한국 경찰의 수사면담 교육 변화과정과 개선을 위한 제언

이윤 ( Roon Yi ) 한국경찰법학회 2012 경찰법연구 Vol.10 No.1

Korean investigation agencies attached importance to the acquisition of confession in investigative interviewing of suspect before 2004. This inclination made it possible that though a suspect denied his guilty due to his innocence, detective would have confirmation bias then coerced the suspect psychologically so the suspect would confess falsely. And because of the regulation that in the case of interview with suspect the written statement must be made, it looks like that investigative interviewing is conducted for the written statements. In addition that there was no strategy for the investigative interviewing. Then the concern for investigative interviewing was increased after 1994, and the Korea Police Investigation Academy (KPIA) introduced PEACE model and Reid technique since 2004. Electronic recording rooms were installed all over the nation in 2007. So the needs for the training of investigative interviewing and electronically recorded interview were increased in 2006, then ``electronic recording course`` was started formally in KPIA that year. The course was extended to 2-week ``interview and interrogation technique specialized course`` in 2010, and 4-week ``investigative interviewing specialized course`` in 2012. But there have been no study measuring the effect of training on investigators. However it is probable to assume that the behaviour of investigators has not changed so much. I think that it is due to the written statement compelled by law, excessive criminal case work load, absence of incentive. For the appropriate investigative interviewing I suggest that new investigative interviewing guide should be made, and all policemen should be trained with that guide by degrees in the future.

NICHD 아동 수사면담 프로토콜과 지속적인 면담자 훈련의 필요성에 대한 고찰

곽금주,이승진 한국심리학회 2014 한국심리학회지 일반 Vol.33 No.1

An investigative interview of children has an imperative and critical responsibility in the context of children's testimony and it often determines how the rest of the investigation proceeds in the legal system. Consequently, concrete structures and systematic contents are required for appropriate as well as scientific investigative interview of children. Yet, unfortunately, there have been only a few articles published regarding training procedures that have methodical support and confirmed effectiveness for investigative interviewers of children in Korea. Thus, this paper offered to provide comprehensive information of a series of stages involved in training investigative interviewers of children which included a stage of building positive environment, a learning stage, a stage for open-discussion, and a stage for wrapping up. In addition, the structures of an individual and group interview feedback and the criterions for an ideal interview feedback were introduced. Ultimately, the goals of this paper were to emphasize the necessity of effective and systematized training procedures based on the results of scientific researches examining the most effective training methods for investigative interviewers for them to facilitate interviews of high standard and to recognize the importance of a continuous training throughout their professional careers as investigative interviewers. It was also discussed that everyone on the team including administrators and managers who work in the related fields needs to perceive the importance of continuous effective training for investigative interviewers of children to attain the most reliable testimony. 아동 전담 수사면담은 아동 진술의 신뢰성 확보와 범죄 사건의 올바른 판결에 매우 중요한 역할을 담당한다. 아동 진술이 성폭력, 신체 학대 등 가혹한 범죄 사건의 해결에 실증적 증거로 채택되는 사례가 증가하면서 국외에서는 바람직한 수사면담 시행을 위한 면담 훈련의 필요성과 그 중요성에 관심이 주목되고 있다. 그러나 국내에서는 아직까지 아동 수사면담을 담당하는 전문가들을 위한 면담 훈련의 구체적인 정보와 면담 훈련이 아동 진술의 정확성에 미치는 영향에 대한 학술 연구 및 현장 자료 조사들이 매우 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 논문은 국제적으로 널리 알려져 있는 NICHD 아동 수사면담 프로토콜의 구성 및 효과성, NICHD 프로토콜에 의한 수사면담 훈련의 중요성과 면담 훈련의 구체적 절차와 구성에 대해 고찰해 보고자 하였다. 마지막으로 아동 전담 수사면담자 훈련을 위한 제도적 정비의 필요성을 제언하고자 하였다. 궁극적으로 본 논문은 아동 전담 수사면담자의 바람직한 역할에 대한 심층적 이해와 학문적 지식이 매우 부족한 국내 현실을 고려하여 관련 학술 연구자 및 실무자들에게 지속적이고 효과적인 아동 전담 수사면담자 훈련의 필요성에 대한 의견을 피력하고, 아동 수사면담의 질적 향상에 필요한 학문적 정보를 제공하는데 그 의의를 두었다.

목적과 태도 차원을 기준으로 한 수사관의 용의자 면담유형 분류

이윤(Yi Roon),조은경(Jo Eun Kyung) 경찰대학 경찰학연구편집위원회 2015 경찰학연구 Vol.15 No.1

According to the studies on investigative interviewing since early 1990s, the desirable suspect-interview is the humane, ethical, and scientific ‘Investigative Interviewing’ in which ‘rapport building’ and ‘open-ended question’ are main elements. In order to the training and management for investigators to do proper investigative interviewing, the assessment of each investigators’ methods and tactics in suspect-interview should precede them. This study have an intention to the classification of investigators’ suspect-interview styles in four groups with two dimensions(goal and manner). In this study, investigators’ suspect-interview styles were classified into 4 styles by cross-linking of 2 dimensions. One is ‘goal dimension’(confession obtaining vs. information gathering), the other is ‘manner dimension’ (humanitarian vs. dominant). Suspect-interview styles could be classified into 4 styles as exploration(information gathering + humanitarian), artifice(confession obtaining + humanitarian), business(information gathering + dominant), bullfight(confession obtaining + dominant) by crossing two dimensions. And this model was named CHID model that was the acronym for two dimensions. In order to verify the possibility of this 4-style classification, all statements and questions of investigators in 41 real suspect-interview videos were coded among 41 interview tactics, then the values of two dimensions were found by the frequencies of tactics, and the values were marked on each quadrant. In result all suspect-interviews were classified into 4 styles as 12 exploration styles(29.3%), 8 artifice styles(19.5%), 9 business styles(22.0%), 12 bullfight styles(29.3%). There was a positive relationship between two dimension values of classification criterion, but they were independent on each other. This study has significance in that investigators’ suspect-interviews are included widely by making criteria that can classify each investigators’ interview styles into 4 styles unlike previous binary classification. And the CHID model can help further studies on suspect interview methods and tactics as a way of preliminary data collection.

성폭행 피해 아동에 대한 효과적인 조사기법 모색

하옥현 ( Ok Hyun Ha ),김재민 ( Jae Min Kim ) 한국경찰법학회 2009 경찰법연구 Vol.7 No.2

Children are different from adults in abilities of cognition, perception, and speech. Moreover, sexually abused children are affected post-traumatic stress disorder and telling the investigator exactly what they have come through is not so easy. If the investigation on these vulnerable sexually abused children is not done thoroughly due to the limits of existing investigative interviewing skills and follow-up measures such as not being able to prosecute the criminal don`t fit, child sexual assault will not drop down and lead to the destruction of holistic soundness of children, and finally spread misery over the society. Not only for the purpose of eradicating child sexual assaults but also for the recovering of victims from the damage as soon as possible, effective investigative interviewing skills such as the questioning skills and the cognitive interviewing method on sexually abused children need to be developed and applied appropriately in cases. The development and application of effective investigative interviewing skills start from building proper environment for investigation, such as getting the consent from the victim and selecting appropriate time and place to interview. Next, investigator needs to explain the victim thoroughly about their basic methods of investigation before commencing it. It is for the purpose of preventing beforehand the mistakes, misconception, doubts, inefficiency that can arouse during the investigative interview process between the investigator and victim. Investigators who are to investigate sexually assaulted children need to go through a special training not only to recognize their inner psychological reacting mechanism such as preconception, but also to raise the ability to understand and react properly on psychological characteristics, emotional and mental response exclusive to children. Knowledge and understandings on children obtained through this training are the basis of applying various investigative interviewing skills and communication management skills efficiently. In the long run this development and application of effective investigative interviewing skills on sexually abused children will improve child welfare.

해부학적 인형 사용과 조사자의 질문유형에 따른 성폭력 피해 아동의 반응 연구

이재웅(Jaewoong Lee),조은경(Eunkyung Jo) 한국피해자학회 2009 被害者學硏究 Vol.17 No.2

In the present study, we hypothesized that child victims' reactions to anatomical dolls might interact with interviewer's utterance types. We analyzed child victims' response types with regard to anatomical dolls' utterance types, to examine how an anatomical doll can affect child victims' response, researchers analyzed child victims' responses according to the presence of the anatomical doll with additional factor, the type of interviewer's utterance. Five video-recorded child sexual abuse victim interviews with an anatomical doll were analyzed. The victims were from two age groups, 3 years(n=3) and 5 years(n=1), and included one boy. All videotapes were transcribed and two trained coders categorized verbal and nonverbal responses of the child and investigator. The trained coders first identified segments where anatomical dolls were used(doll phase) versus not used(no doll phase). After that, interviewer's utterances and child victim's responses were coded according to a coding scheme. Descriptive analysis of the data revealed that the interviewers frequently used directive utterances, option-posing questions, and suggestive questions throughout the interview. The interviewers employed cued invitation and multiple questions more in the doll phase than in the no-doll phase. Child victims showed digressive responses more frequently in the doll phase than in the no doll phase. It was also found that digressive behaviors tended to appear with directive utterances, option-posing questions, and suggestive questions by the interviewers. The results suggest that in general investigators were less likely to use open-ended questions when interviewing child victims, especially younger victims. Moreover, when interviewers used anatomical dolls combined with directive or close-ended utterances, younger children were more likely to become distracted from the interview. It can be inferred that children younger than 5 years old may consider the doll as a plaything rather than a demonstrative aid, thus, may not focus on the interviewer's words, and may become easily inattentive. The fact that child victims were not given understandable instructions about the purpose of an anatomical doll during the interview might have contributed to the child's digressive responses. There is a limitation of generalizing the results of this study, however, because of its small sample size. Thus, a further sophisticated field study with a larger sample would be needed.

진술조사 맥락에서 아동기억에 대한 발달심리학적 고찰

이승진 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 2013 한국심리학회지 발달 Vol.26 No.2

Interviewers in an investigative context are required to consider children’s developmental characteristics and their effect on children’s ability to remember and report traumatic experiences. Further, it is important that they follow standardized investigative interview guidelines for working with children and endeavor to accommodate the underlying mechanisms of their memory function. A large body of research has shown that some characteristics of children's memory development influence the quality and accuracy of their memory and reporting of past experiences. However, there have only been a few articles published on developmental theories and the characteristics of children's memory in the context of investigative interviewing in Korea. Thus, this paper aimed to consolidate the information on children's memory capacity, the various complexities and characteristics of children’s memory development, and the theoretical frameworks of children's memory processes focusing particularly on the context of investigative interviewing. This analysis should assist clinicians, social workers, and legal professionals in tailoring interviews to best meet children’s needs and capacities across ages and creating developmentally and individually sensitive guidelines for interviewing children within the legal system. 아동이 직접 경험하거나 목격한 치명적인 범죄 사건들에 대한 아동의 회상 진술을 정확하게 이해하고 그 진술의 신빙성을 올바르게 평가하기 위해서는 인간의 기본적인 정보처리과정과 아동 기억의 구체적 특성들에 대한 종합적인 지식이 요구된다. 또한 현장의 전문 인력들이 표준화된 아동 수사면담 지침을 성공적으로 이행하기 위해서도 연령에 따른 아동 기억의 다양한 특성들에 대한 폭넓은 이해가 필요하다. 최근 우리 사회는 아동 성폭력 범죄의 심각성과 피해 아동의 법률적 보호 대책 방안에 대한 여론의 목소리가 높아지고 있음에도 진술조사 맥락에서 아동 기억의 발달적 특성에 대한 정보는 현저하게 부족한 수준이다. 따라서 본 논문은 현장 실무자들이 아동 수사면담 시 고려할 필요가 있는 아동 기억의 발달적 특성, 아동회상 보고에 영향을 미치는 변인들, 회상 관련 기억 이론들을 검토해 봄으로써 진술조사 맥락에서 아동 기억에 대한 발달심리학적 고찰이 갖는 중요성을 제언하고 후속 연구들의 방향을 제시하고자 한다.

부가적 면담 도구가 아동 회상의 신뢰성에 미치는 영향: 국외 아동 증언 연구들을 중심으로

이승진 한국상담학회 2012 상담학연구 Vol.13 No.2

Researchers and practitioners have been interested in finding effective ways of supporting children to provide detailed accounts of their past experiences in the context of children's testimony. Indeed the various supplementary procedures that have been employed during investigative interview differ in their effectiveness at supporting children’s report. Thus careful consideration must be addressed to what supplementary techniques should be used across ages, the timing and the ways in which they are introduced into the interview, and the practical issues to apply in children's investigative interviewing. This paper is discussed with respect to the underlying rationales and the effectiveness of employing several supplementary techniques and the ultimate goals are to propose far-reaching information and scientific recommendation to benefit investigative interviewers and legal professionals create the optimal condition in order to facilitate children's accurate reports of their past experiences. 학술 연구자 및 면담 전문가들은 아동이 경험한 혹은 목격한 사건에 대한 신뢰로운 진술 획득을 위해 바람직한 아동 수사면담의 구성과 기법에 대해 오랫동안 관심을 주목해 왔다. 그 중에서도 성폭력, 신체 학대, 방임 등 아동이 연루된 범죄사건에 대한 수사면담시 아동의 기억 회상을 보다 용이하게 하기 위한 목적으로 전문가들은 다양한 부가적 면담 도구들을 활용하여 왔다. 그러나 아동의 연령, 아동의 인지 및 사회 정서적 개인차 특성, 범죄사건의 특성에 따라 부가적 면담 도구의 효과는 차이가 있고 따라서 아동 수사면담 실무자는 부가적 면담 도구의 특성, 사용 시기 및 방법 등에 대한 전문적 지식과 훈련이 필요하다. 그러나 국내에서는 다양한 범죄사건에 대한 아동의 회상 진술이 요구되는 사례가 기하급수적으로 증가하고 있음에도 불구하고 아동 수사면담시 부가적 도구 사용과 관련된 학술 정보들은 상당히 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 논문은 아동 수사면담시 보편적으로 활용되는 부가적 도구 사용에 대한 국외의 폭넓은 학술 연구와 현장 자료 조사들을 중심으로 아동 진술의 신뢰성에 미치는 영향을 구체적으로 살펴보고자 하였다. 아동의 연령과 다양한 개인차 특성들이 고려된 면담 도구 사용에 대한 국외 학술 연구들의 심층적 고찰을 통해 국내 아동 수사면담 환경에 적합한 면담 도구의 사용을 도모하고 관련 후속 연구의 방향을 제시하고자 한다.

피면담자의 VR-HMD 생체신호와 키니식(행동)진술분석 기반 자동 수사면담 및 신문 시스템 플랫폼 개발의 함의

류창현,장석헌 한국범죄심리학회 2019 한국범죄심리연구 Vol.15 No.1

This study aims to explore, review and introduce “Implications of a Platform Development for Automated Interview and Interrogation Systems Based on VR-HMD Bio-Signal and Kinesic Statement Analysis of Interviewees." In line with the revival of the 4th/5th industrial revolution of the 21st century, the development of automatic generation protocols for the accuracy, reliability and consistency of statements made by interviewees (suspects, victims, witnesses) as more scientific, professional, ethical, and legal kinesic interview and interrogation should be made. This VR-HMD bio-signal and kinesic statement analysis of interviewees will help an investigative interviewer copy with loss prevention, risk management, and fraud investigation by using interview and interrogation training simulations. Recently, immersive and interactive virtual-reality interview and interrogation programs have been developed and shown to be effective in enhancing investigative interviewers' self-control skills, coping skills, and kinesic statement analysis of interviewees using specific and customized virtual interview and interrogation subjects. The biggest benefit of Virtual Reality is its immersive and interactive relationship between the participant and the VR world/environment that works to bring subconscious memories into conscious awareness. Therefore, the implementation of automated interview and interrogation systems for deception detection of interviewees will be a very effective, efficient and useful tool for children, adolescents, victims of sexual violence and the mentally disabled. The following implications and limitations of this study were discussed along with the suggestions for future researches as well. 본 연구의 목적은 “피면담자의 VR-HMD 생체신호와 키니식(행동)진술분석 기반 자동 수사면담 및 신문 시스템 플랫폼 개발의 함의”에 대한 탐색, 리뷰 및 소개하는 데 있다. 21세기 4차/5차 산업혁명시대적인 부흥에 발맞추어 보다 과학적·전문적·윤리적·합법적인 키니식 수사면담과 신문기법으로써 피면담자(용의자, 피의자, 피해자, 참고인) 진술의 정확성, 신빙성, 일관성 판단기준의 자동 생성 프로토콜 개발이 전제되어야 한다. 피면담자의 VR-HMD 생체신호와 키니식(행동)진술분석기술은 면담 및 신문교육 시뮬레이션을 사용함으로써 수사면담관이 손실방지, 위험관리, 사기수사 등에 대처할 수 있도록 조력할 것이다. 최근 몰입형과 상호작용형 가상현실(VR) 면담과 신문 프로그램은 구체적인 맞춤형 가상면담과 신문 대상자들을 활용한 수사면담관의 자기통제기술, 대처기술, 피면담자의 키니식(행동)진술분석 등을 효과적으로 강화하도록 개발되고 있다. 가상현실(VR)의 가장 큰 이점은 참여자와 가상현실세계/환경 간에 몰입(주의, 집중)과 대화관계를 형성함으로써 잠재의식기억을 의식인식(각성)상태로 끌어올릴 수 있다는 것이다. 따라서 피면담자의 기만탐지를 위한 자동 수사면담과 신문 시스템의 구현은 아동, 청소년, 성폭행피해자, 정신장애자 등에게 매우 효과적·효율적이고 유용한 도구가 될 것이다. 아울러 연구의 함의 및 제한점과 추후 연구에 대한 방향을 제시하였다.

수사사무환경이 경찰 수사관의 직무스트레스에 미치는 영향 연구

최대현,이동희 원광대학교 경찰학연구소 2016 경찰학논총 Vol.11 No.2

본 연구는 수사사무환경이 경찰 수사관에게 미치는 영향을 포커스 그룹 인터뷰(28명)와 설문조사(772명)를 통해 알아보았다. 경찰의 수사업무는 크게 행정과 수사로 구분되어 있어 일반 행정부서처럼 행정업무를 처리하는 역할과 함께 피의자, 피해자, 참고인 등에 대한 조사와 기타 증거물 등에 대한 수사 등 형사사법영역의 범죄수사라는 특수한 역할을 담당하고 있다. 문제는 위 모든 업무들이 각각 특수한 성격을 가지고 있음에도 불구하고 같은 장소에서 별도의 구분 없이 이루어지고 있다는 것으로 이러한 환경적 요소들이 수사관들에게 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 한다. 연구결과, 현재의 수사사무환경은 별도의 조사공간이 마련되어 있지 않아 피의자를 조사하는 과정에서 발생하는 소음으로 매우 소란스럽고 결국 업무에 대한 집중도를 떨어뜨리는 것으로 조사되었다. 민원인들 역시 소란스러운 환경으로 인해 조사에 집중하기 어렵고 더욱이 사적인 이야기들이 다른 사람들에게 알려질 수 있다는우려가 있으며 결국 권리보호에 취약한 구조에 놓여 있다. 특히, 체포 또는 구속된피의자를 일반 피의자들과 같이 개방된 장소에서 조사를 하고 관리를 해야 하는 환경 속에서 경찰관은 항상 도주에 대한 우려를 가지고 있다. 결론적으로 수사사무환경의 세 가지 요소로 선정한 물리적환경, 권리보호, 피의자관리의 요인들이 모두 경찰관의 직무스트레스를 증가시키는 것으로 분석되었다. 현재의 수사사무환경을 개선하고 종국적으로는 수사의 효율성을 향상시키기 위해서는 신문조사실을 별도로 설치하여 행정업무를 처리하는 공간과 조사공간을 분리하여야 한다. 공간의 분리를 통해 업무에 대한 집중도를 높일 수 있으며 조사내용에대한 프라이버시 보호가 가능하여 인권친화적인 수사사무환경이 마련될 수 있다. 또한 체포 또는 구속된 피의자를 조사할 수 있는 공간을 일반 조사실과 구분하여 설치함으로써 피의자의 도주방지 뿐만 아니라 다른 사건 관계인에 대한 위해 방지에도 도움을 줄 수 있다. 또한 조사공간의 투명성 확보를 위해서 진술의 영상녹화는필수적인 요소이다. This study aims to explore office environment for the criminal investigation and its impact on investigators in South Korea. The research is conducted by focus group interview and survey. 28 leaders of the criminal investigation team at the police station have been interviewed. 772 police investigators have been surveyed about what they think their office environment would be proper for conducting interviews with suspects, victims, and witnesses; protecting citizens who visit police stations; and guarding arrestees. According to the survey, most of criminal investigators respond that office environment of police station is inappropriate for their investigation. First, since there is no interview room, they generally cannot focus on interview with suspects, victims, and witnesses. At the same time, they cannot concentrate on their administrative work because of noise caused by other investigators’ interview. Second, because of the noise, citizens also have difficulty in focusing on interview. In addition, they are generally worried that their privacy could be revealed to others while being interviewed by police investigators. Finally, the environment is considered to be unsuitable to guard arrested suspects. The structure of current investigation office should be improved to make investigators concentrate on their work, to protect human rights, and to guard arrested suspects effectively. Such goals can be achieved by setting up interview rooms with an audio-visual recording system at the police station.

아동 수사면담 맥락에서 `라포`의 개념과 그 특성에 대한 고찰

이승진 ( Lee Seung Jin ),박슬기 ( Park Seol Gi ) 한국경찰학회 2017 한국경찰학회보 Vol.19 No.3

The rising number of cases in which the judicial verdict is gravely influenced by the statements of people involved in the case (e.g., victim, eyewitness, suspect) has highlighted the rationale for developing a scientific means to secure a complete and reliable statement during the police investigation process. In particular, the police must draw accurate and rich statements from people involved in a case via an investigative interview in cases that lack physical evidence, and in such cases, high-quality rapport has a critical impact on the volume and accuracy of the statement. However, opinions about the methods and types of desirable rapport building vary among experts. In particular, information about the concept of rapport, its theoretical basis, and scientific measurement of rapport in the context of investigative interview for children is lacking. Therefore, this study aimed at examining knowledge required by the police to smoothly build rapport with the interviewee, particularly a child, in early stages of investigation. Furthermore, this study examined the method of effective rapport building and factors that hinder rapport building in investigative interviews involving children. Based on the findings, we offered an understanding of the meaning of rapport in the context of an investigative interview and suggested the directions for subsequent studies on rapport.