서사문의 추론 단서 유무에 따른 인물 감정 추론의 차이

황상현,박영민 한국교원대학교 교육연구원 2023 敎員敎育 Vol.39 No.6

연구목적 본 연구는 추론 단서 유무에 따른 인물 감정 추론의 차이를 분석하여 읽기이해 증진을 위한 교재 수정의 가능성과 타당성을 확인하는 데 있다. 연구방법 추론 단서가 포함되지 않은 지문으로 구성된 검사지(X형)를 497명의 고등학생에게, 추론 단서가포함된 지문으로 구성된 검사지(O)형를 477명의 고등학생에게 제공하여 인물 감정 추론을 검사하였다. 응답 자료를 바탕으로 검사지 유형별, 성별, 수준별, 감정 유형별로 분석하여 인물 감정 추론의 차이를 확인하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 추론 단서가 포함되지 않은 지문을 읽은 학생보다 추론 단서가 포함된 지문을 읽은 학생의인물 감정 추론이 더 정확하였다. 둘째, 추론 단서를 포함한 지문과 포함하지 않은 지문의 평균 차이는 성별, 수준별로 모두 확인되었다. 셋째, 추론 단서는 긍정적 감정보다 부정적 감정 추론에 더 효과적이었다. 결론 추론 단서를 서사문에 추가하는 방안이 교재 수정의 새로운 방안으로 고려될 필요가 있다. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the differences in personal emotion inference based on the presence of inference cues, confirming the possibility and validity of textbook revisions to enhance reading comprehension. Methods: A test consisting of passages without inference cues (Type X) was administered to 497 high school students, while a test consisting of passages with inference cues (Type O) was administered to 477 high school students to assess personal emotion inference. Based on the response data, differencesin personal emotion inference were examined by test type, gender, proficiency level, and emotion type. Results: Firstly, students who read passages with inference cues demonstrated more accurate personal emotion inference compared to those who read passages without inference cues. Secondly, the average differences between passages with and without inference cues were confirmed across gender andproficiency levels. Thirdly, inference cues were more effective in facilitating negative emotion inference compared to positive emotions. Conclusion: The addition of inference cues to narrative texts should be considered as an innovative approach for textbook revisions aimed at enhancing reading comprehension.

Explicit Instruction of Meaning Inference Strategies and Success in Meaning Inference

Park, Chaehee 한국중앙영어영문학회 2020 영어영문학연구 Vol.62 No.3

Lexical inference is an important vocabulary learning method, but it is still unknown whether an explicit instruction of inference strategies would improve inference accuracy. In this study, it is investigated whether an explicit instruction of word-meaning inference strategies in class contributes to the success of meaning inference while reading. Two reading texts materials containing 10 pseudowords each were created (Hamada, 2013). Thirty four Korean EFL university students participated in the task experiments. The participants’ meaning inference accuracy rate was tested two times (pretest and posttest after treatment). It was found that the experiment group was significantly more advanced than the control group in word-meaning inference rate. The results indicated that an explicit instruction of word-meaning inference strategies was conducive to successful inference of unknown vocabulary. It is suggested that careful sections of inference strategies for instruction with consideration of learner’s proficiency levels would be necessary, that continuous training of inference strategies with practical application for reading comprehension and vocabulary learning is recommended, and that global strategies rather than local strategies would be necessary for learners to become successful in word-meaning inference.

Characteristics of Inference and Error in 4-6 Grade Students with Reading Comprehension Difficulties

유경진(Kyung Jin Yu),김미배(Mi bae Kim) 한국언어청각임상학회 2017 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.22 No.2

배경 및 목적: 본 연구는 초등 고학년 읽기이해부진아동의 읽기 내 추론능력을 유형에 따라 살펴보고 오류 특성을 확인하여 읽기이해부진아동의 평가 및 중재에 대한 시사점을 제공하고자 하였다. 방법: 본 연구는 학년과 거주지를 일치시킨 초등 고학년(4-6학년) 읽기이해부진아동과 일반아동 각 19명으로 총 38명을 대상으로 하였다. 추론 과제는 이야기 글 4개를 읽고 5개의 추론유형 질문에 답하는 것으로 질문은 총 45문항을 구성하였다. 결과: 첫째, 읽기이해부진아동의 추론능력은 일반아동보다 유의하게 낮았다. 둘째, 두 읽기집단의 추론능력을 살펴보면 사실적 정보 이해가 유의하게 높은 수행력을 보였고 배경지식을 기반한 추론, 응집성 추론, 정교한 추론 순으로 수행력이 높았다. 평가적 추론은 유의하게 낮은 수행력을 보였다. 셋째, 읽기집단과 추론유형에 따른 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. 넷째, 오류패턴을 살펴보면 두 읽기집단 모두 ‘미숙한 추론’, ‘틀린 추론’의 비율은 높고 ‘표현 언어 부족’의 비율은 가장 낮아 유사한 패턴을 보였다. 그러나 읽기이해부진아동은 ‘이해실패’와 ‘무응답/모른다’에서 일반아동보다 높은 비율을 보였다. 논의 및 결론: 초등 고학년 읽기이해부진아동은 읽기 내 추론과제에서 어려움을 보였으며 이는 심층적인 읽기이해를 하는 데 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것이다. 따라서 본 논문의 결과는 읽기이해부진아동의 추론능력을 유형에 따라 살펴보았고 오류 특징을 구체적으로 살펴보아 읽기이해부진아동의 평가 및 중재의 시사점을 제공한다. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of inference in 4-6 grade students with reading comprehension difficulties. In addition, we have identified error patterns of inference skills in reading. Methods: A total of 38 students (19 children with reading comprehension difficulties and 19 normally developing children) participated in the study. The tasks evaluating the characteristics of inference were composed of 4 texts and 45 questions (literal information, cohesive inference, knowledge based inference, evaluative inference, elaborative inference). Results: First, the inference ability of children with reading comprehension difficulties was significantly lower than that of the normally developing children. Second, performance in characteristics of inference was significantly different. Third, there was an interaction effect between the reading groups and the characteristics of inference displayed. Fourth, the error patterns in both reading groups appeared similar. In both reading groups the error patterns of ‘wrong inferences’ and ‘immature inferences’ appeared more than 50% of the time. However, children with reading comprehension difficulties showed higher rates of ‘failure of literal comprehension’ than the normally developing children. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that children with reading comprehension difficulties had difficulties in inference tasks in reading. It seems necessary to examine inference tasks in reading to provide an intervention program for children with reading comprehension difficulties.

문맥상의 L2 어휘 학습연구: 학습 전략, 배경 지식을 사용한 학습연구를 통한 새로운 어휘 추론 전략 제시

정지원,김지영 중앙대학교 외국학연구소 2009 외국학연구 Vol.13 No.1

This study looks into the strategy and knowledge that students use for second language vocabulary inference. Using introspective and think-aloud protocol techniques, this study investigated learners' use of vocabulary knowledge in a context and their inference strategy. The participants of the study tried to infer the meaning of new vocabulary in context. The results of the study are as floows. First, even though the learners used commonly used strategy and knowledge to infer the meaning of new vocabulary in context, they did not always directly connected it via successful vocabulary inference. Second, different strategies brought successful vocabulary inference in different ways. Therefore, the participants used more various and newer strategies than the successful inference strategy that the existing studies show. In conclusion, when inferring vocabulary, this supports an inference model that distinguishes between an ability to use various knowledge effectively and a strategy. In addition, this study will discuss educational and theoretical results, as well as implications of the integrated vocabulary inference model. Moreover, it also mentions newly emerging inference strategies in vocabulary learning research, as well as a direction for future eduction on learning vocabulary in context using the inference strategy.

RDB-based Automatic Knowledge Acquisition and Forward Inference Mechanism for Self-Evolving Expert Systems

Kim, Jin-Sung Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 2003 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.13 No.6

In this research, we propose a mechanism to develop an inference engine and expert systems based on relational database (RDB) and SQL (structured query language). Generally, former researchers had tried to develop an expert systems based on text-oriented knowledge base and backward/forward (chaining) inference engine. In these researches, however, the speed of inference was remained as a tackling point in the development of agile expert systems. Especially, the forward inference needs more times than backward inference. In addition, the size of knowledge base, complicate knowledge expression method, expansibility of knowledge base, and hierarchies among rules are the critical limitations to develop an expert system. To overcome the limitations in speed of inference and expansibility of knowledge base, we proposed a relational database-oriented knowledge base and forward inference engine. Therefore, our proposed mechanism could manipulate the huge size of knowledge base efficiently. and inference with the large scaled knowledge base in a short time. To this purpose, we designed and developed an SQL-based forward inference engine using relational database. In the implementation process, we also developed a prototype expert system and presented a real-world validation data set collected from medical diagnosis field.

INFLUENCER ADVERTISING ON SOCIAL MEDIA: THE EFFECTS OF PRODUCT-INFLUENCER CONGRUENCE AND SPONSORSHIP DISCLOSURE ON MOTIVE INFERENCE PROCESSING

Do Yuon Kim,Hye-Young Kim 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

This study attempts to investigate consumers’ perceptual process of influencer advertising and its impact on brand attitude formation on social media. Perceived congruence between the influencer and the product and sponsorship disclosure are manipulated as key independent variables. In so doing, this study examines whether consumers can infer two types of motives (affective vs. calculative) from different levels of perceived congruence (high vs. low) and sponsorship disclosure (present vs. absent). The impact of multiple motive inference on brand attitude is also examined in this study. The result indicates that perceived congruence of influencer and posting has a significant effect on the affective motive inference. When the posting is perceived to be relevant to and expected from the influencer, the participants infer the affective motive of the influencer. However, the participants do not infer calculative motives from the incongruent posting of the influencer. As native advertising can obfuscate the boundary between editorial and commercial contents (Conill, 2016), perceived congruence is significant to successfully cover the posting as a natural posting by influencer and induce affective motive inference. In addition, the disclosure of sponsorship did not reveal any effect on the calculative and the affective motive inferences. Even though the disclosure of sponsorship can make viewers recognize an advertising intent (Boerman, Willemsen, & Van Der Aa, 2017), the message did not induce motives inference behind it. It is significant to investigate whether there are intervening variables that moderate the linkage between sponsorship disclosure and motive inference processing. Furthermore, affective motive inference impacted the attitude for the brand whereas calculative motive inference exerted no significant effect. These findings suggest that when the product promoted in influencer advertising is congruent with the influencer, consumers form positive attitude toward the brand through affective inference processing. To successfully implement influencer advertising, marketers should design a content congruent with the influencer’s original postings and encourage audience to engage in affective motive processing.

조세 회피 결정 요인에 관한 연구: 사회적 추론을 중심으로

김재휘,강윤희 한국사회및성격심리학회 2013 한국심리학회지 사회 및 성격 Vol.27 No.3

The purpose of this study was to examine the determinants of tax avoidance with emphasis on the role of social inference. Total of 1281 participants' data was gathered and analyzed with hierarchical regression model using variables such as demographical information, knowledge level, past experience(s) of tax avoidance, social inference, and etc. The results suggest that inference within in-group, perceived equity, tax ethics, attitude of tax organization, perceived necessity, majority inference, subjective knowledge, and sex were crucial factors when it comes to tax avoidance. Specifically, both of ‘majority inference’ that many people are doing the tax avoidance and ‘similarity inference’ that how the tax evaders are similar to them influenced the tax avoidance under categories of social inference. In more detail, the social inference that ‘similar people are doing the tax avoidance’ was found to be significant factor that explained the phenomenon of tax avoidance more than any other factors that had investigated in the previous studies. Moreover, these social inferences showed different scores depending on participants' subjective knowledge and tax ethics. This suggests that what determines the tax avoidance does not lie in the individual aspects as demographics, or tax ethics but in the social aspects that inference of other people and the society plays important role. 본 연구의 목적은 납세자의 조세회피의 결정 요인을 알아보고, 더 나아가 이러한 조세 회피 결정 요인에 있어 사회적 추론의 영향력을 검증하는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 총 1281명의 응답자를 대상으로 기본적인 조세 대상자의 특성, 개인의 납세 의식과 조세에 대한 지식, 조세 회피 경험, 그리고 동일한 납세 대상이 되는 타인과 사회에 대한 추론 등을 측정하여, 각 측정 변인들이 조세 회피에 미치는 영향력을 위계적 회귀 분석을 통해 검증하였다. 연구 결과, 조세 회피에 있어 유사성 추론, 공평성 인식, 납세 윤리, 기관에 대한 인식, 필요성 인식, 다수 추론, 조세에 대한 주관적 지식, 및 성별이 중요한 영향 요인임을 확인 하였다. 보다 세부적으로, 조세 회피에 대한 사회적 추론의 하위 차원에서 다수 추론과 유사성 추론이 모두 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 유사성 추론은 선행 연구에서 많이 다루어진 인구통계학적 변수나 납세 의식과 조세 지식에 대한 설명량 보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 조세 회피의 결정 요인은 인구통계학적 변수나 납세 의식과 같은 개인적 차원 자체의 힘이라기보다, 납세자가 지각하는 타인과 사회에 대한 추론이 중요한 영향을 미침을 확인 할 수 있었다. 더 나아가, 이렇게 활성화된 사회적 추론은 주관적 지식과 납세 윤리 수준에 따라 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 납세자의 조세 회피에 있어 개인적 차원과는 독립적으로 사회적 추론 역시 중요한 영향 요인임을 확인 하였다

登記의 推定力에 관한 考察

朴鍾元 대한민사법학회 2004 민사법연구 Vol.12 No.2

If a registration is, the statement of registration infer as have right-relation in substantial law. We speak it the power of inference in registration. BGB and ZGB have express provision rules about it. But our civil law have not a rule about the power of inference in registration, so many legal questions occur. Therefore, the purpose of this theses is to seek the method of solution about legal questions surrounding the power of inference in registration. I studied the following. Ⅰ. Introduction. Ⅱ. Reasons of recognition and Essence of the power of inference. Ⅲ. Extent of the power of inference. Ⅳ. Another destruction of the power of inference. Ⅴ. Relation to the power of inference in possession. Ⅵ. Conclusion.

OWLJessKB 추론 규칙을 바탕으로 한 subClassOf 추론에서의 그래프 레이블링 효율성 재평가

김재훈(Jaehoon Kim),박석(Seog Park) 한국정보과학회 2011 정보과학회논문지 : 데이타베이스 Vol.38 No.4

대량의 OWL 데이터를 신속히 추론하는 것은 중요한 연구 문제이다. 이러한 문제를 위한 하나의 노력으로 XML 레이블링처럼 OWL 데이터를 위한 그래프 레이블링이 연구되었다. 하지만 그래프레이블링에 대한 이전 연구들은 OWL 데이터를 단순화한 DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) 차원에서 아이디어를 설명하였다. RDF Semantics의 함의 규칙처럼 OWL Semantics에 근거한 실제 OWL 추론 규칙을 고려하지 못했다. Drexel 대학에서 개발한 OWLJessKB는 완전하지는 않지만 다수의 OWL 추론 규칙을 Horn 논리절에 기반하는 Jess 언어로 표현한 것이다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 실제 사용되는 OWL 추론 규칙을 바탕으로 subClassOf 추론에 대한 그래프 레이블링의 효율성을 다시 검토한다. OWL 추론은 규칙기반 추론 엔진인 Jess에서 채택한 Rete 알고리즘을 사용하여 설명한다. 실험 결과는 그래프 레이블링이 추론 수행을 빠르게 하며, 또한 subClassOf 추론에 의하여 새로이 생성된 RDF 트리플들의 저장을 생략 함으로써 공간 비용 및 수행 성능을 개선함을 보여준다. It is an important research problem to speedily inference large OWL data. As an effort for this problem, some graph labeling techniques for OWL data have been studied like XML labeling techniques. However, the former studies for graph labeling gave their idea in the level of DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) into which OWL data are simplified. They could not consider OWL inference rules based on OWL Semantics like the entailment rules of RDF Semantics. OWLJessKB developed in Drexel University is representing many OWL inference rules in Horn clause based Jess language. However, OWLJessKB is incomplete. In this paper, based on the actually used OWL inference rules, we reevaluate the efficiency of graph labeling for subClassOf inference. OWL inference is explained by using Rete algorithm adopted by Jess which is an rule-based inference engine. Experimental results show that graph labeling speeds up inference and enhances space cost and execution performance by omitting storing the new RDF triples generated by subClassOf inference.

차세대 웹 환경에서의 Rete Algorithm을 이용한 정방향 추론엔진 SMART - F 개발

정균범(Kyunbeom Jeong),송용욱(Yong Uk Song),홍준석(June Seok Hong),김우주(Wooju Kim),이명진(Myung Jin Lee),박지형(Ji Hyoung Park) 한국지능정보시스템학회 2007 지능정보연구 Vol.13 No.3

Inference engine that performs the brain of software agent in next generation’s web with various standards based on standard language of the web, XML has to understand SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language) that is a language to express the rule in the Semantic Web. In this research, we want to develop a forward inference engine, SMART-F (SeMantic web Agent Reasoning Tools -Forward chaining inference engine) that uses SWRL as a rule express method, and OWL as a fact express method. In the traditional inference field, the Rete algorithm that improves effectiveness of forward rule inference by converting if-then rules to network structure is often used for forward inference. To apply this to the Semantic Web, we analyze the required functions for the SWRL-based forward inference, and design the forward inference algorithm that reflects required functions of next generation’s Semantic Web deducted by Rete algorithm. And then, to secure each platform’s independence and portability in the ubiquitous environment and overcome the gap of performance, we developed management tool of fact and rule base and forward inference engine. This is compatible with fact and rule base of SMART-B that was developed. So, this maximizes a practical use of knowledge in the next generation’s Web environment.