uganda

Gang Roggers,Matsabisa Motlalepula,Okello Denis,Kang Youngmin 한국응용생명화학회 2023 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.66 No.-

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health problem owing to its high prevalence and increased morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of DM and impaired glucose tolerance in Uganda is approximately 4.1% and 6.6%, respectively. Medicinal plants are commonly used for the management of DM, especially in developing countries, such as Uganda. According to several ethnobotanical surveys conducted in Uganda, various medicinal plants are used in DM management. Meanwhile, ethnopharmacological studies have confirmed the anti-diabetic efficacy of various plants and plant-derived formulations from Uganda. However, these information remain highly fragmented without a single repository for plants used in the management and treatment of DM in Uganda, hindering further investigations. Therefore, this study aimed to comprehensively explore plants used for DM treatment in Uganda and retrieve relevant ethnopharmacological and ethnomedicinal information that can be used for DM therapy development. English peer-reviewed articles and books were searched in scientific databases, especially PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, SciFinder, and Medline, to retrieve information on medicinal plants used for DM treatment and management in Uganda. The databases were searched to obtain published literature on the anti-diabetic activities and safety of plants among the identified plants. The family name, plant parts used, anti-diabetic activities, dosage, and mechanisms of action of plant extracts were captured. In total, 46 species belonging to 26 families are used to treat DM in Uganda. Most species belonged to the Fabaceae (20%), Asteraceae (13%), and Solanaceae (7%) families. Anti-diabetic activities of 27 (59%) species have been scientifically investigated, whereas the rest have not been evaluated. This review indicated that various medicinal plants are used in the traditional treatment and management of DM across different regions in Uganda. Scientific investigations have revealed the anti-diabetic potential and safety of several of these plants. However, there is a need to validate the anti-diabetic potential of other unstudied plants. Additionally, isolating and characterizing active principles and elucidating the anti-diabetic mechanism of these plants and performing preclinical and clinical studies in the future could aid in the formulation of an effective and safe treatment for DM.

약용작물 재배현황과 전망

김동길,이용호 경상대학교 농업자원이용연구소 1998 심포지엄 자료집 Vol.1998 No.1

국내 약용작물 재배면적은 12,688 ha 로 총 생산량이 39,951 M/T에 달하고았으나, 경남의 약초 재배면적은 556 ha, 총 생산량이 1,921 M/T이며, 참여 농가수는 2,442호에 지나지 않음. 한약재의 수입현황을 보면 '97년 총 수입량이 62,931,024 M/T, US$ 107,920,693에 이르며, 이를 분석하면 국내생산 불가한 한약재로는 감초, 녹용, 녹각 등이 있고, 국내재배가 가능한 품목으로 수입량이 많은 9개 품목은 갈근, 옥북, 창출등이 있으며, 국내 자급율이 50%에 이르는 목단, 시호, 오미자, 천마등도 수입되고 잇고, 국내자급이 가능한 황기, 당귀, 두충, 작약등 20여 품목은 수입조절품목으로 수입을 억제하고 있음. 국내 약초산업은 재래식 농법을 답습하여, 제초, 수확등 노동력이 많이 요구되는 생산비가 많은 것이 문제이며, 생산비 절감이 시급하고, 재배기간이 길어 자본회전이 늦은 것이 특징인데, 주성분 함량의 차이가 없다면 1내지 2년생을 수확하는 방안이 실현되어야 할 것이며, 제초제 및 병해충 방제 농약이 개발되어야 할 것임. 국내재배로 수입대체를 할 수 있는 백준에 이를 것으로 생각되며, 또한 국내생약 재배활성화를 위하여는 한약재를 이용한 건강음체된 생약산업을 발전 시키는 지름길일 것임. The cultivated area of medicinal plants in Korea was amounted 12,688 ha and total production was 39,951 M/T in 1996. However, the cultivated area of those in Kyungnam was 556 ha and 1,921 M/T of medicinal stuffs were produced. The imported medicinal stuffs were amounted to 62,931 M/T, $107,920,693 in 1997. Among them Gamcho, Nokyong and Nokgak were not produced. However, 9 medicinal stuffs having producing ability including Galgeun, Dunggule, Baegchul, etc. were ipmorted 8,712 M/T, $ 15,490,000. The medicinal plants growing have weeding, not mechanized, etc., therefore high cost was invested for production of medicinal stuffs. For self sufficient production of medicinal stuffs and substituting import of Baegchul, Dunggule and Woosl, on cultivating farm fields (ca. 34,000 ha) would be utilized for medicinal plants. For development medicinal cropping cultural practice must be improved urgently as follows : The cropping span would be shortened for 1 or 2 years in Danggui and Hwanggi, Dunggule for 3 years and bargchul for 2 years. The herbicides and pesticides must be developed urgently for reducing producting costs. And mechanization for sowing and harvesting would be needed urgently. Extention of demand of medicinal stuffs, developing of medicinal beverages and teas and other new fuctional materials would be researched.

Adventitious root culture for secondary metabolite production in medicinal plants: A Review

Rahmat, Endang,Kang, Youngmin The Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology 2019 식물생명공학회지 Vol.46 No.3

Medicinal plants are high-value natural resources that have been used as precautionary drugs by many people globally. The increasing global demand for bioactive compounds from medicinal plants has led to the overexploitation of many valuable species. One widely used approach to overcome this problem is the use of adventitious root cultures as a propagation strategy. This review examines the scientific research published globally on the application of adventitious root cultures for many medicinal plants. Adventitious roots generated under aseptic environments in suitable phytohormone-augmented medium exhibit high growth rates and production of important secondary metabolites. Parameters such as medium properties and composition, growth hormone type, and elicitation strategies for in vitro grown adventitious roots of medicinal plants, are the main topics discussed in this review. We also examine current developments in bioreactor system cultivation for plant bioactive compounds using adventitious root cultures, a technology with possible commercial applications, via several studies on adventitious root culture of medicinal plants in which bioreactor systems play a role. In conclusion, the development of adventitious root cultures for medicinal plants is highly useful because of their capability for vegetative propagation and germplasm preservation.