Different Demotivators for Japanese Junior High and High School Learners

( Yo Hamada ) 범태평양 응용언어학회 2011 Journal of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Ling Vol.15 No.1

Motivation has been studied throughout the field of language acquisition for the past 20 years. Demotivation has also been researched in Japan at primarily the university and high school level. To provide a deeper understanding of demotivation for Japanese junior and senior high school learners, this study explores the following three questions. (1) What are the differences between demotivators for junior high school learners and high school learners in Japan? (2) Which factors are ranked higher or lower as demotivators for junior high school learners and high school learners in Japan respectively? (3) How do the strong demotivators change over time in high school? The participants for the study were 234 first year Japanese students from two public high schools in northern Japan, and 217 freshmen from two universities in the Kanto region of Japan. 8 Students were interviewed. A 44-item questionnaire with 1-5 Likert Scale was used to explore demotivation for the learners. The results show that Nature of English is more demotivating for junior high school learners; Lesson style and Teachers are more demotivating for high school learners. Among junior high school learners, Tests, Nature of English, and Reduced self-confidence are more demotivating than other factors. Among high school learners, Reduced self-confidence, Lesson style, and Textbooks are more demotivating than other factors.

Comparison of bone metabolism based on the different ages and competition levels of junior and high school female rhythmic gymnasts

( Taewoong Oh ),( Tatsuki Naka ) 한국운동영양학회 2017 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.21 No.2

[Purpose] This study was to clarify the effect of age and competition level by measuring bone metabolism markers and bone mineral density measurements of junior high school and high school female rhythmic gymnasts, who restrict their diets to maintain a low body weight, while routinely undertaking long hours of high-intensity exercise, comparing the gymnasts based on their elite/non-elite. [Methods] The study investigated 7 junior high school and 12 high school female rhyth-mic gymnasts. For comparison by competition level, the 7 junior high school gymnasts were separated into 3 gymnasts who competed at national level (junior high school elite), and 4 gymnasts who did not compete at that level (junior high school non-elite), and the 12 high school gymnasts were separated into 7 gym-nasts who competed at national level (high school elite) and 5 gymnasts who did not compete at that level (high school non-elite). The measurement items were bone mineral density, bone metabolism markers (under-carboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), osteocalcin (OC), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), parathyroid hormone (PTH), type 1 collagen cross-linked N-telopeptide (NTx)). We also surveyed the gymnasts` height, weight and nutrition. [Results] In this study we found: 1) The high school gymnasts who competed at high-level rhythmic gymnastics had good results for bone metabolism markers and bone mineral density. 2) Elite high school gymnasts had restricted diets. 3) Nutritionally, their energy intake and carbohydrate intake was low, but their intake of protein, calcium, iron, vitamin D and vitamin K was good. [Conclusion] The results found that the elite gymnastics showed a higher bone density than the non-elite group that suggests the possibility of inhibiting bone formation in the bone metabolism.

日本と韓国の中学校英語指導に関する実証的研究 ―「教科」と「外国語活動」としての小学校英語の影響に注目して ―

김현숙 한국일본교육학회 2019 한국일본교육학연구 Vol.24 No.1

The purpose of this study is to clarify how ‘English curriculums in elementary schools’ may impact ‘English education in Junior-High Schools’, based on the survey conducted among 1,167 Junior-high English teachers, in Japan and South Korea. Three main topics in this study were teachers’ abilities, reality of Junior-High schools, and challenges found in elementary schools. As a result, the differences in the curriculums impacted latter education in both Japan and South Korea. Although lesson styles differed, both countries had high level of intercultural awareness and needs for continuous and sustainable training courses among teachers. Teachers in Japan were lower in skills of English and facilitating lessons, however, was high in percentages of carrying lessons in English, compared with South Korea. As for lesson contents, ‘Conversation’ showed higher fulfillment in Japan than in South Korea, while reading comprehension showed challenges. The utmost challenge for English education at elementary schools suggested by teachers in each country were “Teachers’ English skills” (30% in Japan) and “Differential on students’ English skills” (40% in South Korea). It is important that English teachers in Junior-High have sufficient skills to improve English skills that were acquired in elementary schools. Therefore, deeper understanding in English Education are required, by having both elementary and junior-high collaborated well. 本研究の目的は、日本と韓国の異なる小学校英語カリキュラムが中学校の英語指導にどのような影響を与えるのかを英語教員の意識調査から明らかにするものである。その際、日本と韓国の中学校英語教員1,167名への質問紙調査をもとに教員の能力、中学校英語指導の実態および小学校英語教育への課題の三つの側面から分析する。その結果、日本と韓国の中学校英語指導の部分では両国の小学校英語カリキュラムの違いが影響を与えていた。まず、日本の英語教員の英語力や授業運用能力は韓国より低いものの、授業を英語で行う割合は韓国より高く、両国とも英語の教員は異文化体験への高い願望を持っていて「長期に渡って持続的な研修」が必要であることが分かった。次に、英語の授業の方では、日本の場合「英会話」と関わる内容では韓国より充実度が高く、長文読解の部分に課題がみられた。最後に、小学校英語教育への一番の課題としては、日本は約3割の教員が「教員の英語力」に、韓国は約4割の教員が「子どもの英語力の格差」に課題を感じていた。中学校英語教員の能力として小学校で培った力を伸ばす中学校英語の授業力も重要な能力になってくる。そのためには、まずは小学校英語教育への深い理解から小․中連携を模索する必要がある。

중․고등학교 피난 실험을 통한 재실자의 신체치수와 연령 및 성별이 피난속도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

이정수,권흥순 대한건축학회지회연합회 2011 대한건축학회연합논문집 Vol.13 No.3

본 연구에서는 성별과 신체치수가 중학교와 고등학교 학생들의 피난속도에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 이를 위해서 대전에 있는 중학교와 고등학교를 대상으로 피난실험을 실시하고, 그 결과를 분석하였다. 피난실험에서는 재실자들의 피난속도를 측정하고, 성별에 따른 피난행태 특성을 분석하여 기초 자료를 마련하였다. 피난실험 결과는 복도와 계단에서 측정된 데이터를 바탕으로 분석하였으며, 여자의 경우 중학생 60명과 고등학생 46명이 참가하였고, 남자의 경우 중학생 83명, 고등학생 73명이 실험에 참가하였다. 실험결과, 피난행태적 관점에서 중학생이 고등학생보다 불리한 것으로 나타났으며, 남자보다 여자가 불리한 것으로 나타났다. 또한, Simulex와 같은 피난 시뮬레이션에 적용하는 피난속도 기준값은 국내 중‧고등학교와 차이가 있었다. This study proposed to verify the influences on the speed of refuge from a disaster by the sex and body size in a junior high school & high school. We executed the evacuation experiments in a junior high school & high school in Daejeon Metropolitan City and analyzed the behavior patterns and evacuation speed of evacuee. The results of this study are as follows ; First, we found the evacuation speeds of evacuee are different the velocity of Simulex simulation program. It is necessary to reflect the body types and evacuation behavior characteristics of Koreans in simulation. Second, the body size doesn't have any good relations with the evacuation speed of evacuee in junior high school & high school students, but the physical and psychological conditions in aging affects on the evacuation behaviors. Third, the congested condition of stairway is more critically affects the speed of following evacuee in a middle school & high school, and evacuation condition is unfavorable for women and middle school students.

여중생의 자기신체평가, 자아존중감, 건강행위간의 관련성 - 서울 일부지역을 중심으로 -

손우승,문인옥,Son, Woo-Seung,Moon, In-Ok 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회 2010 한국학교지역보건교육학회지 Vol.11 No.2

Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the relations of 'self-body evaluation', self-esteem, and health behavior among junior high school girls, analysing influencing factors for their health behavior, and building a base for its improvement. Methods: Data collection was conducted by self-report survey. Survey participants were 330 junior high school girl students in the area of Seoul, 221 from women's junior high schools and 109, coed schools. Survey included general characteristics, self-body evaluation, self-esteem, and health behavior. Results: 1. In their self-body evaluation, the students gave themselves $3.27{\pm}.53$ scores of the total 5, and of general characteristics, BMI, ideal BMI, personality, living standard were statistically significant different. 2. The scores for the girl students' health behavior were $2.77{\pm}0.37$ of total 4, and of general characteristics, school forms, grades, living standard were statistically significant different. characteristics, school forms, personality, school grades, living standard were statistically significant different. 3. The girls' self-body evaluation and self-esteem showed a low level of negative significant difference and their self-body evaluation and health behavior were significantly different, but a low level of negative significant difference. And the relationship between self-esteem and health behavior showed a high level of positive significant difference. 4. Influencing factors for the girls' health behavior showed a significant difference in self-esteem and school forms of general characteristics, self-body evaluation, and self-esteem.

REDUCTION IN THE HEAD INJURY LEVEL DUE TO JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL CYCLISTS WEARING HELMETS

Yasuhiro Matsui,Shoko Oikawa 한국자동차공학회 2018 International journal of automotive technology Vol.19 No.6

We assessed the effect of wearing a junior-high-school helmet when the frontal or lateral part of a helmet impacted the upper part and lower part of the A-pillar of a vehicle at 35 km/h (212 J). The head injury criterions (HICs) of the headform impactor without a helmet were respectively 4530 and 4937. In the case of the headform impactor wearing a junior-high-school helmet, the helmet reduced the HIC by 17.5 % and 9.9 % for impacts of the frontal part of the helmet and by 15.0 % and 4.0 % for impacts of the lateral part of the helmet. We also assessed the effect of wearing a junior-high-school helmet when the frontal part of the helmet impacted a road surface from a height of 1.5 m (66 J). The HIC of the headform impactor without a helmet was 6525. The HIC was reduced by 82.7 % when wearing a junior-high-school helmet. Both experiments show that, under a relatively low impact energy condition such as a road surface impact, wearing a junior-highschool helmet greatly reduces the head injury level. Meanwhile, under a relatively high-impact-energy condition such as impact against an A-pillar, wearing a junior-high-school helmet is ineffective in reducing the head injury level.

漢文 텍스트의 중학교 교과서 수용 범위와 수준 -短文, 散文, 漢詩를 중심으로-

윤재민 한국한문교육학회 2008 한문교육논집 Vol.31 No.-

The key matters in compilation of a textbook is a selection problem of themes of the main body. The theme of the main body of a textbook indicates the characteristics of a textbook, and the learning activities conducted centering around a textbook are usually related to this themes of the main body. This paper analyzes the acceptance scope and level in themes of short sentences, prose and Chinese poems of a junior high school on the basis of the Curriculum of Korean Classical Chinese Education as amended in 2007 and the explanation of the new junior high school's curriculum of Korean Classical Chinese Education. ‘Chinese writing short sentences’ are an artificial test category newly proposed by reflecting the necessity for Korean classical Chinese education in the amended curriculum. The term itself called as short sentences has been used in the previous curriculums. The themes to be included in short sentences categories have been frequently shown in the textbooks of previous curriculums. However, this curriculum firstly defined the concept of short sentences as a short writing composed of one sentence. ‘Chinese writing prose' and 'Chinese poems' are also artificial text categories newly proposed by reflecting the necessity for Korean classical Chinese education. In the 7th curriculum, a 'prose' category was propos -ed as sentences opposed to poems. But in the amended curriculum, a 'prose' category was proposed from a junior high school and the concept are also defined as 'Chinese writing prose opposed to Chinese poems'. The ordinary type of the theme of the main body of existing junior high school Chinese writing textbook according to the 7th curriculum can be divided into vocabularies(including Chinese characters, Chinese words and idioms) and sentences(including short sentences, prose and Chinese poems). The ordinary type in the theme of the main body of new Chinese writing textbook according to the amended curriculum would be not so different from this. Provided if the weight of vocabularies relatively becomes high in a textbook according to the 7th curriculum, the weight of sentences is expected to increase more in the textbook according to the amended curriculum. 교과서 편찬에서 핵심이 되는 사항은 本文 題材의 선정 문제이다. 교과서의 本文 題材는 해당 교과서의 특징을 나타내는 얼굴이며, 교과서를 중심으로 이루어지는 학습 활동 또한 대개는 바로 이 본문 제재와 관련해서 이루어진다. 이 논문은 2007년 개정 漢文 科目 敎育課程과 이 교육과정에 따른 중학교 한문 과목 교육과정 解說書에 의거하여 중학교 한문 교과서 短文, 散文, 漢詩 제재의 수용 범위와 수준을 분석한 것이다. ‘漢文 短文’은 개정 교육과정에서 한문교육상의 필요를 반영하여 새롭게 제시한 인위적인 텍스트 범주이다. ‘短文’이란 용어 자체는 이전의 교육과정에서도 사용된바 있다. 단문 범주에 포함될 제재들 또한 이전 교육과정의 교과서들에서 익히 보아 왔던 것이다. 그러나 단문의 개념을 ‘하나의 문장으로 이루어진 짧은 글’로 규정한 것은 이번 개정 교육과정이 처음이다. ‘漢文 散文’과 ‘漢詩’ 또한 개정 교육과정에서 한문교육상의 필요를 반영하여 새롭게 제시한 인위적인 텍스트 범주이다. 제7차 교육과정에서는 고등학교에서 ‘韻文과 상대되는 문장’으로 ‘산문’ 범주를 제시하였다. 그러나 개정 교육과정에서는 중학교에서부터 ‘산문’ 범주를 제시하고, 그 개념 또한 ‘漢詩와 상대되는 글’로 규정하였다. 제7차 교육과정에 따른 기존 중학교 한문 교과서 本文 題材의 일반적 형태는 語彙(漢字, 漢字語, 成語 포함)와 文章(短文, 散文, 漢詩 포함)의 두 종류로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 2007년 개정 교육과정에 따른 새 한문 교과서 本文 題材의 일반적 형태 또한 여기서 크게 벗어나지 않을 것이다. 단, 제7차 교육과정에 따른 교과서가 상대적으로 어휘의 비중이 컸다고 한다면, 개정 교육과정에 따른 교과서는 문장의 비중이 대폭 확대될 것으로 예상된다.

중국 중학생(初中生)들의 학교 참여에 영향을 미치는 변인 -관계성과 유능감을 중심으로-

안도희 ( Doe Hee Ahn ),( En Shu Quan ) 한중사회과학학회 2014 한중사회과학연구 Vol.12 No.2

This study was to examine whether Chinese junior-high school students` competence mediated the links between relatedness and school engagement. Of the 729 junior-high school students surveyed from 2 junior-high schools in Shen Yang, China, 582 completed and returned the questionnaires yielding a total response rate of 79.8%. The final sample consisted of 266 males (45.7%) and 316 females (54.3%). Their average age was 13.56 years. Measures of students` school engagement (i.e., affective engagement, behavioral engagement, and cognitive engagement), relatedness (i.e., student/ teacher relationship, parent/child relationship and peer relationship), and competence. Pearson`s correlations indicated that students` school engagement was positively associated with relatedness (i.e., student/teacher relationship, parent/child relationship and peer relationship) and competence. The 8th graders had higher school engagement than the 7th graders. Moreover, mediational analysis indicated that competence mediated the relationship between relatedness and school engagement. Results are discussed in terms of their implication for mediating role of competence in school settings.

자유학기제의 지속가능성과 중학교육의 정체성 탐색

김미진 ( Mi Jin Kim ),홍후조 ( Hoo Jo Hong ) 한국교육과정학회 2016 교육과정연구 Vol.34 No.1

The Free Learning Semester, scheduled for nationwide application in 2016, is widely evaluated as an innovative education policy in terms of extended autonomy in the school curriculum, improved teaching methods, test-free assessment, reinforced career experience activities, and more. According to the integrated analysis of related laws, 2015 Revised Curriculum, and pilot school reports, the Free Learning Semester would not be likely to bring forth expected results because of the broadness of nationwide application to all junior high schools and the lack of preparation and time. In spite of some sore points about the Free Learning Semester, it has the potential to transform the current junior high school into a desirable middle school as seen in the Middle School Movement in the USA. For this policy to succeed in the Korean context, it must be charged in the form of specially designated local schools, such as alternative schools taking after the independent Free school or Eftersckole in Denmark. Ireland`s Transition Year also strongly suggests that a limited number of students want an individually prescribed curriculum and career-exploring experience at middle school level. If we can compromise and synthesize the advantages of the three policies of the USA`s Middle School Movement, Denmark`s Eftersckole, and Ireland`s Transition Year, the Free Learning Semester will have authentic power to transform junior high schools into middle schools.

해방 직후 나주민립중학교 설립과 지방 정치세력의 변화

이계형 국민대학교 한국학연구소 2020 한국학논총 Vol.54 No.-

Immediately after the liberation, when the US military government was implemented, the Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence and the People's Committee, which received Naju-gun, organized the Naju-gun Education Association and actively began establishing middle schools. This was an opportunity to improve the educational environment, which had been deteriorated during the Japanese occupation period. The Naju County Education Association was led by socialists from Naju. However, as the rule of the US military government began, the people who led it were arrested and suffered, and the privately held middle schools led by them were in crisis. In the situation where the secondary school was absolutely insufficient at the time, the US military government pursued a policy to increase this by easing the standards for establishing private or private middle schools. Even so, even middle schools, led by socialists, wanted to close. Subsequently, as right-wing groups were formed, the Naju-gun Education Association was re-established and there was a movement to rebuild the private middle school. However, funding for this was not smoothly promoted. In the course of the townspeople's competition, Naju National Junior High School and Naju Agricultural Practice School were promoted to establish two secondary schools. In the end, the Naju National Junior High School is an example of the state of liberation in the Naju region. 해방 직후 미군정이 실시될 무렵 나주군을 접수한 건준이나 인민위원회는 나주군교육협회를 조직하고 중학교 설립에 적극적으로 나섰다. 그동안 일제강점기를 거치면서 열악해진 교육환경을 개선할 기회였다. 나주군교육협회는 나주에서 활동하던 사회주의자들에 의해 이끌어졌다. 하지만 미군정의 통치가 시작되면서 이를 주도하던 인사들이 체포되는 등 수난을 당하였고 이들이 주도하던민립중학교도 존폐위기에 처하고 말았다. 당시 중등학교가 절대적으로 부족하던 상황에서 미군정은 사립 혹인 민립 중학교의 설립 기준을 완화해 주면서 이를 늘려나가는 정책을 추진하였다. 그런데도 사회주의자들이 주도하던 중학교마저 폐교하고자 한 것이다. 그 뒤 우익계열의 단체들이 만들어지면서 이들에의해 다시금 나주군교육협회가 다시 구성되고 민립중학교를 재건하려는 움직임이 보였다. 하지만 이를 위한 기금 마련이 원활하게 추진되지 못하였다. 읍민대회까지 치르면서 나주민립중학교 존속과 나주농업실수학교의 승격을 통해 2 개의 중등학교를 설립하기로 결의를 다지기도 하였지만 끝내 두 학교가 통합한하나의 나주중학교가 새롭게 출범하였다. 결국 나주민립중학교는 나주지역의해방정국 당시 정국을 보여주는 한 예를 보여주는 것이라 하겠다.