Innovation Performance of Social Enterprises: An Empirical Study in India

Revendranath Tirumalsety,Anjula Gurtoo 아시아기술혁신학회 2019 Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy Vol.8 No.2

Social enterprises pursue innovation to create socio-economic impact for the marginalized communities. The founders of social enterprises drive goal-oriented innovation, whereas, interactions with ecosystem is crucial to create and diffuse innovation. However, studies are scant on creation as well as diffusion of innovation emerging from social enterprises. This paper attempts to understand innovation emerging from social enterprises through an exploration of innovation focus, interactions with ecosystem, and measurement of innovation performance. A cross-sectional study is performed to understand the relationship between founders’ orientation and innovation performance, and the mediating role of innovation focus and ecosystem interactions. A cluster sampling across four states in India - Karnataka, Telangana, Maharastra and Tamil Nadu - resulted in participation from 207 social enterprises. The results of partial least squared structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) demonstrate the positive complementary mediating role of innovation focus in the relationship between founders' orientation and innovation performance. Moreover, this paper illustrates that founders’ persistent focus on innovation creates positive results for social enterprises as well as beneficiaries.

Innovation in Indian Industries: Insights from the First National Innovation Survey

Arora, Parveen,Nath, Pradosh Asian Society for Innovation and Policy 2015 Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy Vol.4 No.3

Technological innovations, as the key to building competitive advantage, need a comprehensive review to address the issues related to transformation of the Indian industries. The present paper reports the broad findings of the first National Innovation Survey undertaken by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. The findings presented here highlight the status of innovation related activities in different industrial sectors, its weaknesses, and areas requiring institutional interventions. The survey results underline the fact that the innovation activities in Indian industries are more for survival in a competitive market conditions than to create market advantage. A sort of disconnect between the innovation support system and the production system is a discernible fact that surfaces from the study. The study also indicates certain characteristics of the innovation behaviour of firms that brings out developing country issues of innovation.

정보원천이 기업의 친환경혁신에 미치는 영향 연구

허림경,황윤섭,한혜진 경희대학교 사회과학연구원 2018 社會科學硏究 Vol.44 No.3

Eco-innovation requires a external network to acquire a greater amount of knowledge than general innovation (Horbach et al., 2013), and it is also important to have a close and long-lasting relationship with institutions that have relevant technologies for innovation success (Huggins et al ., 2010). This study empirically analyzes the relationship between eco-innovation determinants and eco-innovation performance and verifies the moderating effect of diversity(Breadth) and importance(Depth) of information sources. The determinants of eco-innovation are defined as government regulation, market motivations, and firm capacity. The dependent variables are process innovation and product innovation. The information source diversity is measured by the number of external information sources. In addition, the importance of information source is the depth of the relationship with the external knowledge source. As a result of the analysis, government regulation showed a positive correlation with process innovation and showed no significant effect on product innovation. Market motivations and firm capacity showed positive (+) correlation in both process innovation and product innovation. Among the three factors, corporate capacitye is the most important factor in process innovation, and market motivations are the highest in product innovation. As a result of the 3step regression analysis, the diversity of information sources did not show significant value in eco-innovation, which means that information diversity has no control over the effects of government regulation, market motivations, and corporate capacity on eco-innovation. The importance of information source mitigates the impact of regulations and market drivers on green process innovation. The diversity of information sources did not show significant value for eco-innovation, and the importance of information source confirmed that regulation and market drivers have a moderating effect on process eco-innovation. 친환경혁신은 일반혁신 보다 다양하고 많은 양의 지식확보를 위한 네트워크가 필요하고 (Horbach et al., 2013), 혁신의 성공을 위해 관련기술을 보유한 기관과 긴밀하고 지속적인 관계가 중요하다(Huggins et al., 2010). 본 연구에서는 친환경혁신 결정요인과 친환경혁신 성과간의 관계를 실증적으로 분석하고, 정보원천의 다양성과 중요성의 조절효과를 검증하였다. 친환경혁신 결정요인은 정부규제, 시장요인, 기업역량으로, 종속변수는 친환경 프로세스혁신과 제품혁신으로 정의하였다. 정보원천 다양성은 외부 정보원천의 개수로 측정 하였다. 또한 정보원천 중요도는 외부 지식원천과의 관계의 깊이를 나타낸다. 분석 결과 정부규제는 프로세스 혁신에 정(+)의 상관관계를 나타내고 제품혁신에는 유의미한 결과가 나타나지 않았다. 시장동인과 기업역량은 프로세스 혁신과 제품혁신 모두에서 정(+)의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 세 요인 중 프로세스 혁신에서는 기업역량이, 제품혁신에서는 시장동인이 가장 높은 상관관계를 나타냈다. 3단계 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하여 조절효과를 검증한 결과 정보원천의 다양성은 친환경혁신에서 유의한 값을 나타내지 않았고, 정보원천의 중요성은 규제와 시장동인이 친환경 프로세스혁신에 주는 영향에 완화적 조절효과가 있음을 확인했다.

Innovation in Indian Industries: Insights from the First National Innovation Survey

Parveen Arora,Pradosh Nath 아시아기술혁신학회 2015 Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy Vol.4 No.3

Technological innovations, as the key to building competitive advantage, need a comprehensive review to address the issues related to transformation of the Indian industries. The present paper reports the broad findings of the first National Innovation Survey undertaken by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. The findings presented here highlight the status of innovation related activities in different industrial sectors, its weaknesses, and areas requiring institutional interventions. The survey results underline the fact that the innovation activities in Indian industries are more for survival in a competitive market conditions than to create market advantage. A sort of disconnect between the innovation support system and the production system is a discernible fact that surfaces from the study. The study also indicates certain characteristics of the innovation behaviour of firms that brings out developing country issues of innovation.

Performance Effect of the Fits between Industrial Environment, Innovation Capacity and Innovation: Focusing on Innovation-Intensive Korean Firms

Seung-Hyun Lee,박영일,권영관 아시아기술혁신학회 2015 Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy Vol.4 No.3

To explain the performance gap between firms in the same industry, this study focuses on innovation. It provides a new framework using the dynamic-capability view based on empirical analysis of domestic businesses. The findings of this study are as follows: First, when the uncertainty and competition intensity in the business environment and the level of innovation have “fit”, it means that when the former goes up, so does the latter. In this regard, when the innovation capability of a firm is high, being “fit” means that the level of innovation is also high. When there was fitting innovation on industrial environment and innovation capacity, companies were able to achieve relatively high performance. Also, it was confirmed that instead of innovation for innovation capacity, innovation for industrial environment led to relatively higher performances of firms.

기업의 개방형 혁신이 혁신 생산성에 미치는 영향: 외부 지식 탐색활동을 중심으로

이종선 ( Jong Seon Lee ),박지훈 ( Ji Hoon Park ),배종태 ( Zong Tae Bae ) 한국지식경영학회 2016 지식경영연구 Vol.17 No.1

Extant research on firm innovation productivity is limited in measuring the innovation productivity,in which they measured firm innovation productivity by using either inputs or outputs of innovation. The present study complemented the extant research by employing Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach to measure firm innovation productivity. Furthermore, this paper examined the effects of firms` external knowledge search, as one of open innovation practices, on firm innovation productivity, for open innovation activities are regarded as an influencing factor on firm innovation productivity in the previous literatures. Using the data of the Korean Innovation Survey (KIS) of manufacturing industries conducted in 2008, this study developed hypotheses in which we considered not only two dimensions of external knowledge search (breadth and depth) but also two subtypes of external knowledge search (market-driven and science-driven). The results found that searching deeply and market-driven search are positively related to firm innovation productivity, but science-driven search is somewhat negatively related to firm innovation productivity. Furthermore, market-driven search can mitigate the negative effect of science-driven search on innovation productivity.

정부의 혁신 촉진 정책이 서비스 산업의 기술 혁신 성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

우지환(Jihwan Woo),김영준(YoungJun Kim) 한국산학기술학회 2019 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.20 No.2

본 최근, 4차 산업혁명 시대에 접어들면서, 서비스 산업의 기술 혁신에 대한 관심이 늘어나고 있다. 이러한 시대적 흐름에서, 본 논문에서는 현재 정부의 지원 제도, 규제, 혁신 촉진 정책이 서비스 산업에 속한 기업들의 기술 혁신 성과에 미치는 영향을 4,000개의 대한민국 서비스 산업 기업들을 대상으로 실증적으로 분석하였다. 다중 회귀 분석과 위계적 회기 분석을 적용하여 개별 요소 간의 상관관계를 분석하였고, 이를 이용해서, 정부의 지원과 규제와 서비스 산업의 기술 혁신의 두 축인 공정 혁신 및 제품 혁신에 대한 영향력을 검정하였다. 또한, 정부의 혁신 정책이 정부의 지원 및 규제와 서비스 기업의 기술 혁신 성과를 조절하고 있음을 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 정부의 지원 제도는 서비스 산업의 공정 혁신 및 제품 혁신 성과모두에 영향을 미치지만, 규제의 경우에는 공정 혁신 성과에만 영향을 미치는 것으로 파악하였다. 그리고 혁신 정책은 정부의 지원 제도 및 규제와 서비스 산업의 혁신 성과의 관계를 조절하는 것으로 평가되었다. 따라서 이러한 연구 결과는 기업의 경영층에게 정부의 지원 제도와 혁신 정책을 정확히 파악해서 이를 활용하도록 전략적인 시사점을 제공한다. 또한, 정부가 서비스 산업의 기술 혁신을 촉진하기 위해서는, 혁신 정책의 기술 혁신 성과에 대한 조절 효과를 높이기 위해서, 시대에 맞지 않는 규제들을 다시 정비하고, 기업의 규모나, 서비스 내용의 특성 등에 맞는 세분화된 정책을 만들어야 하는 정책적인 시사점을 제공한다. This paper analyzes the effects of government support systems, regulation, and innovation promotion policy on technological innovation performance of companies in the service industry using 4,000 Korean service industry companies. Multiple and hierarchical multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the correlation between the individual factors and process innovation and product innovation. Government support, regulation and technology innovation in the service industry were tested. In addition, government innovation promotion policy includes government support and regulation and the technological innovation performance of service firms. As a result, the government support system affects both the process innovation and the product innovation performance in the service industry, but affects only the process innovation performance in the case of regulation. Innovation promotion policy was found to regulate the relationship between government support systems and regulation and innovation performance of the service industry. Therefore, these findings provide strategic implications for the management of enterprises in relation to government support systems and innovation policy. It is necessary to reorganize regulations that are outdated to improve the effect of innovation policies on innovation performance.

정치적 및 상징적 효율성이 관리혁신의 확산에 미치는 영향과 이들에 대한 조절요인에 대한 연구

이경묵(Kyungmook Lee),박미혜(Mihye Park) 한국인사ㆍ조직학회 2009 인사조직연구 Vol.17 No.2

본 연구에서는 제도이론의 관점을 활용하여 관리혁신의 속성인 정치적 효율성과 상징적 효율성이 관리혁신의 확산에 미치는 영향을 논의하였다. 첫째, 정치적 효율성을 논의하면서 관리혁신의 확산을 추진하는 주체가 행사하는 영향력이 크 고 확산을 강제하는 정도가 강할수록, 그리고 혁신이 조직 내부 권력연합의 권력기반을 강화해줄수록 빠르게 확산될 것이라는 가설을 제시하였다. 둘째, 상징적 효율성을 논의하면서 사회적 지위가 높은 조직에서 고안하여 활용한 혁신, 권위있는 전문기관에서 추천하는 혁신, 사회진보와 정의구현에 도움을 주는 것으로 인정되는 혁신, 기존 제도들과의 적합성이 높은 혁신, 재발명된 혁신이 빠르게 확산될 것이라는 가설을 제시하였다. 셋째, 정치적 효율성과 상징적 효율성이 확산속도에 미치는 영향을 조절하는 요인들을 탐색하였다. 관리혁신이 정치적 효율성과 상징적 효율성이 높다고 해서 항상 빠르게 확산되지는 않는다. 다수의 조직과 조직내부의 권력 연합에게 큰 희생을 요구하는 혁신의 경우에는, 채택여부를 고민하는 의사결정자들이 혁신을 채택함으로써 얻을 수 있는 정치적 정당성의 확보와 상징적 평판의 고양을 포기할 수도 있기 때문이다. 따라서 혁신채택에 필수적으로 수반되는 비용과 희생이 작을수록 정치적 및 상징적 효율성이 확산에 미치는 영향이 강해질 것이다. 이런 조절요인으로 본 연구에서는 채택 여부의 가시성, 혁신의 독자성, 상징적 채택의 용이성을 검토하였다. 또 다른 조절요인으로 혁신의 채택이 근본적인 조직변화를 요구하는지의 여부, 핵심부 인력의 변화를 요구하는지의 여부를 검토하였다. 이러한 논의를 바탕으로 본 연구의 제도이론에 대한 잠재적 공헌, 연구의 한계, 그리고 미래 연구방향을 제시하였다. This paper proposes empirically testable hypotheses regarding the effects of the attributes of innovation on its diffusion. Based on the review of extant literature, this study suggests that “politically efficient,” and “symbolically efficient” innovations will have high diffusion rates. First, politically efficient innovation is defined to be one that satisfies interest of strong external stakeholders or interest of inside power coalition of an organization. We hypothesize that when the external stakeholder promoting the diffusion of an innovation shields a greater power on organizations and a strong will to coerce its adoption to those organizations, the innovation will diffuse faster. Also, we propose that an innovation strengthening the power basis of extant power coalition will diffuse faster than the innovation weakening it. Second, symbolically efficient innovation is defined to be one that enhances reputation and modern image of adopting organizations. We propose that an innovation designed and used by organizations with high social status, an innovation recommended by prestigious professional association, or an innovation contributing social progress and justice will diffuse faster. We also suggest that an innovation closely related to existing practices or an innovation that was reinvented from existing dominant practices will exhibit higher diffusion rates. Third, this study investigates additional innovation attributes that moderate the effect of political and symbolic efficiency of an innovation on its diffusion. When the adoption and implementation of an innovation incurs a great deal of cost, organizations can give up its adoption even though the innovation is politically and symbolically efficient and thus the effects of political and symbolic efficiencies on innovation diffusion will become weaker. Specifically, we discuss the moderating effect of visibility of innovation adoption, easiness of decoupling innovation adoption from its implementation, and independence of an innovation from extant practices. Moreover, we suggest that adoption of an innovation that demands radical organizational change, or affects core organizational members will be costly. Thus, we propose the moderating effects of those attributes in innovation diffusion process. As future research directions, we suggest that future research can explore generalized diffusion model that can explain diffusion of both organizational innovations and technological innovations. Empirical research that can test hypotheses proposed in this paper will be valuable. Meta-analysis on extant diffusion literature can be the first step to empirically test those hypotheses. Other option is to collect diffusion data of diverse organizational innovations that exhibit varying diffusion rates and analyze the data by using innovation itself as a unit of analysis.

The Concepts and Issues of Societal Innovation Policy

Wichin Song 과학기술정책연구원 2011 STI Policy Review Vol.2 No.2

Innovation Policy has evolved to solve social problems through technological innovation. Industrial innovation policy promotes technological innovation so that it consolidates industrial competitiveness and aims at economic growth; however, societal innovation policy promotes technological innovation in the social service domain to improve the quality of life and strengthen sustainability. A different policy regime is required because the objectives and directions of societal innovation policy are different from those of industrial innovation policy. This report consolidates the concepts and characteristics of societal innovation policy that suggest policy options.

기업 혁신이 수출에 미치는 영향 -국내 중소기업을 중심으로-

강석민 한국기업경영학회 2012 기업경영연구 Vol.19 No.2

Exporting to firms has been identified as a fundamental and strategic way to enter into foreign markets. According to stage theory of internationalization suggested by Johanson and Vahlne (1977), a firm does exporting as the first strategy to enter into foreign markets and gradually expands foreign markets. Even though a firm goes to foreign markets by direct investing, it still do exporting. Therefore, the relationship between direct investment and exporting to a firm may be complementary. As a result, many studies have focused to find the determinants of exporting. In general, firm innovation has been largely acknowledged as a crucial factor in a strategic aspect in Korean small and medium sized firms. Although Korean small and medium sized firms have limited resources, they tend to improve firm innovation to survive rapidly changing business environments in various foreign markets. Using 305 small and midium sized Korean venture firms listed on KOSDAQ over the periods from 1999 to 2010, this study examine the effect of firm innovation on export. In general, R&D expenditure can’t be a proper proxy variable for firm innovation. Unlike the previous studies, this study tried to investigate the effect of firm innovation on export, using innovation performance of firms from a Cobb-Douglas function. The empirical results indicate that firm innovation is positively associated with export. And the same results were shown when controlling for individual firm heterogeneity, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation of an error term, and firm innovation of the previous year. The empirical results mean in general that firms extending the process of foreign entry through export need to improve firm innovation. Although this study finds the positive association between firm innovation and export, there are problems in this study. First, this study only considers exporting of firms as one of the ways for foreign market entry. Even though Korean small and medium sized firms listed on KOSDAQ have a large portion of exporting, they could also consider other ways to enter into foreign markets. Therefore, it is needed to think about other ways to enter into foreign markets as well as exporting. Second, this study employs innovation performance made from a Cobb-Douglas function. In other words, this means we cannot know from where firm innovation performance is coming. Therefore, a future study which can be suggested should consider a multiple aspects of firm innovation. For example, OECD Olso Manual (2005) suggested four types of firm innovation such as product innovation, process innovation, marketing innovation, and organizational innovation. Accordingly, it is needed to examine the relationship between an individual type of firm innovation and exporting in a future study, if the related data are available. This direction of a future study can tell which effort for innovation is required to firms. 기업의 혁신은 기업의 전략 측면에서 중요한 요인으로 간주되어 오고 있다. 국내 중소기업들은 자원의 한계에 직면해 있음에도 불구하고, 해외진출을 통하여 기업의 성과를 달성하고 있다. 본 연구는 1999년부터 2010년까지 코스닥(KOSDAQ)에 상장된 305개의 국내 중소기업들을 대상으로 기업의 혁신성과가 수출에 미치는 영향에 대해서 분석하였다. 일반적으로 기업의 혁신과 관련하여 R&D 지출이 대리변수로써 사용되어져 왔으나, R&D 지출은 혁신을 위한 투입요소이지 혁신의 직접적 대리변수가 될 수 없는 등의 한계점을 지니고 있다. 따라서 기존의 R&D를 사용한 연구와는 달리 콥-더글라스(Cobb-Douglas) 생산 함수로부터 혁신성과를 도출하여 국내 중소기업의 수출에 미치는 영향에 관하여 분석을 시도하였다. 실증 분석의 결과는 기업혁신이 수출에 유의적인 정(+)의 영향을 제공하고 있음을 제시하고 있다. 이러한 기업 혁신의 영향은 각 기업의 이질성, 오차항의 이분산과 자기상관성, 전년도의 기업의 혁신성과를 고려한 다양한 통계 기법을 사용하였을 때 역시 유의적인 양(+)의 영향을 미치고 있음을 보여주고 있다. 본 연구의 실증분석 결과로부터 수출을 통한 해외진입을 추구하는 기업들은 혁신성과를 향상시킬 필요가 있음을 시사하고 있다