구조적 놀이상황에서 피학대아동과 일반아동의 구어 의사소통의도 산출

임지윤(Ji Yoon Lim),김성수(Sung Soo Kim) 한국언어청각임상학회 2007 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.12 No.2

생활연령 4;0~5;11세의 피학대아동과 일반아동의 구어 의사소통의도 산출 특성을 비교하고자 하였다. 방법: 실험집단은 피학대아동 10명, 생활연령일치 일반아동 10명을 대상으로, 구조화된 놀이들을 통해 수집된 전체 6,656개의 발화에서 나타난 의사소통의도를 홍경훈․김영태(2001)의 7가지 범주(요구하기, 반응하기, 객관적 언급, 주관적 진술, 메시지 수신표현, 구성요소, 발전된 표현)에 따라 분류한 후, 각 집단이 산출한 의사소통의도의 전체 발화수와 범주별 발화수 및 범주별 출현율을 비교 분석하였다. 결과: 피학대아동집단은 전체 의사소통의도 발화수 및 7가지 범주별 의사소통의도 발화수에서 일반아동집단에 비해 유의하게 적은 수의 발화를 산출하였다. 둘째, 범주별 출현율에 있어서 두 집단간에 ‘요구하기, 반응하기, 객관적 언급, 주관적 진술, 발전된 표현’ 범주에서 각각 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 이 가운데 오직 ‘반응하기’ 범주의 비율은 일반아동집단보다 피학대아동집단에서 상대적으로 더욱 높았다. 그러나 7가지 범주들 간의 출현 순위에서는 두 집단간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 논의 및 결론: 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 피학대아동은 일반아동에 비하여, 전체 의사소통의도에서 차지하는 각 범주별 우선 출현 순위에 있어서만큼은 차이가 없었다. 그러나, 구어를 통한 의사소통의도의 산출 자체가 일반아동에 비해 적을 뿐 아니라, 자신의 의사를 다양한 의사소통의도 범주들을 통해 적극적으로 표현하기보다는 단지 수동적으로 반응하는 방식 위주의 의사소통 특성을 보인다는 것을 알 수 있었다. The purpose of this study was to compare the verbal communicative intentions of maltreated children to those of chronological age(CA)-matched normal children. Methods: A total of 20 (10 maltreated and 10 CA-matched normal) children participated in the study. Through structured play contexts, 6,656 speech samples were collected and analyzed using seven categorical communicative intentions. A t-test was used to determine statistical significance. Results: First, the total number of utterances of communicative intentions and the number of each categorical utterance of communicative intentions of the maltreated children were significantly lower than those of the normal children. Second, in the proportion of categorical utterances, a significant difference was found in all categories except for ‘acknowledgement’ and ‘organization device’. Of the five categories that were significantly different, only the proportion of ‘response’ of the maltreated children were significantly higher than that of the normal group. Finally, there was no difference between the two groups in terms of the order of the seven categorical intentions. Discussion & Conclusion: From the results, it might be concluded that when interacting with a partner, maltreated children use communicative intention by the same categorically order as normal children, but maltreated children speak little and are more dependent on an inactive manner of communication than normal children do.

가정 내 영유아학대사례의 예측변인에 대한 연구: 학령기 아동학대사례에 대한 이해를 병행하여

강지영,장화정,김경희,김미경 한국아동권리학회 2017 아동과 권리 Vol.21 No.2

The purpose of this study is to reveal the characteristics of young children (0~5 years old) reported to child protection agencies in Korea and the predictors of child maltreatment. An analysis on school-age children (6~17 years old) was also conducted to identify the unique characteristics of maltreatment among young children. Among the children reported to the child protection agencies from 2012 to September 2014, 3,845 infants and 10,584 school-age children were included in the sample and utilized for descriptive analysis, group difference tests, and logistic regression. For young children, the various characteristics of caregivers were significant predictors of substantiated child maltreatment in addition to the severity and evidence of child maltreatment as well as the recurrence of suspected maltreatment. Especially, caregivers’ childhood maltreatment experiences, lack of knowledge and skills in child care, stress, alcohol abuse, and younger age were important predictors. Based on the results of this study, early intervention efforts are needed when the risk factors of child maltreatment among young children are identified by both professionals and non-professionals interacting with the children. 본 연구는 아동보호전문기관에 신고된 영유아학대사례의 아동, 행위자, 가족, 사례특성을 살펴보고 영유아학대로 판단된 사례의 예측변인을 밝히고자 하였다. 영유아학대 사례의 고유한 특성을 보다 명확히 이해하고자 학령기 아동학대사례의 특성과 예측변인에 대한 분석을 병행하였다. 2012년부터 2014년 9월까지 아동보호전문기관에 신고된 영유아 3,845명, 학령기아동 10,584명을 대상으로 기술통계 및 사례유형별 차이 검증과 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 영유아학대의 경우 학령기 아동학대사례에 비해 아동학대 심각성, 학대에 대한 증거, 재발생 가능성 외에 보다 다양한 행위자특성이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 행위자 특성에서 어릴 적 학대경험, 양육지식 및 기술부족, 스트레스, 알콜 남용 등이 유의한 예측변인으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 가정 내 영유아학대 예방을 위해 영유아 및 행위자 관련 위험요인이 발견될 경우 이에 대한 조기개입 및 전문가들을 통한 자원연계가 필요함을 논의하였다.

아동학대행위자 및 학대피해아동 유형화 및 관계에 대한 연구- 잠재계층분석을 적용하여-

김세원,이봉주,김현수,YOO JOAN PAEK,이상균,장화정 한국가족사회복지학회 2019 한국가족복지학 Vol.66 No.-

This study examined the characteristics and profiles of child maltreatment perpetrators and maltreated children who were reported from 2012 to 2016 in the National Child Maltreatment Information System. The number of cases studied was 26,605. Latent class analysis was applied in order to identify distinct abusive parents and maltreated children. The results showed four heterogeneous latent classes of child maltreatment perpetrators: “parenting problems group”(40.2%), “parenting problems+stress+domestic violence group”(15.6%), “domestic violence group”(22.7%), and “low level of risk group”(21.5%). There were four distinct classes of maltreated children: “low level of risk factors group”(74.3%), “external problem group”(8.1%), “internal problem group”(10.3%), and “delinquency+schoolmaladjustment”(7.3%). The distribution of recurrence of child maltreatment was different depending on the latent classes of child maltreatment perpetrators and maltreated children. If a child maltreatment perpetrator had multiple problems or a child suffering from external problems, the likelihood of recurrence of child abuse and neglect was high. Meanwhile, if a child maltreater belonged to a parenting problem or parenting problems+stress+domestic violence group, the maltreated child was more likely to be classified in an internal or external problem group. Based on the results of this study, a practical proposal for child protection services was made. 본 연구는 아동학대행위자 및 학대피해아동 특성에 따라 유형화하고 학대재발생 및 유형 간관계를 설명하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 우리나라 국가아동학대정보시스템에 기록된 2012년- 2016년 간 학대사례 26,605건을 대상으로 분석하였다. 분석결과 학대행위자는 ‘양육문제’ 집단(40.2%), ‘양육문제+스트레스+가정폭력’ 집단(15.6%), ‘가정폭력’ 집단(22.7%), ‘낮은 위험요인’ 집단(21.5%)과 같이 4개 집단으로 구분되었다. 학대피해아동은 ‘낮은 문제행동’ 집단(74.3%), ‘외현화 문제’ 집단(8.1%), ‘내재화 문제’ 집단(10.3%), ‘비행+학교부적응’ 집단(7.3%)으로 구분되었다. 이와 같이 구분된 학대행위자 및 학대피해아동 집단에 따라 학대 재발생 분포는 다르게 나타났다. 학대행위자가 복합적인 문제를 경험하고 있거나 학대피해아동이 외현화 문제가 있는 경우 학대 재발생 가능성이 높았다. 한편, 학대행위자가 ‘양육문제’ 집단이나 ‘양육문제+스트레스+ 가정폭력’ 집단에 속해 있는 경우 학대피해아동은 ‘내재화 문제’, ‘외현화 문제’ 집단으로 분류될 가능성이 높았다. 이러한 연구의 결과를 근거로 하여 아동보호서비스에 대한 실천적 제안을 하였다.

가정외보호를 경험한 학대피해아동의 권리에 관한 질적연구

윤수경,이상균,YOO JOAN PAEK,이봉주,김세원,김현수,장화정,김경희 한국아동권리학회 2019 아동과 권리 Vol.23 No.4

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to identify the experiences of children who have been substantiated as victims of child maltreatment abuse within the child protection system and to examine how the rights of children are being properly observed. Methods: Focus group interviews were conducted for 19 children and adults who had experience of the out-of-home placement of the child protection system due to child maltreatment. The contents of the interviews were analyzed through qualitative research analytic methods. Results: Eleven themes corresponding to five categories of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child were derived from the analytic results of the interviews. The results of the analysis regarding how the rights of abused children are properly observed within the child protection system are as follows. First, sufficient supports for food, clothing, shelter, and education were provided. However, children did not have the opportunity to express their thoughts and concerns during the decisionn making processes within the child protection system. Second, the children experienced recurrence of child maltreatment or violence exposure among peers in out-of-home placements. Third, the children did not receive adequate support services for family reunification or independent living before aging out of the system. Forth, due to the rules of foster care, the freedom to contact family members and friends outside the system and the freedom to choose their leisure activities were limited. Conclusions: Analytic results showed that the children's rights were not properly observed in the child protection system. Based on these findings, the child protection system should consider childrens’ intentions and thoughts during the decision-making processes. Implications of study findings and suggestions for future research were discussed. 연구목적: 본 연구는 가정외보호를 받은 학대피해아동이 겪었던 경험을 심층적으로 분석해 분리보호의 과정에서 아동의 권리가 어떻게 준수되고 있는지 피해아동의 목소리를 통해 살펴보고자 하였다. 방법: 아동학대로 인해 가정외보호를 받은 경험이 있는 아동 및 성인 19명을 대상으로초점집단면담을 실시하였다. 질적 연구방법을 통해 도출된 주제를 유엔아동권리협약에서제시한 아동권리 영역으로 분류한 후, 아동권리의 보장 정도를 살펴보았다. 결과: 면담분석결과 가정외보호를 받은 학대 피해아동의 경험에서 도출한 11개의 주제는유엔아동권리협약의 5개 영역에 해당되었다. 연구결과를 구체적으로 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 먼저 연구참여자들은 의식주와 교육에 대한 충분한 지원을 받은 것으로 나타나 유엔아동권리협약에서 제시하고 있는 기초보건복지와 교육에 대한 권리는 적절히 이행되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 아동보호체계 전반에 걸쳐 아동의 의사가 적절히 반영되지 않았고 가정 복귀 후 재학대를 당하거나 시설 내 또래간의 폭력을 경험한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 시설생활에서의 규율로 인해 외부와의 연락이나 여가생활에서의 자유가 제한되었던 것으로 나타났다. 이는 유엔아동권리협약에서 제시하고 있는 아동에 대한 폭력 및 가정환경 및 대안양육, 시민적 권리와 자유, 여가 및 문화영역에서의 권리가 적절히 이행되지 않은 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 결론: 가정외보호를 받은 학대피해아동의 경험을 바탕으로 아동보호체계 내의 분리보호과정에서의 권리 준수 정도를 살펴본 결과 아동권리의 사각지대를 확인할 수 있었다. 아동학대라는 심각한 권리침해를 경험한 피해아동이 보호체계에서 또 다른 권리침해를 경험하는 이중적 침해현상을 발견할 수 있었다. 이를 개선하기 위해 우선적으로 아동의 의사를 반영하는 보호체계의 운영방안 마련이 시급하며, 주요한 정책적, 실천적 함의를 결론에서 제안하였다.

십대 아동학대 피해 신고군, 비신고위험군, 비신고일반군의 자녀, 부모, 가족 특성 비교

김현수,이봉주,김세원,YOO JOAN PAEK,이상균,진미정 한국아동심리치료학회 2018 한국아동심리치료학회지 Vol.13 No.1

This study aimed to identify child, parental, and familial features useful in differentiating among child-maltreatment reported, non-reported at-risk, and non-reported intact teen groups. To address this purpose, the study included health, academic achievement, inattentive/hyperactive behaviors, conduct problems, emotional symptoms, and self-esteem for child features, health, self-esteem, depression, and warm/accepting parenting attitudes for parental features, and parental employment, marital status, education, SES, familial relationships, and familial resources for familial features. Study participants were children between the ages of 10 to 18 along with their parents. Maltreatment-reported teens along with their abusive parents were recruited from Child Protection Agencies nationwide (42 teen-parent dyads). Community teens along with their parents were recruited from elementary, junior high, and high schools as well as local child and adolescent welfare centers in Seoul, Incheon, and Gyunggi areas. This community sample was divided into two groups, the intact group (91 teen-parent dyads) and the at-risk group (179 teen-parent dyads), based on scores of the child-reported abuse/neglect scale. Chi square tests and F tests showed significant group differences in all 16 child, parental, and familial variables investigated in the study. Logistic regression analyses revealed that parental status of not being in marriage, low SES, child inattentive/hyperactive behaviors, parental depression, and poor familial relationships increased the risk of being in the maltreatment-reported group as compared to the intact group and that parental college education or upper, poor child health, and poor familial relationships increased the risk of being in the at-risk group as compared to the intact group. In addition, parental status of not being in marriage, parental education below college, parental low self-esteem, and child's low academic achievement, conduct problems, and high self-esteem were found to increase the risk of being in the maltreatment-reported group as compared to the at-risk group. Through this study, we could understand which child, parental, and familial factors increase the risk for child maltreatment. Given the findings, we can derive practical tips regarding preventive interventions for child maltreatment.

아동학대 재발생 실태와 관련요인에 관한 연구

배화옥 한국아동권리학회 2004 아동과 권리 Vol.8 No.4

Child maltreatment is a social problem that affects a significant number of children every year. Many of the children who were maltreated grow into adults with serious health, mental, and emotional problems. Children who experience multiple episodes of maltreatment are more likely to have short-term and long-term negative consequences than those who experience a single incident of maltreatment. Prior studies identified risk factors for general child abuse and neglect such as age of the child and family violence in home. However, factors that might be associated with child maltreatment recurrence are never studied so far. The primary objective of this study is to examine rates of child maltreatment recurrence according to selected child and family characteristics and to identify risk factors associated with child maltreatment recurrence from an ecological perspective. To answer the research questions, this study analyzed a sample of 25,504 families who were followed up to have experienced recurrence of maltreatment covering 5.4 years. This study employed logistic regression analysis method. Study results will help to guide unprecedented research areas for scholars and to develop successful interventions to restrain chronic child maltreatment. 해마다 수많은 아동들이 학대를 경험함에 따라 신체적, 정신적, 정서적 손상을 입고 그 결과 성인이 되어서도 심각한 후유증을 겪는다. 또한 아동학대로부터 파장되는 사회적 비용도 적지 않다. 아동학대는 위급성 뿐만 아니라 반복성과 지속성을 띄고 있기 때문에 아동학대의 생태적 재발생 고리를 끊는 것이 아동학대를 예방하는 선결과제일 것이다. 지금까지 국내에서 아동학대에 대한 일반적 위해요인을 분석한 연구는 다수 발견되나 아동학대 재발생 실태와 관련요인에 대한 연구는 찾아보기 어렵다. 본 연구는 구득 가능한 외국 데이터를 활용하여 아동학대 학계에서 이제까지 다루어지지 않았던 아동학대 재발생 비율과 재발생에 영향을 미치는 아동 및 가족요인을 탐구하였다. 아동의 특성과 아동을 둘러싼 가족 사이의 상호관계성으로 아동학대의 발생원인을 규명하는 생태학적 모델을 분석틀로 하여 아동특성과 가족특성 가운데 아동의 연령, 아동의 성, 인종, 가족유형, 가족규모를 설명변수로 투입하고 사례특성인 초기사례의 학대유형과 판정여부를 통제변수로 투입하였는데, 대부분의 변수들이 아동학대 재발생에 통계적으로 유의미하게 영향을 미치고 있음이 나타났다. 아동학대 재발생 결정요인 분석을 위한 통계방법으로 로지스틱회귀분석을 실행하였다.

Children With Disability Are More at Risk of Violence Victimization : Evidence From a Study of School-Aged Chinese Children

Chan, Ko Ling,Emery, Clifton R.,Ip, Patrick SAGE Publications 2016 Journal of interpersonal violence Vol.31 No.6

<P>Although research tends to focus on whether children with disability are more at risk of violence victimization, conclusive evidence on the association, especially in non-Western settings, is lacking. Using a large and representative sample of school-aged children in Hong Kong (<I>N</I> = 5,841, aged 9-18 years), this study aims to fill the research gap by providing reliable estimates of the prevalence of disability and the direct and indirect experiences of violence among children with disability. The study also compares the prevalence of child maltreatment, parental intimate partner violence (IPV), and in-law conflict to explore the factors related to the association between disability and violence victimization. The prevalence of disability among children was about 6%. Children with disability were more likely to report victimization than those without disability: 32% to 60% of the former had experienced child maltreatment, and 12% to 46% of them had witnessed IPV between parents or in-law conflict. The results of a logistic regression showed that disability increased the risk of lifetime physical maltreatment by 1.6 times. Furthermore, low levels of parental education and paternal unemployment were risk factors for lifetime child maltreatment. The risk of child maltreatment could have an almost sixfold increase when the child had also witnessed other types of family violence. Possible explanations and implications of the findings are discussed.</P>

특집 2 : 아동학대범죄와 형사정책 ; 아동학대에 관한 형법적 대응의 의미와 과제

김성규 ( Seong Gyu Kim ) 한국형사정책학회 2015 刑事政策 Vol.27 No.1

Child maltreatment is an intimate and complicated form of harm; those cases have unique characteristics that make them different from other types of violence cases. It has been suggested that child maltreatment should be recognised as criminal offending, however, at the same time, it has been also warned that its criminalisation could inflict further harm to children. In South Korea, the Act of the Punishment of Child Abuse Crimes entered into force on September 29, 2014, which is designed to assist the operation to help protect children from being victimized and to improve the investigation of child maltreatment cases. This article explores Korea’s legislative approach to develope recommendations to combat child maltreatment for the purpose of child protection more effectively. It also discusses the potential of the conventional criminal justice system to deter and reduce child maltreatment, and the function of restorative practices, through which the abuser is given a clear understanding of the impact of his or her actions on the victim, as well. Finally, it reviews procedural issues that arise in the prosecution stage of a child maltreatment case. The role of law enforcement in child maltreatment cases is to investigate to determine if a violation of criminal law occurred, identify and apprehend the offender, and file appropriate criminal charges. Yet, it has been argued that child maltreatment should be considered within the broader context of child health and social welfare, with a focus on prevention. Consideration is given to the capacity of criminal sanctions to shape the behaviour of offenders, and to the impact of criminal intervention in child maltreatment cases on the processes of child protection.

아동보호서비스 특성이 아동학대 재발생에 미치는 영향

김세원,이봉주,김현수,YOO JOAN PAEK,이상균,장화정 한국아동권리학회 2020 아동과 권리 Vol.24 No.3

Objectives: Little is known about child protection services, although it is a very importantissue for whether they effectively reduce the recurrence of child maltreatment. Therefore,this study was intended to explain the relationship between service characteristics and therecurrence of child maltreatment provided by child protection agencies in South Korea. Methods: From 2012 to 2017, a life table analysis was conducted to examine the statusof the recurrence of child maltreatment in 28,505 cases under child protection agencies. Therelationship between the characteristics of child protection services and the recurrence ofchild maltreatment was examined through multi-level discrete-time event history analysis. Results: Child reabuse occurred in 10.4% (2,963 cases) of the total cases, and the risk ofrecurrence of child maltreatment was the highest within the first month of reporting. Morethan half of the cases of recurrence of child maltreatment were conceived within 11 months. The higher the number of areas in charge of child protection and the higher the numberof children, the lower the odds of recurrence of child maltreatment. The longer the serviceperiod for non-abuse parents, the lower the odds of recurrence of child maltreatment. In addition,the odds of recurrence of child maltreatment decreased if post-care services wereprovided to non-abuse parents. The odds of recurrence of child maltreatment was also lowin cases where case intervention was underway. However, psychological services for abusedchildren and counseling services for perpetrators increase the odds of recurrence of childmaltreatment. Conclusions: The impact of child protection services on reoccurrence of child maltreatmenthas been somewhat different depending on the subject and duration of service and type ofservice. The study is meaningful in that it systematically explains the impact of servicesprovided by child protection agencies in South Korea on the recurrence of childmaltreatment. Based on the results of this study, the improvement of child protection serviceswas discussed. 연구목적: 아동보호서비스가 아동학대 재발생을 효과적으로 감소시켰는가는 상당히 중요한 이슈임에도 불구하고 이에 대해서는 알려진 바가 많지 않다. 이 연구에서는 우리나라아동보호전문기관에서 제공하고 있는 서비스 특성과 아동학대 재발생 간의 관계를 설명하고자 하였다. 방법: 아동학대 재발생의 시간적 발생 특성을 파악하기 위해 2012년부터 2017년까지 아동보호전문기관에 신고되어 처음 아동학대로 판정된 28,505 사례를 대상으로 아동학대재발생 현황을 살펴보기 위해 생명표 분석을 실시하였다. 아동보호서비스 특성과 아동학대 재발생 간의 관계는 다층 비연속 시간 사건사 분석을 통하여 살펴보았다. 결과: 전체 사례 가운데 10.4%(2,963 사례)에서 학대가 재발생하였으며, 학대 재발생 승산은 신고 이후 첫 1개월 이내에 가장 높았다. 학대 재발생 사례의 절반 이상이 11개월이내에 발생하였다. 아동학대 재발생 승산은 기관별로 차이가 있었으며, 아동보호전문기관이 담당하는 지역의 수와 아동 인구수가 많을수록 학대 재발생 승산이 감소하였다. 학대 피해 아동과 비학대 부모 대상 서비스 제공 기간이 길수록, 비학대 부모에게 사후관리서비스가 제공된 경우, 사례 개입이 진행 중일 때 학대 재발생 승산은 감소하였다. 그러나 학대 피해 아동 대상 심리서비스와 행위자 대상 상담 서비스는 학대 재발생 승산을증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 아동보호서비스가 아동학대 재발생에 미치는 영향은 서비스 제공 대상자, 제공 기간, 서비스 유형에 따라 다소 다르게 나타났다. 이 연구는 우리나라 아동보호전문기관에서 제공한 서비스 특성이 아동학대 재발생에 미치는 영향을 체계적으로 설명했다는 측면에서 의의가 있다. 이러한 연구 결과를 근거로 하여 아동보호서비스의 개선방안에 대하여 논의하였다.

아동학대에 관한 형법적 대응의 의미와 과제

김성규(Seong Gyu KIM) 한국형사정책학회 2015 刑事政策 Vol.27 No.1

Child maltreatment is an intimate and complicated form of harm; those cases have unique characteristics that make them different from other types of violence cases. It has been suggested that child maltreatment should be recognised as criminal offending, however, at the same time, it has been also warned that its criminalisation could inflict further harm to children. In South Korea, the Act of the Punishment of Child Abuse Crimes entered into force on September 29, 2014, which is designed to assist the operation to help protect children from being victimized and to improve the investigation of child maltreatment cases. This article explores Korea's legislative approach to develope recommendations to combat child maltreatment for the purpose of child protection more effectively. It also discusses the potential of the conventional criminal justice system to deter and reduce child maltreatment, and the function of restorative practices, through which the abuser is given a clear understanding of the impact of his or her actions on the victim, as well. Finally, it reviews procedural issues that arise in the prosecution stage of a child maltreatment case. The role of law enforcement in child maltreatment cases is to investigate to determine if a violation of criminal law occurred, identify and apprehend the offender, and file appropriate criminal charges. Yet, it has been argued that child maltreatment should be considered within the broader context of child health and social welfare, with a focus on prevention. Consideration is given to the capacity of criminal sanctions to shape the behaviour of offenders, and to the impact of criminal intervention in child maltreatment cases on the processes of child protection.