복근 강화 운동이 최대발성지속시간에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

이계창 ( Lee Gye-chang ) 한국연극교육학회 2021 연극교육연구 Vol.39 No.-

The objective of this study was to understand the effect of strengthening the abdominal muscles on phonation time through experiments. Voice is made by the action of various vocal organs, and it starts from vibrations that are created when the air in the lungs passes through the vocal cords while exhaling. This study hypothesized that strengthening the abdominal muscles, closely related to the contraction of the diaphragm, which compresses the lungs during exhalation, would increase the phonation time during exhalation. This study conducted an experiment using 32 healthy male and female college students in their 20s. The thirty-two college students were randomly assigned into four groups (eight students per group): an upper rectus abdominis muscle exercise group, a lower rectus abdominis muscle exercise group, an oblique muscle exercise group, and transverse abdominis muscle exercise group. Each group conducted an exercise program that focused on stimulating only one muscle part. This study measured the maximum phonation time of thirty-two subjects using the Pro Tools, a digital audio software developed by Avid Technology, four times: before exercise, immediately after exercise, 15 minutes after exercise, and 30 minutes after exercise. The result of this study did not show a significant relationship between the abdominal muscle strengthening exercise and the maximum phonation time. The deviation of measured maximum phonation time varied a lot there was no consistent phenomenon that could explain this. This conversely proves that the ability to sustain vocalization is not related to the action of the abdominal muscles strongly compressing the diaphragm. Until now, many artists and educators using voice have recognized and utilized abdominal muscle strengthening exercises such as sit-ups as the main training methods for making strong vocalization and increasing the phonation time. However, the results of this study implied that the ability to sustain vocalization was a function of another sensory and another muscle function, not abdominal muscle strengthening. therefore, it is requires to shift the existing breathing and vocal training methodologies. Ultimately, it is expected that the result of this study become the basis for establishing a systematic breathing and vocal training methodology for artists who deliver emotions and thoughts via voice.

수중에서 호흡운동이 뇌성마비 아동의 폐기능 및 최대발성시간에 미치는 영향

이제욱 ( Je-wook Lee ),황보각 ( Gak Hwangbo ) 대한물리의학회 2019 대한물리의학회지 Vol.14 No.3

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of breathing exercise in the water on the pulmonary function and maximum phonation time in children with cerebral palsy. METHODS: The subjects were 24 children with cerebral palsy at GMFCS levels Ⅰ-Ⅲ, who were allocated randomly to either the aquatic breathing exercise group or general breathing exercise group 12 subjects per group. Each subject was required to complete 40 minutes of exercise twice a week for eight weeks. Those in the aquatic breathing exercise group performed aquatic breathing exercise, whereas those in the general breathing exercise group performed general aquatic exercise. RESULTS: Significant differences in FEV₁, PEF, VC, TV, ERV, and maximum phonation time were observed in the aquatic breathing exercise group after intervention, but there were no significant differences in either FVC, FEV₁/FVC, IC, or IRV. In the general breathing exercise group, there were no significant differences in the FVC, FEV₁, FEV₁/FVC, PEF, VC, IC, TV, IRV, ERV, and maximum phonation time after intervention. In terms of the pulmonary function, the two groups showed a significant difference in the change in FEV₁, PEF, and TV after intervention, but not in the FVC, FEV₁ /FVC, VC, IC, ERV, IRV, and maximum phonation time. CONCLUSION: These results above show that aquatic breathing exercise training in water is more effective in improving the pulmonary function than general breathing exercise training.

성대결절 아동의 호흡양상에 관한 연구

이은경(Eun-Kyung Lee),최흥식(Hong-Shik Choi),심현섭(Hyun-Sub Sim) 한국언어청각임상학회 2002 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.7 No.3

성대결절은 음성 남용 또는 오용으로 인해 아동들에게서 보편적으로 나타나는 음성장애로 발성 시 성대의 불완전한 폐쇄를 야기시켜 효율적인 후두 밸빙을 방해한다. 본 연구에서는 학령기의 성대결절 아동 27명과 정상음성 아동 25명을 대상으로 읽기과제 동안의 흡기 빈도와 최대발성지속시간의 차이를 비교하고자 하였다. 또한 성대결절 아동들의 음성장애 정도를 청지각적 평가인 GRBAS로 나누어 음성장애 정도별로 흡기 빈도와 최대발성지속시간, 평균호기류율의 차이를 살펴보고자 하였고, 성문 틈의 크기에 따른 최대발성지속시간과 평균호기류율의 차이도 관찰하였다. 연구결과, 성대결절 아동들이 정상음성 아동에 비해 읽기과제 동안 흡기 빈도가 유의하게 증가하였고 최대발성지속시간은 유의하게 감소하였다. 성대결절 아동은 음성장애 정도에 따라 흡기 빈도, 최대발성지속시간의 차이를 보였으나 평균호기류율은 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 성문 틈의 크기가 증가함에 따라 평균호기류율은 유의하게 증가하였으나 최대발성지속시간은 차이를 보이지 않았다. 성대결절 아동들에서 성대결절로 인한 성대의 불완전 폐쇄가 읽기 동안에 더 잦은 호흡을 요구하며, 또한 음성장애 정도에 따라 그 양상이 더 심화되는 것 같다. 본 연구는 읽기 과제 동안 흡기 빈도, 최대발성지속시간 및 평균호기류율이 성대결절 아동의 치료 전후의 호전도를 평가할 수 있는 지표로 사용될 수 있음을 시사한다. Vocal nodules are a frequently occurring type of voice disorder in children. It is caused by continuous abuse and misuse of the laryngeal mechanism. An incomplete closure of the glottis due to the vocal nodules interferes with the efficient valving of airflow. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference in the frequency of inspiration during reading and maximum phonation time between children with vocal nodules and children without vocal nodules. In addition, the differences in the frequencies of inspiration during reading, maximum phonation time and mean airflow rate were evaluated according to the degree of dysphonic severity of children with vocal nodules. The assessments were completed for 27 children with vocal nodules and 25 children without vocal nodules. The results indicated that the frequency of inspiration during reading and that of maximum phonation time significantly differed between the 2 groups. The frequency of inspiration was higher and maximum phonation time was reduced for the children with vocal nodules. The frequency of inspiration and maximum phonation time significantly differed in accordance with the degrees of the dysphonic severity. The children with severe hoarseness showed a higher frequency of inspiration and reduced maximum phonation time. Mean airflow rate did not significantly differ in terms of different degrees of dysphonic severity, but it increased in proportion to the glottal gap. Incomplete closure of the glottis due to vocal nodules resulted in frequent inspiration and could interfere with the flow of speech.

학령전기 경직형 하지마비 아동이 산출한 모음의 음향음성학적 특징

박지은(Ji Eun Park),박은숙(Eun Sook Park),김향희(Hyang Hee Kim) 한국언어청각임상학회 2004 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.9 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 학령전기 경직형 하지마비 아동이 모음발성 시 어떤 음향음성학적 특징을 보이고 있는지에 대해 알아보는 데 있다. 이를 위해 만2세에서 6세 사이의 경직형 하지마비 아동군 15명과 정상 아동군 9명의 모음연장발성 수행 자료를 수집하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 최대연장발성지속시간, 주파수변동률, 진폭변동률, 소음 대 배음 비율에서 두 집단 간에 유의한 차이를 보여 뇌성마비 아동군이 호흡능력이 저하되어 있으며, 성대조절능력이 부족하여 발성 기능 또한 저하된 것이 관찰되었다. 최대연장발성지속시간의 경우 정상 아동은 연령이 증가할수록 최대연장발성지속시간이 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 뇌성마비 아동은 연령에 따른 상관을 보이지 않았다. 기본주파수와 모음의 제1포먼트, 제2포먼트에서는 뇌성마비 아동군과 정상 아동군 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이는 상대적으로 상지 운동 능력이 양호한 경직형 하지마비 아동은 호흡․발성 능력은 정상 아동에 비해 저하되어 있는 반면 모음의 조음은 정상 아동과 비슷한 양상을 나타내는 것임을 시사한다. This study reports an investigation on the acoustic characteristics in the vowel phonation of preschool children with spastic diplegia due to cerebral palsy(CP). A group of 15 children with spastic diplegia were compared to 9 normal controls in sustained /a/ phonation. There were significant differences between the two groups in the maximum phonation time, jitter percent, shimmer percent, and noise to harmonic ratio. The respiratory capacity of the CP children was reduced and phonation capacity was also impaired due to the defect in vocal cord control. Maximum phonation time of the CP children did not increase as age increased whereas that of the normal controls did. When average fundamental frequency, first formant, and second formant of vowel were compared between the two groups, no reliable difference was found. The results indicate that unlike other types of CP, spastic diplegia children with better upper body control have a similar ability to normal developing children in vowel articulatory ability compared to respiration and phonation.

음향학적 분석을 통한 뇌성마비 아동의 호흡 및 구강 운동 전ㆍ후 치료 효과

김숙희(Sook-Hee Kim),김현기(Hyun-Gi Kim),신용일(Yong-Il Shin) 한국음성학회 2008 음성과학 Vol.15 No.2

The purpose of this study was to find out the acoustic variation on the pre-and post respiration and oral motor for children with cerebral palsy. Five children with spastic CP at the age of 6 in average were practiced by a caregiver at home each for 25 minutes, in total, 45 times. The sustained of vowel /a/ and vowels /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/ were recorded on CSL and MDVP and analyzed by acoustic parameters. As a result, the maximum phonation time(MPT) was increased from 2.06 to 6.31 and the formant of vowels(F1, F2, F3) had significant differences in F1(/a, i/), F2(/i.u.o/), and F3(/a/) between the controls and the children with CP in pre-treatment. The total average value of vowels had significant differences between the pre-and post-treatment (p< .05). The energy of vowels had significant differences in the vowels /i, u, e, o/ and the total average value between the pre-and post-treatment(p< .001). The jitter percent, shimmer percent, and noise to harmonic ratio had significant differences between the pre-and post-treatment(p< .05). As the respiration and the oral motor improved MPT, voice quality, and articulation of vowel, and the variation of the formant(F1, F2, F3) showed the changes in the shape of lips, the place and the height of the tongue, the various development of therapy programs and the consistent intervention of treatment is needed for the children with cerebral palsy.

아동용 조음기관 구조 및 기능 선별검사 제작을 위한 학령전기 아동 대상 예비조사

김양선(Yang Seon Kim),김재옥(Jae Ock Kim) 한국언어치료학회 2016 言語治療硏究 Vol.25 No.3

Speech Mechanism Screening Test for Children : An Evaluation of Performance in 3- to 12-Year-Old Normal Developing Children

김재옥(Jae ock Kim),신문자(Moon ja Shin),송윤경(Yun Kyung Song) 한국언어청각임상학회 2018 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.23 No.1

배경 및 목적: 본 연구는 정상 발달 아동에게 ‘아동용 조음기관 구조 및 기능 선별검사(Speech Mechanism Screening Test for Children, SMST-C)’를 실시하여 성별과 연령별 표준화된 점수를 제시하고자 하였다. 방법: 만 3-12세 236명(남아 111명, 여아 125명)의 정상 발달 아동을 대상으로 SMST-C를 실시하여 조음기관 구조·기능, 발성·음성·조음선별, 조음교대운동으로 이루어진 총점수와 최대발성지속시간(maximum phonation time, MPT), 말속도 그리고 /퍼/, /터/, /커/, /러/, /겅/, 5개 일음절의 교대운동속도(alternative motion rate, AMR)와 /퍼터커/의 일련운동속도(sequential motion rate, SMR)의 DDK 속도를 측정한 뒤 성별과 연령에 따른 차이의 유의성을 검증하였다. 결과: SMST-C의 총점수는 성별과 연령에 따라 유의한 차이가 없었다. MPT와 말속도는 연령이 증가함에 따라 유의하게 증가하였다. 모든 일음절의 AMR와 SMR 또한 연령이 증가함에 따라 유의하게 증가하였다. 이와 더불어 치경음인 /터/의 AMR이 다른 일음절들에 비해 가장 빨랐고, 연구개음인 /겅/의 AMR이 가장 느렸다. 논의 및 결론: 본 연구는 SMST-C를 이용한 아동의 조음기전에 관한 정상 기초 자료를 제공하였고, SMST-C는 언어재활사와 관련 전문가들이 비정상적인 조음 기전을 보이는 아동을 선별하는 데 도움을 줄 것으로 보인다. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish standardized scores for the Speech Mechanism Screening Test for Children (SMST-C). Methods: Two hundred thirty-six normal developing children (111 boys and 125 girls) from 3 to 12 years of age were included in the study. They were examined with the SMST-C, which yields a total score from three sub-systems: structure/function, phonation/voice/articulation, and diadochokinesis (DDK)/maximum phonation time (MPT)/speech rate/DDK rate. DDK rate consists of alternative motion rates (AMR) of 5 syllables (/pʌ/, /tʌ/, /kʌ/, /lʌ/, and /kʌŋ/) and sequential motion rate (SMR) of /pʌtʌkʌ/. Results: The total score of SMST-C was not significantly different according to age or gender. MPT and speech rate significantly increased with age. DDK rates in all syllables for AMR and SMR also increased with age. In addition, AMR of /tʌ/ (alveolar sound) was the fastest syllable among all mono-syllables and AMR of /kʌŋ/ (velar sound) was the slowest. Conclusion: The results of this study provided normative data for speech mechanisms of children using SMST-C. SMST-C would be helpful for speech-language pathologists and other related professionals to screen for children with abnormal speech mechanisms.

정상인과 일측성 성대마비환자의 읽기 시 호흡특성 비교

최예린 한국언어청각임상학회 2009 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.14 No.2

배경 및 목적: 성대가 마비되면 후두신경의 손상으로 인하여 성대가 불완전하게 폐쇄된 상태에서 발성을 하게 되어 폐에 있는 공기가 비효율적으로 빨리 소모되는 경향이 있다. 본 연구는정상인과 일측성 성대마비환자의 읽기 시 호흡특성을 비교하고 호흡특성의 차이에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 살펴보고자 하였다. 방법: 정상군과 일측성 성대마비군 각각 20명씩 총 40명을대상으로 폐활량, 최대발성지속시간(Maximum Phonation Time: MPT, 이하 MPT), 평균호기류율 및 성문하압, 표준화문단읽기 과제를 통해 1회 호흡당 음절수, 총 흡기 빈도 및 읽기속도,Kay Imaging Process System을 이용한 성문면적파형을 분석하였다. 결과: 정상군과 일측성성대마비군 간 폐활량과 읽기속도는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었으나, MPT와 1회 호흡당음절수는 일측성 성대마비군이 정상군에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 짧거나 적었다. 평균호기류율과 성문하압은 일측성 성대마비군이 정상군에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다. 표준화 된 최대성문면적은 일측성 성대마비군이 정상군 보다 통계적으로 유의하게 더 좁았으나, 표준화된 최소성문면적은 오히려 일측성 성대마비군이 정상군 보다 통계적으로 유의하게 더 넓었다. 문단 읽기 과제에서 1회 호흡당 음절수(음절수/1회 호흡)에 영향을 주는 변수들(MPT, 폐활량, 평균호기류율, 성문하압, 최소성문면적파형)에 대한 다중회귀분석 결과, 1회 호흡당 음절수총 변동의 약 65%를 MPT, 폐활량, 평균호기류율, 성문하압, 최소성문면적파형으로 설명할 수있었다. 1회 호흡당 음절수를 가장 잘 예견해주는 변수는 MPT였다. 논의 및 결론: 일측성 성대마비환자의 호흡특성과 1회 호흡당 음절수를 측정함에 있어 성문의 틈과 호흡기능을 객관적으로 측정한 상태에서 1회 호흡당 음절수와 다른 요인들과의 관련성을 살펴본 연구라는 측면에서임상적으로 의의가 있다고 사료된다. MPT, 성문면적, 평균호기류율, 성문하압 혹은 읽기과제에서 1회 호흡당 음절수, 흡기 빈도가 일측성 성대마비환자의 치료전후의 호전도를 평가할수 있는 지표가 될 수 있음을 시사한다. Background & Objectives: Patients with unilateral vocal fold palsy (UVFP) suffer from incomplete glottal closure and irregular vocal fold vibration, which interrupts the airflow needed for efficient voice production. This study investigated adult patients with UVFP, compared them to adult controls, and evaluated the differences between the two groups in the characteristics of glottal area waveform and phonation, as well as the relationship between glottal area waveform and respiratory and vocal function. Methods: Twenty control subjects and 20 adults with UVFP were studied. Respiratory and aerodynamic analysis and glottal area waveform (GAW) studies were performed. Results: There were no significant differences in respiratory function between the two groups. Subjects with UVFP had significantly shorter maximum phonation times (MPT) and fewer syllables per breath in a reading passage task than did control subjects. The frequency of inspiration, subglottic pressure (Psub), and mean airflow rate (MFR) were significantly higher in patients with UVFP than in control subjects. Multiple regression analysis was employed to examine the relationship between number of syllables per breath and four independent factors: MPT, Psub, MFR, and reading rate. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the number of syllables per breath was significantly influenced by MPT. Discussion & Conclusion: The results suggest that MPT, number of syllables per breath, and frequency of inspiration may be useful parameters in evaluating respiratory function in patients with UVFP.

과기능적 음성장애 환자의 물저항발성: 튜브 직경과 물 깊이가 물거품 높이 및 최대발성지속시간에 미치는 영향

김민경,최성희,윤종인 한국음성학회 2023 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.15 No.2

Tube phonation in water has been widely used for voice training among semi-occluded vocal tract (SOVT) exercises in which the patient bubbles with phonation keeping the tube submerged in water. This study aims to investigate the effect of tube diameter and water depth on bubble height and maximum phonation time (MPT) for patients with hyperfunctional voice disorders. Seventeen patients with hyperfunctional voice disorders were asked to bubble with sustained /u/ at the different inner diameters of tube (5, 7, and 10 mm), water depth (4, 7, and 10 cm). A water resistance phonation biofeedback system using a water height sensor was used for recording bubble height and MPT. The bubble height was significantly changed by the tube diameter while MPT was significantly changed with the tube diameter and water depth. Although the wider tube presented significantly lower bubble height for a given depth, relatively consistent bubble height was maintained. Depending on the water depth, the bubble height did not significantly differ for a given tube diameter. In addtion, MPT significantly decreased with water depth and a wider tube led significantly shorter MPT. A water level– driven water resistance biofeedback system provided useful information on bubble characteristics and vocal fold vibration depending on tube diameter and water depth. It can be useful to monitor the breath support during water resistance phonation for patients with hyperfunctional voice disorders.

경직형 뇌성마비 아동의 최대 발성지속시간과 파열음 산출 시 조음시간 특성 비교

정진옥(Jeong Jinok),김덕용(Kim Deogyong),심현섭(Sim Hyunsub),박은숙(Park Eunsook) 한국음성학회 2011 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.3 No.1

This study evaluated the respiratory capacity of spastic cerebral palsy children who were grouped by GMFCS (Gross Motor Function Classification System) levels and identified the acoustic characteristics of three different types of Korean stops (stop consonants) which are needed for the temporal coordination of larynx and supra-larynx, in these children. Thirty-two children with dysarthria due to spastic cerebral palsy were divided into two subgroups: 14 children classified at GMFCS levels Ⅰ~Ⅲ were placed in Group 1 and 18 classified at GMFCS levels Ⅳ~Ⅴ were placed in Group 11, and 18 children with normal speech were selected and placed in the control group. /a/ pronged phonation (sustained vowel /a/) and nine Korean VCV syllables were used. Examined acoustic characteristics were maximum phonation time (MPT) and closure duration and aspiration duration. The results were as follows: 1) The MPTs of the cerebral palsy (CP) groups, both Group Ⅰand Group Ⅱ, were significantly shorter than those of the normal group. 2) The closure durations of the two CP groups were longer than those of the normal group for all 9 target syllables. 3) The aspiration durations of the two CP groups were longer than those of the normal group. 4) The closure duration of the normal and CP Group Ⅰ was significantly different among tense, aspirated, and lax. However, the CP Group Ⅱ was different from normal. 5) The aspiration duration of the normal and CP Group Ⅰ was significantly different among aspirated, tense, and lax. However, the CP Group Ⅱ was different from normal. 6) The place of articulation influenced less than the manner of articulation on closure and aspiration duration.ㅣㅑㅅㄷㄱㅁ셕ㄷ ?ㄷㅇ