Assessment of the Dermal and Ocular Irritation Potential of Lomefloxacin by Using In Vitro Methods

Ahn, Jun-Ho,Eum, Ki-Hwan,Lee, Mi-Chael Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2010 Toxicological Research Vol.27 No.1

The evaluation of eye and skin irritation potential is essential to ensuring the safety of human in contact with a wide variety of substances. Despite this importance of irritation test, little is known with respect to the irritation potency of lomefloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which has been known to cause phototoxicity with an abnormal reaction of the skin. Thus, to investigate the tendency of lomefloxacin to cause eye and skin irritation, we carried out in vitro eye irritation test using Balb/c 3T3, and in vitro skin irritation test using $KeraSkin^{TM}$ human skin model system. 3T3 neutral red uptake assay has been proposed as a potential replacement alternative for the Draize Eye irritation test. In this study, the $IC_{50}$ value obtained for lomefloxacin was 375 ${\mu}g$. According to the classification model used for determining in vitro categories, lomefloxacin was classified as moderately irritant. For evaluation of skin irritation, engineered epidermal equivalents ($KeraSkin^{TM}$) were subjected to 10 and 25 mg of lomefloxacin for 15 minutes. Tissue damage was assessed by tissue viability evaluation, and by the release of a pro-inflammatory mediator, interleukin- 1${\alpha}$. Lomefloxacin increased the interleukin-1${\alpha}$ release after 15 minutes of exposure and 42 hours of post incubation, although no decrease in viability was observed. Therefore, lomefloxacin is considered to be moderately irritant to skin and eye.

Assessment of the Dermal and Ocular Irritation Potential of Lomefloxacin by Using In Vitro Methods

Jun-Ho Ahn,Ki-Hwan Eum,Michael Lee 한국독성학회 2010 Toxicological Research Vol.26 No.1

The evaluation of eye and skin irritation potential is essential to ensuring the safety of human in contact with a wide variety of substances. Despite this importance of irritation test, little is known with respect to the irritation potency of lomefloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which has been known to cause phototoxicity with an abnormal reaction of the skin. Thus, to investigate the tendency of lomefloxacin to cause eye and skin irritation, we carried out in vitro eye irritation test using Balb/c 3T3, and in vitro skin irritation test using KeraSkin™ human skin model system. 3T3 neutral red uptake assay has been proposed as a potential replacement alternative for the Draize Eye irritation test. In this study, the IC?? value obtained for lomefloxacin was 375 ㎍. According to the classification model used for determining in vitro categories, lomefloxacin was classified as moderately irritant. For evaluation of skin irritation, engineered epidermal equivalents (KeraSkin™) were subjected to 10 and 25 mg of lomefloxacin for 15 minutes. Tissue damage was assessed by tissue viability evaluation, and by the release of a pro-inflammatory mediator, interleukin-1α. Lomefloxacin increased the interleukin-1α release after 15 minutes of exposure and 42 hours of post incubation, although no decrease in viability was observed. Therefore, lomefloxacin is considered to be moderately irritant to skin and eye.

Assessment of the Dermal and Ocular Irritation Potential of Lomefloxacin by Using In Vitro Methods

안준호,엄기환,이미가엘 한국독성학회 2010 Toxicological Research Vol.26 No.1

The evaluation of eye and skin irritation potential is essential to ensuring the safety of human in contact with a wide variety of substances. Despite this importance of irritation test, little is known with respect to the irritation potency of lomefloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which has been known to cause phototoxicity with an abnormal reaction of the skin. Thus, to investigate the tendency of lomefloxacin to cause eye and skin irritation, we carried out in vitro eye irritation test using Balb/c 3T3, and in vitro skin irritation test using KeraSkinTM human skin model system. 3T3 neutral red uptake assay has been proposed as a potential replacement alternative for the Draize Eye irritation test. In this study, the IC50 value obtained for lomefloxacin was 375 μg. According to the classification model used for determining in vitro categories,lomefloxacin was classified as moderately irritant. For evaluation of skin irritation, engineered epidermal equivalents (KeraSkinTM) were subjected to 10 and 25 mg of lomefloxacin for 15 minutes. Tissue damage was assessed by tissue viability evaluation, and by the release of a pro-inflammatory mediator, interleukin-1α. Lomefloxacin increased the interleukin-1α release after 15 minutes of exposure and 42 hours of post incubation, although no decrease in viability was observed. Therefore, lomefloxacin is considered to be moderately irritant to skin and eye.

농약 품목에 대한 GHS 기준과 농진청 기준에 따른 자극성 산출 후 자극성 분류 차이 비교

유아선(Are-Sun You),오진아(Jin A Oh),박수진(Soojin Park),조유미(Youmi Jo),이제봉(Je Bong Lee),이난희(Nanhee Lee),이주연(Ju Yeon Lee),임양빈(Yangbin Ihm) 한국농약과학회 2016 농약과학회지 Vol.20 No.4

GHS was compared with that of current RDA directives in skin and eye irritation for plant protection products (PPPs). According to the result of evaluation and classification of skin and eye irritation by RDA directives and GHS for 59 PPPs, 25.5% of PPPs were changed the classification of skin irritation from slightly and moderately by RDA directives to Not Classified by GHS, and 45.8% of PPPs were changed the classification of eye irritation from slightly by RDA directives to Not Classified by GHS. 6.8% of PPPs in skin irritation and 5.1% in eye irritation were classified more highly as category 1 by GHS because of irreversible effect. According to the result of comparison with GHS classification by data of irritation study for PPPs and by GHS classification and concentration of active substances, 25.5% was changed more lowly and 3.4% more highly in skin irritation, and 25.4% was changed more lowly and 11.9% more highly in eye irritation. It is needed to draw a plan to supplement for other results between GHS and RDA directives.

화장품 원료의 피부자극성과 세포독성의 관련성

이은희(Eun Hee Lee),이종권(Jong Kwon Lee),김용규(Yong Kyu Kim),박기숙(Ki Sook Park),안광수(Kwang Soo Ahn),정경미(Kyoung Mi Jung),정해관(Jung Hai Kwan),이선희(Sun Hee Lee),정수연(Soo Youn Chung),홍진태(Jin Tae Hong) 대한약학회 2001 약학회지 Vol.45 No.3

To compare skin irritation and cytotoxicity of anti-wrinkle agents, we examined skin irritation of six anti-wrinkle agents (ascorbic acid, glycolic acid, all trans-retinoic acid, ginseng extract, retinol, EB) in New Zeland white rabbit. Cytotoxicity of these agents was determined by MTT [tetrasolium salt 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] at multi-time points in cultured HaCaT cell, a human immortalized keratinocyte cell. We then analyzed correlation between skin irritation and cytotoxicity by spearman's rank correlation analysis. All trans- retinoic acid shewed the highest primary irritation index (0.92) in skin irritation test. Being all the six agents not irritant, retinol showed the most cytotoxic agents. The correlation between skin irritation and cytotoxicity IC50 at different time point was 0.814,0.757,0.814 and 0.7 at 3,24, 48 and 72h, respectively. We also found that IC20 and IC80 of these agents showed similar correlation with skin irritation. These results therefore demonstrated that there is close correlation between skin irritation and cytotoxicity IC50 value by MTT in HaCaT cell at early time points by anti-wrinkle agents or IC20value. IC50 at earily time point or IC20 values may be reliable alter- native determinant of skin irritation.

Increased Skin Irritation by Hydroquinone and Rsetinoic Acid Used in Combination

( Gwang Hoon Kim ),( Kyung Ah Cheong ),( Ai-young Lee ) 대한피부과학회 2017 Annals of Dermatology Vol.29 No.6

Background: Hydroquinone (HQ) is frequently combined with retinoic acid (RA) to enhance lightening efficacy, which may also affect skin irritancy. Although skin irritation leads to postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, little research has been performed to compare skin irritancy between each component and the combination. Objective: This study was done to examine whether HQ-RA combination increased skin irritation induced by HQ or RA alone. Methods: Patch testing was performed using maximum therapeutic and higher concentrations of HQ and RA in 10 volunteers, and then, it was performed using their popular therapeutic concentrations and combination in the other 20 volunteers. In vitro irritation was also assessed in primary cultured normal human keratinocytes treated with 80% and 50% cell survival doses of HQ, 80% cell survival dose of RA, and their combination. Results: The combination in patch testing induced stronger erythema than the corresponding concentrations of HQ and RA, which was remarkable with use of combination of higher concentrations. In cultured keratinocytes, the RA combination significantly decreased cell viability, but increased cytotoxicity and extracellular interleukin 1 alpha release with corresponding doses of HQ. Conclusion: The results of patch tests and in vitro irritation assessment tests suggested that HQ and RA increased skin irritation when used in combination. (Ann Dermatol 29(6) 715∼721, 2017)

토끼에서 EPO(Erythropoietin)의 안점막자극성 및 피부자극성시험

강병철,남정석,제정환,이석만,양재만,이학모,박재학,송동호,유선희 한국독성학회 1997 Toxicological Research Vol.13 No.1

This test was performed to evaluate the ocular and skin irritation of EPO (Erythropoietin). The results as follows: 1. Ocular irritation test There were no observed clinical signs, body weght changes by EPO during experimental period. The acute ocular irritation index(A.O.I.), mean ocular irritation index(M.O.I.) and Day-7 individual ocular irritation index(I.O.I.) of EPO at dose of 1000U and 10, 000U were 0, respectively. Therefore we evaluated that EPO was non-toxic to eyes. 2. Skin irritation test There were no observed clinical signs, body weght changes and gross pathologic findings by EPO during experimental period. There were no observed erythema, eschar formation and edema formation on intact and abraded skin treated by EPO. The primary irritation index(P.I.I.) of EPO at dose of 1000U and 10, 000U were 0, respectively and were evaluated none irritating product about skin irritation.

치약 및 함유 성분의 구강 점막 자극 평가를 위한 새로운 in Vitro 시험법 적용

조선아 ( Sun-a Cho ),김유진 ( Yoo-jin Kim ),김찬호 ( Chan-ho Kim ),김영소 ( Young-so Kim ),안수선 ( Su-sun An ) 한국동물실험대체법학회 2019 동물실험대체법학회지 Vol.13 No.1

Oral hygiene products, such as toothpastes, are essential for personal hygiene. However, these products contain substances that cause mucosal irritation but are essential to maintain functionality. Until now, there is no in vitro animal test to evaluate oral mucosal irritation for oral hygiene products and its ingredients. Moreover, oral hygiene products are classified as cosmetics in EU, thus the irritation test for these products and its ingredients are prohibited. In Korea, oral products are classified as quasi-drugs now, but there is a high possibility to change to cosmetics according to global trends. So we needed to set up the in vitro test system to evaluate oral mucosal irritation and we studied the oral mucosal irritation for toothpaste and its ingredients by agar diffusion test. In the evaluation of ingredients, the use of surfactant, tooth whitening ingredient and some functional ingredients affect the increase of cytotoxicity. In addition, when diluted to 25%, the toothpastes showed the broad range of irritation and it was appropriate to judge the level of irritation. From the results, we can set the evaluating method for toothpaste and its ingredients and internal criteria for the mucosal irritation at same time.

학업상황에서 발생하는 짜증 정서에 대한 개념도 연구

전혜수,이미경,이상민 한국청소년상담복지개발원 2020 청소년상담연구 Vol.28 No.2

Students who pursue academic achievement as their main task often experience various feelings in academic settings. Using the concept mapping method, this study identified the characteristics of the irritable emotion, one of the most frequently experienced academic emotions among Korean students. The data were collected from 22 middle and high school students in Seoul through one to one interviews on their irritable episodes in academic settings. A total of 73 core sentences were extracted, and the students classified and rated those sentences. With multidimensional scaling (MDS) and hierarchical cluster analysis, the results showed that the irritable emotion, also called academic irritation, had four clusters along with two dimensions. Two dimensions were internal-external and inner experiential-behavioral components. The four clusters were composed of self-related irritation (cluster 1), situational irritation (cluster 2), coping with inward (cluster 3), and outward expression (cluster 4). This study has sophisticated the concept of irritation, particularly in the context of academics, and could further be considered as a pilot study for scale development research to measure the construct of ‘academic irritation’. Implications for future research were discussed. 학업성취가 주된 과제인 학생들은 학업상황에서 다양한 정서를 경험한다. 본 연구는 우리나라 청소년들이 학업상황에서 가장 빈번하게 경험하는 정서 중 하나인 ‘짜증’ 이라는 정서를 개념도 방법론을 사용해 자세히 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 서울에 위치한 중․고등학교의 학생 총 22명을 대상으로 개별 면접을 통해 학업상황에서의 짜증경험에 대한 진술문을 추출했다. 이후 73개 진술문으로 제작된 카드를 연구 참여자에게 분류 및 평정하도록 하였으며 이를 정리한 데이터를 기반으로 다차원척도법과 계층적 군집분석을 실시하여 2개의 차원과 4개의 군집으로 ‘학업짜증’의 요인을 추출하였다. 두 개의 차원은 학업짜증의 ‘내-외부초점 차원’과 ‘내적경험-행동반응 차원’으로 구성되어 있고 각 4개의 군집은 ‘자기관련 짜증(self-related irritation)', ‘타인․상황관련 짜증(situational irritation)', ‘짜증 내적처리(coping with inward)', ‘짜증 외부표현(outward expression)’ 군집으로 구성되어 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 학업정서(academic emotions)로서 짜증이라는 개념을 좀 더 구체화하였으며, 나아가 ‘학업짜증’을 측정하는 척도 연구의 기초연구로 고려될 수 있을 것이다. 마지막으로 논의에서는 기존 이론을 중심으로 본 연구결과의 함의와 제안점 등을 기술하였다.

Local Irritation Test of 3 Types of β-Glucan after Subcutaneous Injection in Rats

Hyeung-Sik Lee,Hyung-Rae Cho,Kun-Ju Yang,Hyun-Dong Shin,Bok-Ryeon Park,Hee-Jeong Jang,Kwang-Ho Cho,Hyeong-Dong Kim,Sae-Kwang Ku 한국실험동물학회 2006 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.22 No.4

The objective of the present study is to detect the potency of skin irritation of 3 types of β-glucan: Polycan, Tinocare GL and SC-glucan, after a subcutaneous injection at 2 g/㎏, respectively. Test articles were given single subcutaneous injection at the shaving back of rat one point per rat and they were sacrificed at 7 days after injection. Histopathological changes on the injection sites were observed with histomorphometry, the thickness of encapsulation and percentages of collagenous tissues in encapsulation regions. As results of subcutaneous injection of all three types of β-glucan, encapsulations consisted of inflammatory cells and connective tissues caused by skin irritation and foreign body reactions, were observed with microangiogenesis restricted to the injection sites. The most severe histopathological changes were detected in the SC-glucan and then in order of Tinocare GL and Polycan. Therefore, it is considered that the potency of the skin irritant caused by β-glucan is quite differed from their origin and they showed relatively lower irritation because the changes related to the irritation and foreign body reactions were restricted to the injection sites. Among three types of β-glucan tested in the present study, Polycan showed the lowest irritation and SC-glucan showed the highest skin irritation.