Layer-specific cholinergic modulation of synaptic transmission in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of rat visual cortex

조광현,이슬이,주가영,이덕주 대한약리학회 2019 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.23 No.5

It is known that top-down associative inputs terminate on distal apical dendrites in layer 1 while bottom-up sensory inputs terminate on perisomatic dendrites of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons (L2/3 PyNs) in primary sensory cortex. Since studies on synaptic transmission in layer 1 are sparse, we investigated the basic properties and cholinergic modulation of synaptic transmission in layer 1 and compared them to those in perisomatic dendrites of L2/3 PyNs of rat primary visual cortex. Using extracellular stimulations of layer 1 and layer 4, we evoked excitatory postsynaptic current/potential in synapses in distal apical dendrites (L1-EPSC/L1EPSP) and those in perisomatic dendrites (L4-EPSC/L4-EPSP), respectively. Kinetics of L1-EPSC was slower than that of L4-EPSC. L1-EPSC showed presynaptic depression while L4-EPSC was facilitating. In contrast, inhibitory postsynaptic currents showed similar paired-pulse ratio between layer 1 and layer 4 stimulations with depression only at 100 Hz. Cholinergic stimulation induced presynaptic depression by activating muscarinic receptors in excitatory and inhibitory synapses to similar extents in both inputs. However, nicotinic stimulation enhanced excitatory synaptic transmission by ~20% in L4-EPSC. Rectification index of AMPA receptors and AMPA/NMDA ratio were similar between synapses in distal apical and perisomatic dendrites. These results provide basic properties and cholinergic modulation of synaptic transmission between distal apical and perisomatic dendrites in L2/3 PyNs of the visual cortex, which might be important for controlling information processing balance depending on attentional state.

Layer-specific cholinergic modulation of synaptic transmission in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of rat visual cortex

Cho, Kwang-Hyun,Lee, Seul-Yi,Joo, Kayoung,Rhie, Duck-Joo The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2019 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.23 No.5

It is known that top-down associative inputs terminate on distal apical dendrites in layer 1 while bottom-up sensory inputs terminate on perisomatic dendrites of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons (L2/3 PyNs) in primary sensory cortex. Since studies on synaptic transmission in layer 1 are sparse, we investigated the basic properties and cholinergic modulation of synaptic transmission in layer 1 and compared them to those in perisomatic dendrites of L2/3 PyNs of rat primary visual cortex. Using extracellular stimulations of layer 1 and layer 4, we evoked excitatory postsynaptic current/potential in synapses in distal apical dendrites (L1-EPSC/L1-EPSP) and those in perisomatic dendrites (L4-EPSC/L4-EPSP), respectively. Kinetics of L1-EPSC was slower than that of L4-EPSC. L1-EPSC showed presynaptic depression while L4-EPSC was facilitating. In contrast, inhibitory postsynaptic currents showed similar paired-pulse ratio between layer 1 and layer 4 stimulations with depression only at 100 Hz. Cholinergic stimulation induced presynaptic depression by activating muscarinic receptors in excitatory and inhibitory synapses to similar extents in both inputs. However, nicotinic stimulation enhanced excitatory synaptic transmission by ~20% in L4-EPSC. Rectification index of AMPA receptors and AMPA/NMDA ratio were similar between synapses in distal apical and perisomatic dendrites. These results provide basic properties and cholinergic modulation of synaptic transmission between distal apical and perisomatic dendrites in L2/3 PyNs of the visual cortex, which might be important for controlling information processing balance depending on attentional state.

Layer-specific cholinergic modulation of synaptic transmission in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of rat visual cortex

Kwang-Hyun Cho,Seul-Yi Lee,Kayoung Joo,Duck-Joo Rhie 대한약리학회 2019 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.23 No.5

It is known that top-down associative inputs terminate on distal apical dendrites in layer 1 while bottom-up sensory inputs terminate on perisomatic dendrites of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons (L2/3 PyNs) in primary sensory cortex. Since studies on synaptic transmission in layer 1 are sparse, we investigated the basic properties and cholinergic modulation of synaptic transmission in layer 1 and compared them to those in perisomatic dendrites of L2/3 PyNs of rat primary visual cortex. Using extracellular stimulations of layer 1 and layer 4, we evoked excitatory postsynaptic current/potential in synapses in distal apical dendrites (L1-EPSC/L1EPSP) and those in perisomatic dendrites (L4-EPSC/L4-EPSP), respectively. Kinetics of L1-EPSC was slower than that of L4-EPSC. L1-EPSC showed presynaptic depression while L4-EPSC was facilitating. In contrast, inhibitory postsynaptic currents showed similar paired-pulse ratio between layer 1 and layer 4 stimulations with depression only at 100 Hz. Cholinergic stimulation induced presynaptic depression by activating muscarinic receptors in excitatory and inhibitory synapses to similar extents in both inputs. However, nicotinic stimulation enhanced excitatory synaptic transmission by ~20% in L4-EPSC. Rectification index of AMPA receptors and AMPA/NMDA ratio were similar between synapses in distal apical and perisomatic dendrites. These results provide basic properties and cholinergic modulation of synaptic transmission between distal apical and perisomatic dendrites in L2/3 PyNs of the visual cortex, which might be important for controlling information processing balance depending on attentional state.

퓨대 장치를 위한 Layered Transmission에 관한 연구

박노경(Nho-Kyung Park,)서상진(Sang-jin Seo),진현준(Hyun-Joon Jin) 호서대학교 공업기술연구소 2005 공업기술연구 논문집 Vol.24 No.1

Mobile multimedia services have rapidly evolved in the areas mainly including cell phones. Due to the increment of data traffic, processing load of server systems, network congestion and response time of clients also increase constantly. In this paper, a layered transmission technology is proposed of which the size of requested stream from clients has reduced and its performance is evaluated through the simulation. The layered transmission decreases data traffic to 78.5% averagely by converting format of data source in accordance with the playback performance of mobile devices. It is analyzed that decrement of streaming data size depends on EFS, resolution of LCD screen, and bytes per pixel. For real applications, layered transmission consists of modules based on filters using the Directshow considering portability, scalability, and reusability.

휴대 장치를 위한 Layered Transmission에 관한 연구

박노경,서상진,진현준 湖西大學校 工業技術硏究所 2005 工業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.24 No.-

Mobile multimedia services have rapidly evolved in the areas mainly including cell phones. Due to the increment of data traffic, processing load of server systems, network congestion and response time of clients also increase constantly. In this paper, a layered transmission technology is proposed of which the size of requested stream from clients has reduced and its performance is evaluated through the simulation. The layered transmission decreases data traffic to 78.5% averagely by converting format of data source in accordance with the playback performance of mobile devices. It is analyzed that decrement of streaming data size depends on EFS, resolution of LCD screen, and bytes per pixel. For real applications, layered transmission consists of modules based on filters using the Directshow considering portability, scalability, and reusability.

Analysis on Current Distribution of Four-Layer HTSC Power Transmission Cable with a Shield Layer

Lim Sung-Hun The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2006 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.1 No.3

The inductance difference between conducting layers of high-Tc superconducting (HTSC) power transmission cable causes the current sharing of each conducting layer to be unequal, which decreases the current transmission capacity of HTSC power cable. Therefore, the design for even current sharing in HTSC power transmission cable is required. In this paper, we investigated the current distribution of HTSC power cable with a shield layer dependent on the pitch length and the winding direction of each layer. To analyze the effect of the shield layer on the current sharing of the conducting layers of HTSC power cable, the current distribution of HTSC power cable without a shield layer was compared with the case of HTSC power cable with a shield layer. It could be found through the analysis from the computer simulations that the shield layer of HTSC power cable could be contributed to the improvement of current distribution of conducting layers at the specific pitch length and the winding direction of conducting layer. The result and discussion for the current distribution calculated for HTSC power transmission cable with a shield layer were presented and compared with the cable without a shield layer.

Analysis on Current Distribution of Four-Layer HTSC Power Transmission Cable with a Shield Layer

Sung-Hun Lim 대한전기학회 2006 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.1 No.3

The inductance difference between conducting layers of high-Tc superconducting (HTSC) power transmission cable causes the current sharing of each conducting layer to be unequal, which decreases the current transmission capacity of HTSC power cable. Therefore, the design for even current sharing in HTSC power transmission cable is required. In this paper, we investigated the current distribution of HTSC power cable with a shield layer dependent on the pitch length and the winding direction of each layer. To analyze the effect of the shield layer on the current sharing of the conducting layers of HTSC power cable, the current distribution of HTSC power cable without a shield layer was compared with the case of HTSC power cable with a shield layer. It could be found through the analysis from the computer simulations that the shield layer of HTSC power cable could be contributed to the improvement of current distribution of conducting layers at the specific pitch length and the winding direction of conducting layer. The result and discussion for the current distribution calculated for HTSC power transmission cable with a shield layer were presented and compared with the cable without a shield layer.

Layer-by-layer assembled graphene oxide films and barrier properties of thermally reduced graphene oxide membranes

Seon-Guk Kim,Ok-Kyung Park,Joong Hee Lee,Bon-Cheol Ku 한국탄소학회 2013 Carbon Letters Vol.14 No.4

In this study, we present a facile method of fabricating graphene oxide (GO) filmson the surface of polyimide (PI) via layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly of charged GO. The positively charged amino-phenyl functionalized GO (APGO) is alternatively complexed with the nega-tively charged GO through an electrostatic LBL assembly process. Furthermore, we investi-gated the water vapor transmission rate and oxygen transmission rate of the prepared (reduced GO [rGO]/rAPGO)10 deposited PI film(rGO/rAPGO/PI) and pure PI film.The water vapor transmission rate of the GO and APGO-coated PI composite filmwas increased due to the intrinsically hydrophilic property of the charged composite films.However, the oxygen trans-mission rate was decreased from 220 to 78 cm3/m2·day·atm, due to the barrier effect of the graphene filmson the PI surface. Since the proposed method allows for large-scale production of graphene films, it is considered to have potential for utiliation in various applications.

Modified oxygen transmission model for layer by layer self assembly film

이성윤,민수정,이준영,신교직,최경호,이상국 한국공업화학회 2014 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2014 No.1

Layer by layer self-assembly (LbL-SA) film has been used as a barrier film to disturb the transmission rate of undesired materials that have a higher vapor pressure than an atmospheric pressure. Although several oxygen transmission models have been investigated to correlate the state and contents of inorganic materials such as clay with gas permeability, it is difficult to apply these equations to the LbL-SA film due to the partially condensed clay in each layer. In this study, modified composite-type model was introduced by the sum of each layer. Particularly, it was implied that not only the tortuous pathway but also the pore size and density in the clay layer can be proportioned to the oxygen transmission rate.

『삼국유사』 <의해편>의 인물층위와 그 입전방법

신태수 택민국학연구원 2018 국학연구론총 Vol.0 No.21

『삼국유사』<의해편>에는 13명의 高僧傳이 실려 있다. 어느 고승전에서나 공통구조와 개별구조가 나타난다. 개별구조에 의거하면 고승전의 유형은 두 개이다. 주인공이 無缺의 품격을 지녔다고 하는 고승전과 주인공이 欠缺의 품격을 지녔다고 하는 고승전이 그것이다. 전자나 후자나 간에 ‘生涯史 서술의 유쾌한 속임수’가 나타난다. 이 서술방법은 독창적이다. 화자가 『殊異傳』과 鄕傳의 내용을 가져옴으로써 ‘생애사 서술의 유쾌한 속임수’를 토속적 분위기로 전환시켰기 때문이다. 유형 간에 차이점도 있다. 전자에서는 어느 층위에서나 고승의 고정관념이나 세속적 욕망이 나타나지 않지만, 후자의 경우에서는 서술층위에서 고승의 고정관념이 나타나고 인물층위에서 고승의 세속적 욕망이 나타난다. 일연이 전자를 바람직하게 생각하므로, 전자의 입전방법이 고승전 전체를 대표한다고 볼 수 있다. 후자의 경우와는 달리, 전자의 입전방법은 ‘세속적 욕망의 불교적 내면화’와 ‘異人說話의 전승문법 수용’이다. There are 13 stories about high priests in "Uihaepyeon" of Samgukyusa. Any stories about high priests exhibit a common structure and also their individual structures. Based on individual structures, stories about high priests can be divided into two types. One of them presents main characters with a flawless class, and the other presents main characters with a deficient class. Both the former and latter types introduce a "pleasant trick in the description of life history." This approach to descriptions is original because the speaker converted the "pleasant trick in the description of life history" into a folk atmosphere by bringing the content of Suiijeon and Hyangjeon. There are also differences between the two types. While the former offers no depiction about the stereotypes or secular desire of high priests in any layers, the latter presents their stereotypes in the description layer and their secular desire in the character layer. Since Ilyeon found the former desirable, it seems that the oral transmission method of the former represents the entire stories about high priests. Unlike the latter, the former takes two approaches toward oral transmission including the "Buddhist internalization of secular desire" and "acceptance of I-in tales' transmission grammar."