현대 정보·사이버전의 효용성과 향후 과제

이상호,조윤영 세종연구소 2009 국가전략 Vol.15 No.3

The apostles of RMA(Revolution in Military Affairs) have convinced both military and public during recent years on the effectiveness of Information War(IW) as a new highly functional style of warfare which can lift the fog of war and achieve victory against many present and future challenges. However, the war in Iraq since 2003 has proven such a claim was premature. Although there have been some real achievements, the actual practice of IW is difficult to apply. Furthermore, despite some visible successes on the operational level, the effectiveness of IW on the strategic level is questionable. In fact, the Iraqi insurgents and Al-Quaeda are as adept as the West in waging IW, as they methodically employed unconventional ‘asymmetric’ tactics and manipulate media. While IW offers great advantages in information-driven battlefield, there should be a realization the actual victory cannot be achieved with information alone especially on the strategic level. This is the dilemma which West has to address, in particular, in future struggles against the unconventional opponents. 군사개혁주의(RMA) 추종자들이 정보전(IW)을 지지하는 가장 큰 이유는 정보전이 전쟁에서 불확실성을 제거하여 승리를 보장해 줄 수 있는 새롭고도 효과적인 수단이라고 생각하기 때문이다. 그러나 2003년 발발한 이라크전의 경우를 보면 이런 주장이 과연 타당성이 있는 것인가 의심을 품게 한다. 당시 정보전의 효과가 일부 증명되었고 특히 작전차원에서의 전쟁수행 중 다양한 전과를 이룩하기도 했으나, 정보전의 실전 수행에는 많은 어려움을 겪었다. 결국 이라크전을 전략적 차원에서 평가할 경우 정보전의 효용성에 대해 의심을 가질 수밖에 없다. 실제 이라크 반군이나 알카에다와 같은 테러 조직의 경우 정보를 비대칭 전술의 도구로 활용하면서 서방의 언론을 왜곡하여 그들의 주장을 전파하고 전과를 과시하는 전략적 목표를 달성하는 교활함을 보였다. 따라서 정보전이 정보화된 전장 환경에서 대단한 우위를 보이는 것은 사실이나, 전략적 차원에서 정보전 능력만으로 전쟁의 승리를 얻을 수 있다는 믿음은 착각에 불과하다. 향후 미국을 포함한 서방은 이런 딜레마를 반듯이 극복해야만 비대칭전술을 구사하는 비정규 세력을 상대로 미래 전쟁에 승리를 보장받을 수 있을 것이다.

Cyber Cognitive Warfare as an Emerging New War Domain and Its Strategies and Tactics

( Minwoo Yun ),( Eunyoung Kim ) 한국국방연구원 2022 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.34 No.4

Cognitive warfare has become the crucial war domain that determines the outcome of modern wars. Joseph Nye pointed out, “in today’s war, it is not whose army wins, but whose story wins,” emphasizing the importance of narratives to occupy human minds and hearts. This has been repeatedly observed in the “War on Terror” in Afghanistan and Iraq-Syria and the Russia-Ukraine war in 2014 and 2022. The strategic importance of winning human cognition by the use of non-kinetic influence operation had been similarly emphasized in the propositions of fifth-generation warfare and Gerasimov’s suggestions. By recognizing the importance of cognitive warfare, this paper attempts to address the concept of cognitive warfare and suggest strategic and tactical principles for its practical operation and use. The concept of cognitive warfare is still ambiguous, blurring together with related concepts such as psychological warfare, information warfare, cyberwar, active measures, and Reflexive Control. Besides, the substantial conceptual differences between the U.S.-West and Russia have added more confusion. Thus, some clarification to distinguish the concept of cognitive warfare from other related terms seems necessary. Meanwhile, neither has there been any concrete proposition of how cognitive warfare works strategically and tactically. The literature and earlier reports only introduced various specific effects and techniques of cognitive operations. Nevertheless, how these effects and techniques are strategically- tactically integrated and jointly applied for a cohesive cognitive military operation is yet to be proposed. This paper responds to two such issues of cognitive warfare. In future warfare, the weight of cognitive warfare is anticipated to increase further. Hopefully, this paper will be a stepping stone to rouse interest in cognitive warfare and the development of its strategies and tactics.

Soft Power in Northeast Asia, Using AI in Information Warfare

Sunggu Jo J-INSTITUTE 2023 Robotics & AI Ethics Vol.8 No.-

Purpose: Conflicts between Korea, the United States, Japan, North Korea, China, and Russia continue along with the competition for supremacy between the United States and China, and conflicts between South and North Korea and between China and Taiwan continue as the Korean Peninsula is an area with a high possibility of military conflict. However, even in North Korea, China, and Russia, which are closed countries, the influence of the soft power of cultural content such as dramas through the Internet is bringing about changes in collective sentiment even in closed countries. Due to these phenomena, Northeast Asia, which has been confronted with military power, is facing a new phase, and we wanted to discuss the use of AI technology in information warfare by the soft power of the Intelligence Agency. Method: For the expansion of AI use and research on information warfare, the historical cases of Northeast Asia were analyzed, and the evolution of literature and media was reviewed to understand the phenomenon of artificial intelligence (AI) after the 4th industrial revolution, and the themes were selected. In addition, related data were collected and reviewed, and an attempt was made to theoretically establish the research results academically. Results: 1. Northeast Asia is undergoing a transition from order based on hard power through military power to soft power based on cultural content. Just as the spread of culture has expanded faster and deeper the more it is controlled by the state, many researchers in Northeast Asia sympathize with the collapse of the system when asked how long such surveillance and control by dictatorships such as China and North Korea will be possible. According to this phenomenon, the influence of the power of culture on society was analyzed. 2. Artificial intelligence (AI) learning information will adversely affect sound soft power due to manipulated information and biased algorithm learning data. Due to this loophole, the Intelligence Agency will launch an information war using artificial intelligence (AI) technology that suits its own interests. In addition, the Internet will accelerate the propagation speed of distorted soft power and penetrate deeply into human life. Therefore, the Intelligence Agency is expected to analyze the influence of this distorted soft power on its country and start blocking and defending against attacks. Conclusion: 1. The legal system before the advent of AI is expected to be modified or supplemented by more than 50% after the advent of AI. In accordance with this paradigm shift, the authority of the Intelligence Agency in the information warfare of AI was divided into the right to investigate, the right to investigate, and the right to operate. 2. In response to the threat of using artificial intelligence (AI) in information warfare, the government of the country not only expanded the size of the Intelligence Agency but also proposed a hybrid structure of cooperation with the private sector, that is, a model of ‘hybrid defense’. Lastly, in 1983, when tensions between the US and the Soviet Union were in the Cold War, the state-of-the-art scientific equipment, a satellite for detecting nuclear missiles, recognized the US ICBM launch warning. In response, Lieutenant Colonel Stanislav Petrov, commander of the Watch Command of the Soviet Air Defense Force, determined through human intuition that this was a computer error. It reexamined the case of preventing World War III by judging computer errors through human intuition, not judgment of scientific equipment, and suggested ethical issues in information warfare.

하이브리드 전쟁에 대한 비판적 고찰

오시진 국제법평론회 2022 국제법평론 Vol.- No.62

How should we understand hybrid warfare, which has recently been attracting attention, in international law? Until recently, war, in terms of international law, was relatively clear. The initiation of the war could also be visually confirmed, the performers of the war were also the state, and the method of war was based on traditional military conflict. However, the appearance of the battlefield in the 21st century is different from the past. It has come to a point where it is no longer possible to say that only physical armed conflict is the only form of war. Hybrid warfare is at the center of the discourse about the emergence of a new form of warfare. When Russia annexed Crimea through a hybrid warfare in 2014, the international community paid attention to this new idea. From the perspective of international law, hybrid warfare is problematic. This is because hybrid warfare has a so-called gray zone, which is difficult for opposing countries or the international community to respond immediately. Therefore, there are areas that are difficult to approach with traditional armed conflict law or international humanitarian law. Some even argue that the rules of international law in wartime become meaningless. However, there are some points to consider whether this approach is really valid. Is international law useless in hybrid warfare? Based on previous studies related to hybrid warfare, there are parts that need to be critically considered on hybrid warfare and its discourse itself. First, there are parts that need to be separated from the existing discourses and narratives about hybrid warfare. Unlike conventional discourse, it is difficult to say that hybrid warfare is limited to a specific country. Today's war may require a change in perception, as it may have become a daily situation where hybrid elements must be considered. Second, this study points out that the reason for the occurrence of international legal problems in relation to hybrid warfare may be a problem of perception. The gray zone, legal and information warfare issues can also be approached with a shift in perception. The perspective on war has changed, and accordingly, the understanding of the exclusive legal application of the dichotomous international law on war may need to change. Rather than being immersed in the problem of distinction between peacetime and wartime, we may have to have a ‘complex perspective.’ However, this approach has a limitation. More fundamentally, it may be necessary to reinterpret and redefine the concepts of “peace” and “war.” .

4차 산업혁명시대 도래에 따른 군(軍) 정보의 역할

이용식 ( Lee Yong-sik ),권영근 ( Kwon Yong-guen ),서효일 ( Seo Hy-oil ) 한국군사학회 2018 군사논단 Vol.95 No.-

The military information environment following the advent of the Fourth industrial revolution which was based on the internet and computer environment of the information age(3rd industrial revolution) will be transformed into hyper-connected and hyper-intelligent environments. Therefore, many systematic changes are expected to be made in information collection, analysis, processing, and utilization. Modern warfare is dominated by high technology based on intelligence, communication, electronics, software, wireless network. Contents that is the core of the IP-based digital field environment is information/intelligence. The past 3rd industrial revolution combat domain was made in three dimensions of ground, sea and air. Currently, although it is a beginner level, it is expanding into space and cyber space, As you can see in the Gulf war and 1998 Kosovo war, electronic warfare using electronic intelligence is the primary means of winning the war and the emitter analysis information is input to the electronic warfare device and used as jamming or deceiving data. Because of the difficult encryption algorithm, it is not easy to source decoding the original text. The location finding technique for the emitter is also a very important factor. It makes it possible to estimate the enemy intention, weapon system type, and movement route through the fusion analysis with the image intelligence. Modern advanced countries are moving toward a policy of pursuing superiority of intelligence in the construction of military power. In the 4th Industrial Revolution environment, all battlefield support systems(UAVs, satellites, IoT, AI, Wireless) such as information gathering, processing, storage, distribution, display, supply input data directly to weapon system, and decision making system are digitalized and they are connected to a highly encrypted C4I network system. Intelligence will be shared naturally to the end user. The future war is not based on the concept of destruction of personnel and industrial facilities by firepower but it will be the concept of destroying information systems, networks, etc. that create intelligence and knowledge in a large data. Also, the concept of battlefield was formed around the frontal area, but now it will develop into a non-linear, multi-dimensional war. If all the organizations such as government agencies, military, resources, energy, and transportation are organically connected to the network and any of them is destroyed, the function of the state can be paralyzed Considering the future 4th industrial revolution environment, the ROK military produce and build a database the information/intelligence gathered and processed by high-level experts in a multidimensional environment where civilians and military are integrated, and their data is mutually shared by various information systems connected to the network. It must be promptly entered into the final precision striking system and the operation must be carried out. In the future, as the paradigm shifts to 4th industrial revolution environment, the military organization structure will gradually change from the physical fire power-based to the information system-based organization. The advanced systems such as AI, IoT, wireless(5G), cloud system collect mass data, process big data, produce various intelligence quickly, and provide information needed for demanding units.

우크라이나 전쟁과 미래전: 인도-태평양 지역 및 한반도에 대한 함의

설인효 ( Seol Inhyo ),배학영 ( Bae Hackyoung ) 국방대학교 안보문제연구소 2023 국방연구 Vol.66 No.2

미래전은 정보화전에서 지능화전으로 그 양상이 변모할 것이다. 전쟁의 본질은 체계의 대결에서 알고리즘의 대결로, 승리의 조건은 제정보권 달성에서 제지능권 달성으로, 수행의 주체는 인간에서 인간-기계 복합체계로, 수행방식은 네트워크 중심전에서 클라우드 중심전으로, 승리의 요체는 체계공략에서 인지공략으로 바뀔 것이다. 우크라이나전에서 드러난 미래전 양상은 다영역 작전, 사이버·정보전, 우주전, 인공지능 이용, 드론 및 무인기술의 활용, 인지전 수행의 본격화, 하이브리드전의 혼전 등 일곱 가지이다. 향후 기술발전 및 미·중 군사경쟁 양상을 고려할 때 한반도를 둘러싼 인도-태평양 지역에서는 다양한 형태의 미래전 양상이 반영되며 전쟁 수행방식 및 전장 공간이 변모해 나갈 것이다. 우크라이나 전쟁의 교훈이 작용하고 대만을 둘러싼 군사적 긴장이 고조될 경우 이와 같은 변화가 가속적으로 진행될 가능성도 배제할 수 없다. 이러한 상황에서 한국은 한미동맹 차원에서 새롭게 도입될 미래전 요소 및 양상에 유의하며 미래의 변화에 대비, 대응해야 할 것이다. The nature of future wars will transform from an information-based conflict to an intelligence-based one, and victory will depend on achieving dominance in intelligence rather than in information. The actors involved in warfare will shift from being human-centric to being human-machine composite systems. The mode of warfare will evolve from a network-centric to a cloud-centric one, and the object of attacks will change from system-based to cognition-based strategies. Seven characteristics of future wars have emerged from the conflict in Ukraine: multi-domain operations, cyber and information warfare, space warfare, the use of artificial intelligence, drones and unmanned technologies, the intensification of cognitive warfare, and the hybridization of warfare. Given the future technological developments and the nature of the military competition between the US and China, the Korean Peninsula and the surrounding Indo-Pacific region are likely to experience various forms of future warfare, which will require the transformation of the mode of warfare and the battlefield. The lessons from the conflict in Ukraine and the escalating military tensions surrounding Taiwan suggest that such changes may accelerate. In this context, South Korea needs to be alert to the new elements and characteristics of future warfare that will be introduced through the US-South Korea alliance and prepare to respond to these changes.

정보화 시대의 전쟁양상 - Network Centric Warfare(네트워크 중심 전쟁)을 중심으로

우희철 중소기업융합학회 2016 융합정보논문지 Vol.6 No.4

본 연구는 현재 정보기술의 급속한 발달로 인해 우리 일상 생활에 많은 변화를 야기하는 정보화가 진행되고 있는 현재 일반사회뿐만 아니라 국가가의 전쟁 양상도 기존 재래식 중심의 전쟁에서 정보화시대의 전쟁 즉 정보전의 개념으로 변화되어 가고 있는 시점에서 정보전의 개념과 미래 정보전의 개념, 특히 네트워크 중심의 전쟁에 대해 살펴봄으로써 정보전에 대한 개념 및 효율적인 운용방안을 제시함으로써 미래 정보전하에서 완벽한 임무수행에 기 여할 수 있는 방법을 제시코자 한다. 이를 위하여 정보화시대의 전쟁양상을 시대별로 구분하여 정리하였으며, 미래 전쟁양상의 변화에 대해서는 미래전의 기본구도, 미래전장의 변화, 미래 정보전의 양상에 대해 다루었으며 미래 정보 전의 핵심인 네트워크 중심 전쟁에 대해 전쟁수행방식과 전쟁에서의 영향에 대해서 집중적으로 고찰해 봄으로써 네트워크 중심 전쟁의 올바른 운용방안에 대해 내용을 제시하고 있다. This research suggests a method to contribute to the perfect execution of duty in prospective information warfare by inspecting network-based warfare, in which its basic concepts and efficient management plans are provided; it is especially important, due to growing focus on information warfare caused by sudden improvements on information technology which affects not only civil matters but international military affairs as well. For this purpose, this research scrutinizes on the chronological organization of warfare traits during the information age, and information-warfare execution, as well as its effects, thereby providing proper management plans for network-based warfare.

북한의 사이버전 위협분석과 대응방안 고찰

김두현 한국인터넷방송통신학회 2014 한국인터넷방송통신학회 논문지 Vol.14 No.2

본 연구에서는 위협이 증가되고 있는 사이버전의 위협과 사이버전에 전장 환경의 위협이 무엇인가에 대해 현 재 일어나고 있는 실상을 중심으로 분석하였다. 그리고 주요 선진 국가들이 사이버전에 어떻게 대응하고 있는가에 대 한 현 실상을 제시하였다. 그리고 세계 3위권의 사이버전 수행능력을 구비하고 있는 북한의 사이버전 위협과 북한의 사이버전 전략이 한국의 국가안보에 미치는 영향을 제시하였으며, 현존하는 북한의 사이버전 위협과 미래에 예상되는 북한의 사이버전 위협에 한국이 어떻게 대비하고 대응할 것인가에 대해서 연구하였다. In this study, I analyzed the increased threat of cyber warfare and the threat of reality about what is happening around the currently. And to prepare for it, I proposed the fact how main developed countries deal with cyber warfare. Also, I presented North Korea's cyber warfare threat which is equipped with world's top 3 cyber warfare performance and the way how their strategy influence to South Korea's national security. Moreever, I studied the existing North Korea's cyber warfare threat and the way how, how South Korea deal with it and prepare to against expected threat of cyber warfare in future.

러시아 연방의 정보-심리작전과 재귀 통제(Reflexive Control)

이정하 한국서양사연구회 2022 서양사연구 Vol.- No.66

How does reflexive control affect state security and destabilize the government and entire society? And why is it currently so important in the concepts of information warfare, one of many features of the 21st century warfare? Reflexive control is the process of transmitting specially crafted and probabilistic information to the enemy center, which is aimed at making a decision favorable to the aggressor. This operation can be successful only if the adversary does not realize that the premises on the basis of which it takes a given action are the result of external interference. In order to minimize the probability of discovering this manipulation, the entity applying reflexive control is obliged to create so-called reflexive models imitating the process of reasoning, self-awareness and potential behavior of the opponent. Each decision is a resultant of a subjective image existing in the consciousness of the decision maker, which is a mosaic of various elements. The subjective image of the situation in a given conflict available to each party is shaped primarily by the so-called information-psychological operation, which within the concept of reflexive control is obliged to provide the most precise information necessary to create the so-called reflexive model reflecting the opponent and imitating his behavior in a given situation. The aim of this article is to explain the theoretical foundations, genesis and application of reflexive control methods in the sphere of information warfare, focusing on Russia’s information-psychological operation.

효율적인 국방사이버심리전 수행방안

이기중 한국융합보안학회 2008 융합보안 논문지 Vol.8 No.1

As a new facet of international security in 21C, Information Warfare(IW) has rised new way of warfare and demostrated its efficiency in battelfield. With the rapid development of information technology, inded, it is difficult to estimate the future of IW. While there are a lot of discussion on the clear concep of IW, it is clear that IW has the factor of psychological warfare, so-called cyber psychological warfare. Considering the security enviornment of Republic of Korea(ROK), the cyber psychological warfare has the significant importance for national security. While it has to deal with the cyber psychological warfare of North Korea, it also try to cope the various threaten of international conflicts to protect Korean people and national interest. 21세기 정보통신 기술의 발전으로 비롯된 정보화 흐름은 안보분야에서도 커다란 변화를 야기하였으며, 미래 전장 환경은 정보전으로 변화하고 있다. 사이버 심리전은 정보전의 한 형태로, 가상의 사이버 공간에서 심리전 목표를 달성하기 위해 수행되며 전통적 심리전 영역과 사이버 공간의 결합된 독특한 특수성을 지니고 있다. 특히 21세기 역동적 안보환경에서 국가안보를 위한 사이버심리전의 중요성은 아무리 강조해도 지나침이 없다. 효율적 국방사이버심리전 수행을 위해서는 우선 현존하는 최대 안보위협요인인 북한의 사이버심리전을 효과적으로 차단하고 이에 대한 대응책을 마련하는 한편, 테러 등최근 대두되고 있는 우리 국민과 국익관련 각종 분쟁해결을 위한 사이버심리전 전개방안도 강구되어야 할 것이다.