Different Demotivators for Japanese Junior High and High School Learners

( Yo Hamada ) 범태평양 응용언어학회 2011 Journal of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Ling Vol.15 No.1

Motivation has been studied throughout the field of language acquisition for the past 20 years. Demotivation has also been researched in Japan at primarily the university and high school level. To provide a deeper understanding of demotivation for Japanese junior and senior high school learners, this study explores the following three questions. (1) What are the differences between demotivators for junior high school learners and high school learners in Japan? (2) Which factors are ranked higher or lower as demotivators for junior high school learners and high school learners in Japan respectively? (3) How do the strong demotivators change over time in high school? The participants for the study were 234 first year Japanese students from two public high schools in northern Japan, and 217 freshmen from two universities in the Kanto region of Japan. 8 Students were interviewed. A 44-item questionnaire with 1-5 Likert Scale was used to explore demotivation for the learners. The results show that Nature of English is more demotivating for junior high school learners; Lesson style and Teachers are more demotivating for high school learners. Among junior high school learners, Tests, Nature of English, and Reduced self-confidence are more demotivating than other factors. Among high school learners, Reduced self-confidence, Lesson style, and Textbooks are more demotivating than other factors.

Comparison of bone metabolism based on the different ages and competition levels of junior and high school female rhythmic gymnasts

( Taewoong Oh ),( Tatsuki Naka ) 한국운동영양학회 2017 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.21 No.2

[Purpose] This study was to clarify the effect of age and competition level by measuring bone metabolism markers and bone mineral density measurements of junior high school and high school female rhythmic gymnasts, who restrict their diets to maintain a low body weight, while routinely undertaking long hours of high-intensity exercise, comparing the gymnasts based on their elite/non-elite. [Methods] The study investigated 7 junior high school and 12 high school female rhyth-mic gymnasts. For comparison by competition level, the 7 junior high school gymnasts were separated into 3 gymnasts who competed at national level (junior high school elite), and 4 gymnasts who did not compete at that level (junior high school non-elite), and the 12 high school gymnasts were separated into 7 gym-nasts who competed at national level (high school elite) and 5 gymnasts who did not compete at that level (high school non-elite). The measurement items were bone mineral density, bone metabolism markers (under-carboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), osteocalcin (OC), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), parathyroid hormone (PTH), type 1 collagen cross-linked N-telopeptide (NTx)). We also surveyed the gymnasts` height, weight and nutrition. [Results] In this study we found: 1) The high school gymnasts who competed at high-level rhythmic gymnastics had good results for bone metabolism markers and bone mineral density. 2) Elite high school gymnasts had restricted diets. 3) Nutritionally, their energy intake and carbohydrate intake was low, but their intake of protein, calcium, iron, vitamin D and vitamin K was good. [Conclusion] The results found that the elite gymnastics showed a higher bone density than the non-elite group that suggests the possibility of inhibiting bone formation in the bone metabolism.

日本と韓国の中学校英語指導に関する実証的研究 ―「教科」と「外国語活動」としての小学校英語の影響に注目して ―

김현숙 한국일본교육학회 2019 한국일본교육학연구 Vol.24 No.1

The purpose of this study is to clarify how ‘English curriculums in elementary schools’ may impact ‘English education in Junior-High Schools’, based on the survey conducted among 1,167 Junior-high English teachers, in Japan and South Korea. Three main topics in this study were teachers’ abilities, reality of Junior-High schools, and challenges found in elementary schools. As a result, the differences in the curriculums impacted latter education in both Japan and South Korea. Although lesson styles differed, both countries had high level of intercultural awareness and needs for continuous and sustainable training courses among teachers. Teachers in Japan were lower in skills of English and facilitating lessons, however, was high in percentages of carrying lessons in English, compared with South Korea. As for lesson contents, ‘Conversation’ showed higher fulfillment in Japan than in South Korea, while reading comprehension showed challenges. The utmost challenge for English education at elementary schools suggested by teachers in each country were “Teachers’ English skills” (30% in Japan) and “Differential on students’ English skills” (40% in South Korea). It is important that English teachers in Junior-High have sufficient skills to improve English skills that were acquired in elementary schools. Therefore, deeper understanding in English Education are required, by having both elementary and junior-high collaborated well. 本研究の目的は、日本と韓国の異なる小学校英語カリキュラムが中学校の英語指導にどのような影響を与えるのかを英語教員の意識調査から明らかにするものである。その際、日本と韓国の中学校英語教員1,167名への質問紙調査をもとに教員の能力、中学校英語指導の実態および小学校英語教育への課題の三つの側面から分析する。その結果、日本と韓国の中学校英語指導の部分では両国の小学校英語カリキュラムの違いが影響を与えていた。まず、日本の英語教員の英語力や授業運用能力は韓国より低いものの、授業を英語で行う割合は韓国より高く、両国とも英語の教員は異文化体験への高い願望を持っていて「長期に渡って持続的な研修」が必要であることが分かった。次に、英語の授業の方では、日本の場合「英会話」と関わる内容では韓国より充実度が高く、長文読解の部分に課題がみられた。最後に、小学校英語教育への一番の課題としては、日本は約3割の教員が「教員の英語力」に、韓国は約4割の教員が「子どもの英語力の格差」に課題を感じていた。中学校英語教員の能力として小学校で培った力を伸ばす中学校英語の授業力も重要な能力になってくる。そのためには、まずは小学校英語教育への深い理解から小․中連携を模索する必要がある。

중․고등학교 피난 실험을 통한 재실자의 신체치수와 연령 및 성별이 피난속도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

이정수,권흥순 대한건축학회지회연합회 2011 대한건축학회연합논문집 Vol.13 No.3

본 연구에서는 성별과 신체치수가 중학교와 고등학교 학생들의 피난속도에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 이를 위해서 대전에 있는 중학교와 고등학교를 대상으로 피난실험을 실시하고, 그 결과를 분석하였다. 피난실험에서는 재실자들의 피난속도를 측정하고, 성별에 따른 피난행태 특성을 분석하여 기초 자료를 마련하였다. 피난실험 결과는 복도와 계단에서 측정된 데이터를 바탕으로 분석하였으며, 여자의 경우 중학생 60명과 고등학생 46명이 참가하였고, 남자의 경우 중학생 83명, 고등학생 73명이 실험에 참가하였다. 실험결과, 피난행태적 관점에서 중학생이 고등학생보다 불리한 것으로 나타났으며, 남자보다 여자가 불리한 것으로 나타났다. 또한, Simulex와 같은 피난 시뮬레이션에 적용하는 피난속도 기준값은 국내 중‧고등학교와 차이가 있었다. This study proposed to verify the influences on the speed of refuge from a disaster by the sex and body size in a junior high school & high school. We executed the evacuation experiments in a junior high school & high school in Daejeon Metropolitan City and analyzed the behavior patterns and evacuation speed of evacuee. The results of this study are as follows ; First, we found the evacuation speeds of evacuee are different the velocity of Simulex simulation program. It is necessary to reflect the body types and evacuation behavior characteristics of Koreans in simulation. Second, the body size doesn't have any good relations with the evacuation speed of evacuee in junior high school & high school students, but the physical and psychological conditions in aging affects on the evacuation behaviors. Third, the congested condition of stairway is more critically affects the speed of following evacuee in a middle school & high school, and evacuation condition is unfavorable for women and middle school students.

REDUCTION IN THE HEAD INJURY LEVEL DUE TO JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL CYCLISTS WEARING HELMETS

Yasuhiro Matsui,Shoko Oikawa 한국자동차공학회 2018 International journal of automotive technology Vol.19 No.6

We assessed the effect of wearing a junior-high-school helmet when the frontal or lateral part of a helmet impacted the upper part and lower part of the A-pillar of a vehicle at 35 km/h (212 J). The head injury criterions (HICs) of the headform impactor without a helmet were respectively 4530 and 4937. In the case of the headform impactor wearing a junior-high-school helmet, the helmet reduced the HIC by 17.5 % and 9.9 % for impacts of the frontal part of the helmet and by 15.0 % and 4.0 % for impacts of the lateral part of the helmet. We also assessed the effect of wearing a junior-high-school helmet when the frontal part of the helmet impacted a road surface from a height of 1.5 m (66 J). The HIC of the headform impactor without a helmet was 6525. The HIC was reduced by 82.7 % when wearing a junior-high-school helmet. Both experiments show that, under a relatively low impact energy condition such as a road surface impact, wearing a junior-highschool helmet greatly reduces the head injury level. Meanwhile, under a relatively high-impact-energy condition such as impact against an A-pillar, wearing a junior-high-school helmet is ineffective in reducing the head injury level.

여중생의 자기신체평가, 자아존중감, 건강행위간의 관련성 - 서울 일부지역을 중심으로 -

손우승,문인옥,Son, Woo-Seung,Moon, In-Ok 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회 2010 한국학교지역보건교육학회지 Vol.11 No.2

Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the relations of 'self-body evaluation', self-esteem, and health behavior among junior high school girls, analysing influencing factors for their health behavior, and building a base for its improvement. Methods: Data collection was conducted by self-report survey. Survey participants were 330 junior high school girl students in the area of Seoul, 221 from women's junior high schools and 109, coed schools. Survey included general characteristics, self-body evaluation, self-esteem, and health behavior. Results: 1. In their self-body evaluation, the students gave themselves $3.27{\pm}.53$ scores of the total 5, and of general characteristics, BMI, ideal BMI, personality, living standard were statistically significant different. 2. The scores for the girl students' health behavior were $2.77{\pm}0.37$ of total 4, and of general characteristics, school forms, grades, living standard were statistically significant different. characteristics, school forms, personality, school grades, living standard were statistically significant different. 3. The girls' self-body evaluation and self-esteem showed a low level of negative significant difference and their self-body evaluation and health behavior were significantly different, but a low level of negative significant difference. And the relationship between self-esteem and health behavior showed a high level of positive significant difference. 4. Influencing factors for the girls' health behavior showed a significant difference in self-esteem and school forms of general characteristics, self-body evaluation, and self-esteem.

漢文 텍스트의 중학교 교과서 수용 범위와 수준 -短文, 散文, 漢詩를 중심으로-

윤재민 한국한문교육학회 2008 한문교육논집 Vol.31 No.-

The key matters in compilation of a textbook is a selection problem of themes of the main body. The theme of the main body of a textbook indicates the characteristics of a textbook, and the learning activities conducted centering around a textbook are usually related to this themes of the main body. This paper analyzes the acceptance scope and level in themes of short sentences, prose and Chinese poems of a junior high school on the basis of the Curriculum of Korean Classical Chinese Education as amended in 2007 and the explanation of the new junior high school's curriculum of Korean Classical Chinese Education. ‘Chinese writing short sentences’ are an artificial test category newly proposed by reflecting the necessity for Korean classical Chinese education in the amended curriculum. The term itself called as short sentences has been used in the previous curriculums. The themes to be included in short sentences categories have been frequently shown in the textbooks of previous curriculums. However, this curriculum firstly defined the concept of short sentences as a short writing composed of one sentence. ‘Chinese writing prose' and 'Chinese poems' are also artificial text categories newly proposed by reflecting the necessity for Korean classical Chinese education. In the 7th curriculum, a 'prose' category was propos -ed as sentences opposed to poems. But in the amended curriculum, a 'prose' category was proposed from a junior high school and the concept are also defined as 'Chinese writing prose opposed to Chinese poems'. The ordinary type of the theme of the main body of existing junior high school Chinese writing textbook according to the 7th curriculum can be divided into vocabularies(including Chinese characters, Chinese words and idioms) and sentences(including short sentences, prose and Chinese poems). The ordinary type in the theme of the main body of new Chinese writing textbook according to the amended curriculum would be not so different from this. Provided if the weight of vocabularies relatively becomes high in a textbook according to the 7th curriculum, the weight of sentences is expected to increase more in the textbook according to the amended curriculum. 교과서 편찬에서 핵심이 되는 사항은 本文 題材의 선정 문제이다. 교과서의 本文 題材는 해당 교과서의 특징을 나타내는 얼굴이며, 교과서를 중심으로 이루어지는 학습 활동 또한 대개는 바로 이 본문 제재와 관련해서 이루어진다. 이 논문은 2007년 개정 漢文 科目 敎育課程과 이 교육과정에 따른 중학교 한문 과목 교육과정 解說書에 의거하여 중학교 한문 교과서 短文, 散文, 漢詩 제재의 수용 범위와 수준을 분석한 것이다. ‘漢文 短文’은 개정 교육과정에서 한문교육상의 필요를 반영하여 새롭게 제시한 인위적인 텍스트 범주이다. ‘短文’이란 용어 자체는 이전의 교육과정에서도 사용된바 있다. 단문 범주에 포함될 제재들 또한 이전 교육과정의 교과서들에서 익히 보아 왔던 것이다. 그러나 단문의 개념을 ‘하나의 문장으로 이루어진 짧은 글’로 규정한 것은 이번 개정 교육과정이 처음이다. ‘漢文 散文’과 ‘漢詩’ 또한 개정 교육과정에서 한문교육상의 필요를 반영하여 새롭게 제시한 인위적인 텍스트 범주이다. 제7차 교육과정에서는 고등학교에서 ‘韻文과 상대되는 문장’으로 ‘산문’ 범주를 제시하였다. 그러나 개정 교육과정에서는 중학교에서부터 ‘산문’ 범주를 제시하고, 그 개념 또한 ‘漢詩와 상대되는 글’로 규정하였다. 제7차 교육과정에 따른 기존 중학교 한문 교과서 本文 題材의 일반적 형태는 語彙(漢字, 漢字語, 成語 포함)와 文章(短文, 散文, 漢詩 포함)의 두 종류로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 2007년 개정 교육과정에 따른 새 한문 교과서 本文 題材의 일반적 형태 또한 여기서 크게 벗어나지 않을 것이다. 단, 제7차 교육과정에 따른 교과서가 상대적으로 어휘의 비중이 컸다고 한다면, 개정 교육과정에 따른 교과서는 문장의 비중이 대폭 확대될 것으로 예상된다.

중국 중학생(初中生)들의 학교 참여에 영향을 미치는 변인 -관계성과 유능감을 중심으로-

안도희 ( Doe Hee Ahn ),( En Shu Quan ) 한중사회과학학회 2014 한중사회과학연구 Vol.12 No.2

This study was to examine whether Chinese junior-high school students` competence mediated the links between relatedness and school engagement. Of the 729 junior-high school students surveyed from 2 junior-high schools in Shen Yang, China, 582 completed and returned the questionnaires yielding a total response rate of 79.8%. The final sample consisted of 266 males (45.7%) and 316 females (54.3%). Their average age was 13.56 years. Measures of students` school engagement (i.e., affective engagement, behavioral engagement, and cognitive engagement), relatedness (i.e., student/ teacher relationship, parent/child relationship and peer relationship), and competence. Pearson`s correlations indicated that students` school engagement was positively associated with relatedness (i.e., student/teacher relationship, parent/child relationship and peer relationship) and competence. The 8th graders had higher school engagement than the 7th graders. Moreover, mediational analysis indicated that competence mediated the relationship between relatedness and school engagement. Results are discussed in terms of their implication for mediating role of competence in school settings.

漢詩敎育의 미학적 접근

이미애 동방한문학회 2011 동방한문학 Vol.0 No.49

21세기 지식사회는 정보화, 개인주의, 물질문명의 시대로 지식 위주의 학교에서 탈피하여 인간 중심, 타인에 대한 배려심, 사람을 바라보는 아름다움, 정서적, 자연에 대한 아름다움을 이해하고 탐미해 나갈 수 있는 전인적인 인간상을 길러낼 필요가 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 2007 중학교 한문과 개정 교육과정에 의거하여 한시 교육에서 미학적 학습요소를 인지적 영역, 철학적 탐색, 미적 표현력 영역으로 구분하였다. 한시의 ‘읽기 및 풀이’ 영역에서는 한시의 음과 뜻을 알고 풀이할 수 있도록 인지적 영역을 강조한 강의식 수업을 진행하였다. 그리고 ‘이해 및 감상’에서는 한시의 내용과 주제를 이해하기 위해 한시를 철학적 탐색을 할 수 있도록 토의하기 및 작가와의 인터뷰하기 등 다양한 수업방법으로 적용하여 이해하고 감상할 수 있도록 지도하였다. 문화 영역에서는 선인들의 삶과 지혜를 이해하고 건전한 가치관과 바람직한 인성을 함양하며, 전통 문화를 바르게 이해하고 창조적으로 계승 발전시키려는 태도의 미적 표현력을 길러주기 위해 한시를 전체적으로 감상하고 난 후 그림이나 만화, 음악, 역할극 등으로 표현하여 내면화하는데 중점을 두었다. The education of the knowledge society in the 21st century is necessary formating student's sound view of value, the ability of the understanding nature, warm-caring for others and the education for the whole person. The purpose of this paper was to examine the learning effects on the aesthetic education in Sino Korean education of the Junior high school. And, for attaining the purpose of study, this study was applied to the students(n=103) after extracting the aesthetic learning elements in the Chinese poetry based on the resived Sino Korean education curriculum of the Junior high school in 2007. The implications of this paper are as follows:First, this paper is to help the awareness of the importance and the necessity for the aesthetic education in Sino-Korean education of the Junior high school. Second, this paper is to provide the Sino-Korean lesson plans that the aesthectics can be appropriately applied to the Sino-Korean education of the Junior high school. Third, This paper is to assist the understanding of the aesthetic education for the teachers of the Sino-Korean education.

중학교 한문과 고사성어를 통한 리더십 지도 방안

이미애 한국한문교육학회 2012 한문교육논집 Vol.38 No.-

21세기 미래사회에서는 물질문명 및 지식위주의 학교에서 탈피하여 창의적인 문제해결을 할 수 있는 능력 및 인간중심, 타인에 대한 배려심, 미래에 대한 비젼, 책임감 등 청소년들에게 자아존중과 더불어 미래의 리더자로서의 자질을 향상시킬 수 있는 전인적인 인간상을 길러내어 실질적으로 사회에 기여할 수 있는 인재상을 기를 필요가 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 개정교육과정에 의거하여 중학교 한문 교과서 가운데에서 리더십과 관련된 고사성어 학습요소를 추출하여 학습지도안을 작성하였다. 리더십과 관련된 하위요소에는 비전, 자신감, 추진력, 자기 관리, 모험심, 상황 판단, 공정, 정직 및 신의 영역으로 구분하였으며 하위요소와 관련된 고사성어의 학습요소를 추출하였다. 또한 청소년의 리더십 향상을 위해서 고사성어를 통해 토론학습, 경험중심 교수․학습방법을 예시자료로 설명하였다. 따라서 본 논문에서의 시사점은 중학교 한문교육에서 고사성어의 내용을 청소년의 리더십과 관련시켜서 학습지도안을 작성하여 현장에서 직접 수업을 실시하는데 의의가 있다. 따라서 향후 한문과 성어교육의 연구과제로는 첫째, 연구자가 진행한 교수․학습방법 이외에 다양한 교수학습방법의 개발 및 적용이 필요하다. 둘째, 학교현장에서 고사성어를 배움으로써 중학생들이 비전, 자신감, 추진력, 자기 관리, 모험심, 상황 판단, 공정, 정직 및 신의 등의 리더십이 어느 정도 신장되는지 수치화, 계량화 하는 작업도 매우 중요한 의의가 있다고 생각한다. The education of the knowledge society in the 21st century is necessary formating student's sound view of value, the ability of the understanding nature, warm-caring for others and the education for the leadership The purpose of this paper was to examine the learning effects on the Gosaseongeo education in the Sino Korean education of the Junior high school. The implications of this paper are as follows: First, this paper is to provide the Sino-Korean lesson plans that the Gosaseongeo can be appropriately applied to the Sino-Korean education of the Junior high school. Second, This paper is to assist the understanding of the Gosaseongeo education for the growing student's leadership elements such as vision, confidence, driving force, self-management, adventurous spirit, estimate of the situation, fair, honest and faith in the Sino-Korean education of the Junior high school.