Effect of Peanut Seed Orientation on Germination, Seedling Biomass, and Morphology in an Oak Tree Sawdust Cultivation System

Ahn, Junsik,Song, Ilchan,Kim, Dongjae,Lee, Joon Chul,Moon, Sungkwon,Myoung, Sooncheol,Ko, Kisung Korean Society of Horticultural Science 2017 원예과학기술지 Vol.35 No.4

We performed seed germination tests to investigate the effects of seed sowing orientation on germination viability on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) sprouts. Specifically, we assessed the influence of seed sowing orientation on germination rate, seedling weight, and seedling length, as well as the seedling vigor index. The seeds were sown in oak tree sawdust at 3.0 cm depth. Four seed orientations were tested: vertical with the hypocotyl end down, vertical with the hypocotyl end up, horizontal with the hypocotyl end down, and horizontal with the hypocotyl end up. The mean seed germination percentages of the four seed orientations were significantly different (p < 0.01) and ranged from 25 to 91.7%. The vertical orientation with hypocotyl-end-down and hypocotyl-end-up orientations showed the highest (91.7%) and lowest (25%) germination rates, respectively. The vertical orientation with the hypocotyl end down produced the heaviest (4.9 g) seedlings and the longest hypocotyls (4.65 cm). This orientation also produced the longest true leaf + epycotyl (2.15 cm) and had the highest seedling vigor index (197.1). The seedlings had a straight growth pattern, whereas seedlings from seeds sown with the hypocotyl up had an awkward plumular hook shape. Taken together, to produce peanut sprouts, we recommend placing the seeds vertically with the hypocotyl end down because this orientation leads to a high germination rate, high biomass production, and high overall seedling quality.

Effect of Peanut Seed Orientation on Germination, Seedling Biomass, and Morphology in an Oak Tree Sawdust Cultivation System

Junsik Ahn,Ilchan Song,Dongjae Kim,Joon Chul Lee,Sungkwon Moon,Sooncheol Myoung,Kisung Ko 한국원예학회 2017 원예과학기술지 Vol.35 No.4

We performed seed germination tests to investigate the effects of seed sowing orientation on germination viability on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) sprouts. Specifically, we assessed the influence of seed sowing orientation on germination rate, seedling weight, and seedling length, as well as the seedling vigor index. The seeds were sown in oak tree sawdust at 3.0 cm depth. Four seed orientations were tested: vertical with the hypocotyl end down, vertical with the hypocotyl end up, horizontal with the hypocotyl end down, and horizontal with the hypocotyl end up. The mean seed germination percentages of the four seed orientations were significantly different (p < 0.01) and ranged from 25 to 91.7%. The vertical orientation with hypocotylend-down and hypocotyl-end-up orientations showed the highest (91.7%) and lowest (25%) germination rates, respectively. The vertical orientation with the hypocotyl end down produced the heaviest (4.9 g) seedlings and the longest hypocotyls (4.65 cm). This orientation also produced the longest true leaf + epycotyl (2.15 cm) and had the highest seedling vigor index (197.1). The seedlings had a straight growth pattern, whereas seedlings from seeds sown with the hypocotyl up had an awkward plumular hook shape. Taken together, to produce peanut sprouts, we recommend placing the seeds vertically with the hypocotyl end down because this orientation leads to a high germination rate, high biomass production, and high overall seedling quality.

SHORT-ROOT Controls Cell Elongation in the Etiolated Arabidopsis Hypocotyl

Souvik Dhar,김진권,윤은경,장세정,고강석,Jun Lim 한국분자세포생물학회 2022 Molecules and cells Vol.45 No.4

Transcriptional regulation, a core component of gene regulatory networks, plays a key role in controlling individual organism’s growth and development. To understand how plants modulate cellular processes for growth and development, the identification and characterization of gene regulatory networks are of importance. The SHORT-ROOT (SHR) transcription factor is known for its role in cell divisions in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, whether SHR is involved in hypocotyl cell elongation remains unknown. Here, we reveal that SHR controls hypocotyl cell elongation via the transcriptional regulation of XTH18, XTH22, and XTH24, which encode cell wall remodeling enzymes called xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs). Interestingly, SHR activates transcription of the XTH genes, independently of its partner SCARECROW (SCR), which is different from the known mode of action. In addition, overexpression of the XTH genes can promote cell elongation in the etiolated hypocotyl. Moreover, confinement of SHR protein in the stele still induces cell elongation, despite the aberrant organization in the hypocotyl ground tissue. Therefore, it is likely that SHR-mediated growth is uncoupled from SHR-mediated radial patterning in the etiolated hypocotyl. Our findings also suggest that intertissue communication between stele and endodermis plays a role in coordinating hypocotyl cell elongation of the Arabidopsis seedling. Taken together, our study identifies SHR as a new crucial regulator that is necessary for cell elongation in the etiolated hypocotyl.

光波長이 오이(Cucumis sativus L.) 플러그苗의 生長에 미치는 影響

용영록,전지영,황세진,김일섭,정천순 강릉대학교 동해안지역연구소 2000 東海岸硏究 Vol.11 No.1

This research was carried to find out the optimum artificial light condition for plug seedling production of high quality cucumber through investigating growth response of the seedling by both light wave length and treatment period. The treatment with blue and red fluorescent lamp increased the fresh weight involving hypocotyl and root and controlled the elongation of hypocotyl, compared with other treatments. The 30-day-old seedling treatment with blue and red light for 12 hours showed that vegetative growth including root, stem and leaves was better than that of seedling treated with other lamps. Seedling under blue and red light for 12 hours grew 60.0mm and 0.55g in length and weight of hypocotyl. respectively, Hypocotyl length and weight were 44.9mm and 0.62g when seedling was grown under above light condition for 6 hours. Total chlorophyll contents of hypocotyl were highest in the light mixing treatment, and this accelerated greening. Morphological characteristics by investigating cross and longitudinal section of 30-day-old cucumber seedling treated with the mixing fluorescent lamps indicated that epidrmis tissues were usually single layer and thicker, resulting in small, compact and non-intercellular spaces of cells. On the other hand, epidermis tissues of the control composed of large, longer and round cells and cortex tissues showed large intercellular spaces between cells. Longitudinal section of photo-treated hypocotyl showed that there were more shorter cells and non-intercellular spaces of cells than untreated tissues. As a result, blue and red light mixing treatment controled the cell elongation of seedling hypocotyl, resulting in shortening hypocotyl of cucumber seedling.

식물의 뿌리와 하배축의 옥신 분포와 굴중성 반응에 관한 연구

이상호(Sang Ho Lee) 목원대학교 교양교육혁신연구센터 2023 지식과 교양 Vol.- No.13

식물 호르몬 옥신에 의해 조절되는 식물의 굴중성 반응은 뿌리와 줄기에서 상반된 방향성을 나타낸다. 본 연구에서는 모델식물 애기장대에서 굴중성 자극에 의해 옥신의 분포가 뿌리와 하배축에서 어떻게 변화하는지를 살펴보았다. 애기장대 유식물 뿌리와 하배축에서 굴중성 실험 조건을 확립하였고, 옥신의 분포를 보여주는 DR5-GFP 시스템을 이용하여 형광 분석을 수행하였다. 굴중성 자극을 주었을 때, 뿌리와 하배축 모두 아래쪽 단면에 옥신이 많이 분포하였고, 특히 처리군 하배축의 아래쪽 단면에서 대조군에 비해 2배 이상 형광 강도가 증가하였다. 또한, 굴중성 자극에 대한 하배축 전체 단면의 형광 강도 또한 대조군에 비해 40% 증가함으로써, 옥신의 절대량이 증가했음을 시사하였다. 굴중성 자극이 실제로 옥신 농도를 증가시켰는지 확인하기 위해 DR5-GUS 유전자 발현을 정량적으로 확인해보았다. 그 결과 굴중성 자극에 의해 특히 하배축에서 유전자 발현량이 뚜렷하게 증가했음을 확인하였다. 상기 결과는 굴중성 자극이 애기장대 유식물에서 옥신의 재분포만유도하는 것이 아니라, 전체 옥신 농도의 증가도 일으킬 수 있음을 보여준다. Plant gravitropic response, regulated by the plant hormone auxin, shows opposite directions in roots and stems. In this study, we examined how the auxin distribution in roots and hypocotyls changes by gravistimulation in Arabidopsis. Auxin distribution was tracked by DR5-GFP fluorescence under gravitropic experimental conditions, designed for the gravitropism analysis in both roots and hypocotyls of Arabidopsis. When the seedlings were subjected to gravistimulation, auxin mainly accumulated in the lower sections of both roots and hypocotyls. Especially in the lower section of hypocotyls, the treatment group’s fl uorescence intensity increased by more than twice compared to that of the control group. We also measured the overall fluorescence intensity in the entire hypocotyl region, and found to increase by 40% in the treatment group compared to the control group. These fi ndings suggest that the absolute amount of auxin in the hypocotyls increased by gravistimulation. To confirm the increase in auxin concentration, we quantitatively checked the expression of DR5-GUS reporter gene, which is another marker for auxin levels. The results confi rmed that the reporter gene expression level increased significantly, particularly in the gravistimulated hypocotyls. Taken together, this study suggests that gravistimulation not only causes the redistribution of auxin but also overall increase in the concentration of auxin in Arabidopsis.

Effect of Peanut Seed Orientation on Germination, Seedling Biomass, and Morphology in an Oak Tree Sawdust ]Cultivation System

안준식,송일찬,김동재,이준철,문성권,명순철,고기성 한국원예학회 2017 원예과학기술지 Vol.35 No.4

We performed seed germination tests to investigate the effects of seed sowing orientation ongermination viability on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) sprouts. Specifically, we assessed theinfluence of seed sowing orientation on germination rate, seedling weight, and seedling length,as well as the seedling vigor index. The seeds were sown in oak tree sawdust at 3.0 cm depth. Four seed orientations were tested: vertical with the hypocotyl end down, vertical with thehypocotyl end up, horizontal with the hypocotyl end down, and horizontal with the hypocotylend up. The mean seed germination percentages of the four seed orientations were significantlydifferent (p < 0.01) and ranged from 25 to 91.7%. The vertical orientation with hypocotylend-down and hypocotyl-end-up orientations showed the highest (91.7%) and lowest (25%)germination rates, respectively. The vertical orientation with the hypocotyl end down producedthe heaviest (4.9 g) seedlings and the longest hypocotyls (4.65 cm). This orientation alsoproduced the longest true leaf + epycotyl (2.15 cm) and had the highest seedling vigor index(197.1). The seedlings had a straight growth pattern, whereas seedlings from seeds sown withthe hypocotyl up had an awkward plumular hook shape. Taken together, to produce peanutsprouts, we recommend placing the seeds vertically with the hypocotyl end down because thisorientation leads to a high germination rate, high biomass production, and high overall seedlingquality.

대두 단백질 및 배아를 이용한 Bifidobacterium lactis BL740의 균체성장 및 이소플라본 비배당체 생산을 위한 통계적 배지 최적화

이충영,박명수,황석연,유영춘,유병연,김정호,이윤복,이근하,홍승복 한국응용생명화학회 2010 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.53 No.3

In order to maximize the growth of Bifidobacterium lactis BL 740 and soy isoflavone agycones production, we investigated the optimization of a culture medium containing soy hypocotyls, which are the byproducts of the soy manufacturing process, and soy proteins. The ingredients of the medium containing soy materials (S-medium) were selected by fractional factorial design (FFD) and central composite design (CCD) within a desirable range. The FFD was applied by six factors: glucose, cellobiose, fructooligosaccharide, soy peptone, soy protein, and soy hypocotyl. Soy protein, soy peptone, and soy hypocotyl were found to be significant factors from the result of FFD for both the growth of B. lactis BL 740 and aglycone production. The CCD was then applied with three variables found from FFD at five levels each and the optimum values were determined for the three variables: soy peptone, soy protein, and soy hypocotyl. In the case of the growth of B. lactics BL740, the proposed optimal media contained 12.73 g/L of soy protein, 29.55 g/L of soy peptone, and 130.67 g/L of soy hypocotyl. To produce isoflavone aglycones, optimized media was composed of 2.06 g/L, soy protein, 1.25 g/L of soy peptone, and 60.02 g/L of soy hypocotyl. 대두가공공정 중 발생하는 부산물인 대두배아 및 대두 단백질을 이용하여 Bifidobacterium lactis BL740의 생균수 및 대두 이소플라본 비배당체 생산 최대화를 위한 배지최적화를 수행하였고 이를 위하여 통계적 방법인 fractional factorial design(FFD) 및 central composite design(CCD)를 이용, 대두 유래 성분들이 포함된 배지(S-medium)의 최적 조성물을 확인하였다. FFD의 경우 glucose, cellobiose, fructooligosaccharidde, soy peptone, soy protein, 대두배아를 이용 총 6가지 요소를 2수준에서 적용하였으며 이 중 soy protein, soy peptone 그리고 대두 배아가 B. lactis BL740의 균성장 혹은 대두 이소플라본 비배당체 전환에 중요 인자로 확인이 되었다. FFD에서 확인된 3가지 인자를 CCD에 적용하였으며 이를 통해 균성장의 경우 최적의 배지조성함량이 soy peptone 29.55 g/L, soy protein 12.73g/L, 대두 배아 130.67 g/L로 확인되었으며 비배당체 전환의 경우 soy peptone 1.25 g/L, soy protein 2.06 g/L, 대두 배아 60.02 g/L로 최적화 되었다.

Brassinolide와 기존 식물생장조절제(植物生長調節劑)와의 상호작용(相互作用)

최충돈,죽송철부,죽내안지,김길웅,Choi, C.D.,Takematsu, T.,Takeuchi, Y.,Kim, K.U. 한국잡초학회 1987 Weed&Turfgrass Science Vol.7 No.1

새로운 식물생장조절제(植物生長調節劑)인 brassinolide와 기존(旣存) 식물생장조절물질(植物生長調節物質)과의 혼용(混用)의 효과(?果)를 우우 불배축(不胚軸)의 신장반응(伸長反應)으로 조사(調査)하여 얻어진 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. HBR 단독처리(單獨處理)는 처리농도(處理濃度)가 0.1 에서 1.0ppm 증가(增加)할 수록 무우 하배축(下胚軸)의 신장(伸長)이 촉진(促進)되었으며 무처리(無處理)에 비(比)하여 1.0 ppm에서 60% 이상(以上) 증대(增大)시켰다. 2. GA나 BA의 단독처리(單獨處理)는 처리농도(處理濃度)에 관계(關係)없이 하배축(下胚軸) 신장(伸長)을 촉진(促進)시키지 못하였으나 IAA는 처리농도(處理濃度)가 증가(增加)할 수록 다소(多少) 증가(增加)시켰다. 3. HBR과 GA, BA 및 IAA와의 혼용(混用)은 HBR의 농도(濃度)가 증가(增加)할수록 무우 하배축(下胚軸)의 신장(伸長)의 증대(增大)시켰다. 4. HBR과 GA 및 BA와의 상호작용(相互作用)의 반응(反應)은 대체로 길항적(拮抗的)이며 HBR과 IAA와는 HBR의 0.03 ppm에서 0.3ppm과 IAA 3.0ppm에서 10.0 ppm 혼용(混用)에서 상승작용(相乘作用)을 나타냈으며 저농도(低濃度) 조합(組合)에서 5% 미만(未滿)의 길항(拮抗) 또는 상가반응(相加反應)을 보였다. 5. B-9과 CCC 단독처리(單獨處理)는 농도(濃度)가 증가(增加)할수록 무우 하배축(下胚軸)의 신장(伸長)이 억제(抑制)되었으나 HBR과 혼용(混用)하므로 신장(伸長)이 회복(回復)되었고 HBR에 의해 유도(誘導)된 신장(伸長)이 B-9에 의해서 억제(抑制)되지 않았으나 CCC에 의해서는 크게 억제(抑制)되어 강(强)한 길항관계(拮抗關係)가 있는 것으로 나타났다. This study was attempted to evaluate the combining effect of HBR (homobrassinolide) with the known growth regulators such as GA (gibberellic acid), BA(6-benzyl aminopurine), IAA (indole-3-acetic acid), B-9 (N-dimethylamino succinamic acid) and CCC (2-chloroethyl-trimethylammonium chloride) on the growth of radish hypocotyl. A single application of HBR increased hypocotyl growth as its rates increased from 0.1 to 1.0 ppm, showing a maximum increase at 1.0 ppm. GA and BA had no direct effects on hyopcotyl growth, but IAA showed some effect as its concentration increased. However, the mixed application of HBR with GA, BA and IAA increased the length of radish hypocotyl as the concentration of HBR became higher. The mixture of HBR with GA and BA showed antagonistic reaction on radish hypocotyl growth, but synergistic effect was shown in the higher rate mixture of HBR with IAA in the range of HBR at 0.03 to 0.30 ppm with IAA at 3.0 to 10.0 ppm, but antagonistic or additive response at the mixture of low rates. An increased growth of hypocotyl by HBR was ified by CCC, showing the strong antagonistic reaction, but B-9 was not able to ify HBR's effect on hypocotyl growth.

층층나무 자엽단계(子葉段階) 유묘(幼苗)의 생장(生長)과 한계광도(限界光度)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)

조재형,홍성각,김종진,Cho, Jae Hyoung,Hong, Sung Gak,Kim, Jong Jin 한국산림과학회 1998 한국산림과학회지 Vol.87 No.3

본 연구는 광도가 층층나무 자엽단계 유묘의 생장에 미치는 영향과 생장에 필요로 하는 한계광도를 구명하기 위하여 자엽단계의 유묘를 대상으로 385, 32, 17, 8 및 $5{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$의 광도로 설계된 growth chamber내에서 자엽하축의 길이생장, 자엽의 팽창, 본엽의 발생시기, 부위별 건중량 등을 측정하였다. 자엽은 유묘의 초기생장에 영향을 미쳐 자엽의 크기가 증가할수록 유묘의 생장도 좋았다. 자엽하축의 길이 생장은 $385{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ 광도에서 보다 상대적으로 낮은 광도인 32, 17, 8, $5{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$에서 증가되었으나 건중량은 광도가 낮아질수록 감소되었다. 광도가 낮아짐에 따라 본엽의 발생시기가 늦어졌으며 발생수도 감소되었고, $8{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$와 $5{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ 광도에서는 본엽이 발생 조차 되지 않았다. 자엽은 $385{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ 광도에서 보다 $32{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$와 $17{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ 광도에서 더 많이 팽창하였지만 건중량은 적었다. 광도가 낮아짐에 따라 자엽, 자엽하축, 뿌리, 본엽의 건중량이 감소되었으며 자엽의 건중량 감소율용보다 뿌리의 감소율이 더 높아 T/R율은 급격히 증가되었다. $8{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$와 $5{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ 광도에서는 뿌리가 거의 발달하지 못하였다. 본 실험을 통해 볼 때 층층나무 발아유묘의 생육가능 최저광도는 $17{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ 이상인 것으로 사료된다. To investigate the effects of light intensity on the growth, and the critical minimum light intensity for growing of Cornus controversa seedlings at the stage of cotyledon, hypocotyl elongation, cotyledon expansion, the times of leaves appearance, dry weights of each organ, and specific leaf area(SLA) were measured on a growth chamber with several light intensity gradients(385, 32, 17, 8, and $5{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$). There was a positive correlationship between the size of cotyledon and the biomass of cotyledon and total seedling. Hypocotyl was more elongated under relatively low light intensities, such as 32, 17, 8, and $5{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ than under $385{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ light intensity, however, dry weight of the hypocotyl was adverse. As the light intensities decreased, the leaf appearance was delayed and the number of leaves decresed. In addition, leaves did not appear under $8{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ and $5{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ light intensity. Although cotyledons were more fully expanded under 32 and $17{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ light intensities than $385{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ light intensity, the dry weights of cotyledons were greater under the high light intensity. The dry weight of cotyledon, hypocotyl, root and leaves showed a decreased pattern with decreasing light intensities, but root to shoot(hypocotyl+leaves) ratio rapidly increased. Roots did not develop below $8{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ light intensity. In conclusion, the results showed that the critical minimum light intensity for growing of Cornus controversa seedlings was above $17{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ light intensity.

Inhibition of Auxin-Induced Ethylene Production by Salicylic Acid in Mung Bean Hypocotyls

Lee, Jae Hyeok,Jin, Eon Seon,Kim, Woo Taek 한국식물학회 1999 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.42 No.1

Salicylic acid (SA), a common plant phenolic compound, influences diverse physiological and biochemical processes in plants. To gain insight into the mode of interaction between auxin, ethylene, and SA, the effect of SA on auxin-induced ethylene production in mung bean hypocotyls was investigated. Auxin markedly induced ethylene production, while SA inhibited the auxin-induced ethylene synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. At 1 mM of SA, auxin-induced ethylene production decreased more than 60% in hypocotyls. Results showed that the accumulation of ACC was not affected by SA during the entire period of auxin treatment, indicating that the inhibition of auxin-induced ethylene production by SA was not due to the decrease in ACC synthase activity, the rate-limiting step for ethylene biosynthesis. By contrast, SA effectively reduced not only the basal level of ACC oxidase activity but also the wound-and ethylene-induced ACC oxidase activity, the last step of ethylene production, in a dose-dependent manner. Northern and immuno blot analyses indicate that SA does not exert any inhibitory effect on the ACC oxidase gene expression, whereas it effectively inhibits both the in vivo and in vitro ACC oxidase enzyme activity, thereby abolishing auxin-induced ethylene production in mung bean hypocotyl tissue. It appears that SA inhibits ACC oxidase enzyme activity through the reversible interaction with Fe^2+, an essential cofactor of this enzyme. These results are consistent with the notion that ethylene production is controlled by an intimate regulatory interaction between auxin and SA in mung bean hypocotyl tissue.