학교문법 상대 높임법의 새로운 이해

임지룡 ( Ji Ryong Lim ) 한민족어문학회 2015 韓民族語文學 Vol.0 No.69

이 글은 현행 학교문법의 교과서 7종류에 기술된 ``상대 높임법``의 내용을 살펴보고 그 문제점에 대해 대안을 제시한 것이다. 우선, 학교문법에서 ``상대 높임법``은 청자를 높이거나 낮추어 표현하는 높임법으로 종결어미에 의해 높낮이의 정도가 표현되며, ``격식체``의 ``해라체, 하게체, 하오체, 하십시오체``와 ``비격식체``의 ``해체, 해요체``로 분류하였다. 이에 대한 6가지 문제점과 대안적 해석은 다음과 같다. 첫째, ``상대 높임법``이라는 용어 아래 ``낮춤``이나 ``반말``을 포함시키는 것은 모순이며, ``하십시오체``와 같은 명령형의 등급 명칭은 ``높임``과 조화되지 않으며 변별력이 약하다. 이에 대해 ``청자대우법``이라는 용어가 적합하며, 등급 명칭의 기준으로 ``합니까?``와 같은 의문형이 적합하다. 둘째, ``높임``과 ``낮춤``에 따른 등급 구분에서 ``낮춤``은 문법적 표지로 드러나지 않고 청자 대우의 정신에 어긋난다. 이에 대해 화계의 틀을 어말어미에 따라 1, 2, 3단계로 나누는것이 적절하다. 셋째, ``격식체`` ``비격식체``의 2원 체계는 그 경계가 모호하고 현실성이 없으며, ``격식체`` 우월적인 등급 구분이므로 부적절하다. 이에 대해 어말어미와 선어말어미 ``-시-``, 그리고 동급 종결표현을 고려한 대안적 화계 설정이 필요하다. 넷째, 높임법의 등급에서 ``격식체``와 ``비격식체``의 2원적 체계 아래 ``높임``과 ``낮춤``에 의한 종결어미 체계에 심각한 오류가 발견된다. 이에 대해 상대 높임법의 화계는 어말어미에 의해 틀을 형성하는 ``무표형 화계``와 선어말어미 ``-시-``에 의해 대우 의식을 정밀화하는 유표형 화계의 2원 체계로 설정된다. 이 경우 1단계의 ``가니/가``, 3단계 무표형의 ``갑니까/가오/가요``, 3단계 유표형의 ``가십니까/가시오/가세요/가셔요``는 각각 동급 종결 표현 또는 이형태이며, 2단계의 ``가는가/가시는가``와 3단계의 ``가오/가시오``가 약화됨으로써 상대 높임법의 화계는 1단계와 3단계로 단순화되고 있다. 다섯째, ``압존법``을 주체 높임법에서 다룬 경우가 있으며, 그 인정 여부가 교과서마다 다르게 기술되어 있다. 이에 대해 학교문법에서 압존법은 상대 높임법의 일환으로 학습자의 언어 현실과 미래 사회에 대처하기 위해 교육 내용에 포함시키는 것이 필요하다. 여섯째, 형태소 중심의 문법론적 분석 틀에 의존한 ``상대 높임법``은 체계상의 한계를 지닌다. 이러한 한계를 극복하고, 상대 높임법에 대한 바른 인식을 위해 담화 화용론적 시각 및 인지언어학적 관점의 접근이 필요하며, 상대 높임법이 사회 문화적 요인에 따라 변화한다는 인식이 필요하다. The purpose of this study is to present an alternative to the hearer-oriented honorific system used in seven school grammar books. This system functions to raise or lower the hearer in relation to the speaker, the degree of elevation being expressed by closing endings. It is classified in formal styles such as ``haera, hake, hao, hasipsio`` and informal styles like ``hae, haeyo``. Six problems with this classification, along with alternative interpretations are explored as follows: First, it is contradictory for ``lowering`` or ``words lacking in respect`` to appear in an honorific system. The imperative style of ``hasipsio``, for example, is not harmonious with ``raising`` and is weak in discrimination. Therefore, the term ``hearer-oriented honorific system`` is unsuitable, and an interrogative form like ``hapnigga?`` is more appropraite for the notion concerned. Second, ``lowering`` does not appear as a grammatical marker in the level classification afforded to ``raising`` and ``lowering``, and it is not congruous with the raising of the hearer. It is more appropriate to classify the frame of speech level with three levels according to final endings. Third, the binary system of formal and informal styles is fuzzy and inconsistent. It is necessary to establish an alternative speech level based on final endings, the pre-final ending ``-si-``, and the same level closing expressions. Fourth, serious errors appear in the system of closing endings that ``raise`` and ``lower`` under the binary system of formal and informal styles in the honorific system. It is therefore proposed that the speech level of the heareroriented honorific system should consist of the ``unmarked speech level``, whose frame is formed by final endings, and the ``marked speech level``, that sophisticates honorific thinking by the pre-final ending ``-si-``. From this perspective, ``kani/ka`` in the first level, the unmarked forms ``kapnika/kao/ kayo`` in the third level, and the marked forms ``kasimnika/kasio/kasyeyo/ kasyeoyo`` in the third level, are closing expressions or hetero-forms of the same level. ``Kaneunka/kasineunka`` in the second level and ``kao/kasio`` in the third level become weak, so the hearer-oriented system is simplified at the first and third levels. Fifth, the ``lowered honorific system`` is often dealt with in the speakeroriented honorific system, and whether accepted or not, is described differently. Thus, the ``lowered honorific system`` needs to be established as part of the hearer-oriented honorific system in order to accommodate the learner`s realities of language use. Lastly, the morpheme-centered analytic frame of the hearer-oriented honorific system has limits. Therefore, an approach from the perspective of discourse pragmatics and cognitive linguistics is required to understand the hearer-oriented honorific system, and a new way of thinking according to socio-cultural factors is needed.

국어 대우법 체계에 낮춤 등급을 설정할 수 없는 이유

김태엽(Kim Taeyeop) 한국언어문학회 2006 한국언어문학 Vol.59 No.-

  The primary purpose of this paper is to certify the reason that can’t set up low-level in korean honorific system. Most of investigators have setted up a contrast system of high-level and low-level in korean honorific system by this time. But we are on the assumption that can be setted up a contrast system of horizontal-level and high-level in korean honorific system.<BR>  We shell certify four reasons that can’t set up low-level in korean honorific system. There are high-level forms and horizontal-level forms in 2, 3 personal pronoun of korean. It can be suppose for 2, 3 personal pronouns to the hearer of korean sentence. We can not set up low-level in korean honorific system because of be without low-level forms in 2, 3 personal pronoun of korean. The second there is not what is called the prefinal-ending of low-level function in korean. There are the prefinal-endings of high-level function such as ‘-si’, ‘-i-’, ‘-jap-’ in middle korean. But there be without the prefinal-ending of low-level function in middle korean and modern korean. Therefore we can not set up low-level in korean honorific system. The third there are not low-level but horizontal-level in embedded ending of indirect quotation sentence in korean. All of final-ending is be neutralized in embedded of indirect quotation sentence. The embedded final-endings of korean be neutralization in indirect quotation sentence are not low-level function but horizontal-level function nin korean honorific system. We can’t set up low-level in korean honorific system. The fourth we can to describe subject honorific system, object honorific system and hearer honorific system with consistent methods. Most of investigators have described high-level and horizontal-level in subject honorific system and object honorific system.<BR>  After all we have to set up a contrast system of high-level and horizontal-level in korean honorific system with consistent descriptive methods.

고등학교 문법 영역에서 상대 높임 교육 내용에 대한 연구 : 상대 높임 체계표 개선을 중심으로

신희성 ( Shin Heeseong ) 한국문법교육학회 2016 문법 교육 Vol.27 No.-

The Hearer honorific system is important in Korean and Korean education. Grammar education that is in charge of hearer honorific system should improve contents of education by reflecting the aspect of language use. This study aims to piece together related discussion and settle that. Specifically, this study suggests improvement suggestion of hearer honorific system table in textbooks. In conclusion, researcher suggests three methods to modify that table. Firstly, contents that form learners’ misconceptions should be modified. To do this, binary system divided into formal and informal should be changed into a variable that determines the speech level of the hearer honorific system. In addition, hearer honorific system should be taught by explaining system is selected to do treat people differently for various factor, not to do enhance or degrade people. Secondly, the hearer honorific system education has to help students connect contents of education to real language use by diversifying ending list. Finally, the hearer honorific system education should be able to provide information about usage of hearer honorific system.

지적장애 학생의 높임법 이해 및 표현에 관한 연구

김화수,이지우,이수진,이후인 한국청각언어재활학회 2019 Audiology and Speech Research Vol.15 No.4

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify differences in comprehension and expression of the honorific system for intellectual disability students (IDS) and confirm need for education. Methods: The subjects were 15 students with intellectual disability, 15 children with normal development matched for language age to the students with intellectual disability, and 15 ordinary adults matched for life age to the adults with intellectual disability. They were asked to examine 12 questions each on comprehension and expression honorific system individually. Results: First, as a result of the honorific system test, IDS’s honorific system was increased as their language age (10, 11, and 12 years) increased, and there were differences among three groups with different language age. Also, for the result of honorific types (e.g., subject, object, hearer honorifics) and level of difficulty in the honorific question types (e.g., above average, average, below average), there was a significant difference between the three groups. Second, an analysis of the percentage of IDS group’s error responses to questions about the honorific system test showed that ‘raising the name’ and ‘woo-ri/jeo-hui’ questions had a high percentage of error answers. Conclusion: These results suggest that the IDS group is lower average to the honorific system than other groups. To use the honorific system is important to IDS group who starts social life soon because the honorific system is a communication method that respects the others. Therefore, it can be seen the honorific system education is necessary and suggests that IDS group needs to consider the types and difficulty levels in the education of honorific system.

현대 국어 비인칭 존대 현상과 그 교육적 대응 방안에 대하여

이창덕 한국초등국어교육학회 2013 한국초등국어교육 Vol.53 No.-

In current Korean Language usage, it is recently reported that subject honorific suffix ‘-(으)시(si)-’ is broadly being used even in nonhuman subject sentences. It has been ungrammatical according to the norm of Standard Korean Regulation. In this paper, I have examined reasons of the expansion of subject honorific suffix ‘-(으)시(si)-’, and the problems of teaching Korean honorific suffix system. The primary factor of the change of Korean honorific system is derived from cognition change of thought of Korean people on honorific concept. A few last decades, as Korean society being changed, the cognition and usage of honorific system also have been changed. After analyzing the changing usage of the subject honorific suffix ‘-(으)시(si)-’ , and listed up the potential problems about teaching Korean honorific system. After that I have suggested the criterion on teaching subject honorific suffix ‘-(으)시(si)-’. Even though in a non human subject sentence, subject honorific suffix ‘-(으)시(si)-’ can be appropriately used with the connection to the theme of honorific person. However, without obvious connection to the theme of sentence, subject honorific suffix ‘-(으)시(si)-’ should not be attached to the stem of verb. 이 연구에서는 최근 확산하고 있는 ‘비인칭 존대 현상’의 문제점과 원인을 주체존대어미 ‘-(으)시-’를 중심으로 분석하고, 이에 대한 교사들의 인식을 조사한 결과를 가지고 학교 현장에서 교사들이 어떤 점에 유의하면서 주체 존대법을 지도할것인지 교육적 대응 방안을 제안하였다. 주체존대어미 ‘-(으)시-’의 기본 기능과 비인칭 주체 존대 표현 확대의 문제점을 밝히고, 현재 우리 사회의 높임법 사용의혼란과 이에 대한 교사들의 인식을 설문 조사하여 분석하고, 학교 차원에서 어떻게 대응하고 가르칠 것인지 원칙을 제안하였다. 최근에 국어사용에서 전통적인 존대의식이 약화되고 존대등급도 축소되는 경향을 보이면서 기존의 존대법 체계가 흔들리고 있어 교육현장에서 명확한 기준을세워 가르칠 필요가 있다. 새로운 존대 기준을 세우기 위해서는 존대법 사용에대한 광범위한 기초조사가 필요하지만 현 단계에서는 전통 문법의 주체 존대법과상대 존대법을 가르치되, 주제존대어미 ‘(으)시-’가 비정상적으로 확대 사용되는것을 막아야 한다고 본다. 즉 비인칭 주체 존대를 제한적으로 허용하되, 문장의주제와 직접적 관련이 되는 경우에 국한하도록 지도할 것을 제안했다.

한국어의 어휘적 높임 대립에 대하여

김태엽 대구대학교 인문과학연구소 2004 人文科學硏究 Vol.28 No.-

The primary purpose of this paper is to inquire the system of lexical honorific level in korean. We have taken up three topics in this paper. The first place we have a look on the existence of the so-called 'low level' in honorific system of korean. It was confirmed that there is not exist the 'low level' in honorific system of korean. We have found out for several reasons as follows. There are not the prefinal ending of low level and low level forms of second personal pronoun and low form on neutralization of embedding ending in indirect quotation sentence of korean. The second place we have a look on the existence of two contrast system and three contrast system in lexical honorific system of korean. It was confirmed that there is exist the two contrast system in lexical honorific system of korean. We have checked up the existence of the two contrast system of 'high level' and 'horizontal level'. Even if we leave out colloquial words in lexical field of korean, the system of lexical honorific level comes to two contrast system. The third place we have a look on whether it is accord of the grammatical honorific system and the lexical honorific system in korean. We have checked up certain of true of the two system. We have the pick up of the lexical elements and grammatical elements to make out a sentence. If it is not accord the honorific level of the lexical elements with the honorific level of the grammatical elements in a sentence, that's done an ungra- mmatical sentence. There must be in accord the honorific level of lexical elements and the honorific level of grammatical elements in a sentence. Therefore the two system is in accord as an one. And there are the prefinal endings of subject-honorific, the prefinal endings of object-honorific and the prefinal endings of hearer-honorific in middle korean, but there are not prefinal endings of subject-humble, object-humble and hearer-humble in middle korean. The grammatical elements and lexical elements of korean acting in concert for actualizing of honorific mood. If the grammatical elements and lexical elements hail not each other the sentence is become ungrammatiacal sentence. After all we could describe the system of lexical honorific level in korean as follow two contrast system. namely the system of lexical honorific level have two contrast system of 'high level' and 'horizontal level'. The system of lexical honorific level acting in concert the sysrtem of grammatical honorific level in modern korean.

청자대우법의 화계와 해석

임지룡(Ji Ryong Lim) 언어과학회 2015 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.72

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the aspects of and problems with the existing systems regarding the hearer- oriented honorific system, to present a new speech level, and to construe its meaning. The results are as follows:First, the existing systems divide the speech level into 4 to 7 tiers, and establish a single or a dual (formal and informal) system. Honorifics are decided according to imperative suffixes and honorific awareness is regarded as an opposite system: ‘hadae-pyeongdae-jondae’Second, there are a number of problems with the existing system. Not only are its tiers and dimensions complex, with weak distinctiveness, but also honorifics such as ‘hasipsio’ and the low tier(‘hadae’) are not appropriate to the hearer-oriented honorific system, which does not accept the realization of a pre-final ending, ‘-si-. Third, the proposed alternative system consists of an unmarked speech level with a final ending and a marked speech level with a pre-final ending. This unmarked speech level is realized by ‘-ni/-eo’ in the first tier, ‘-neunka’ in the second tier, and ‘-pnika/-o/-yo’ in the third tier. The marked speech level is realized by ‘-sineunka’ in the second tier, and ‘-simnika/-sio/-syeyo/syeoyo’ in the third tier. The tiers in the unmarked speech level are fixed in discourse situations, while those in the marked speech level are optional. Lastly, the alternative system includes the practicalities of the hearer- oriented honorific system by setting up a marked speech level using the pre-final ending, ‘-si-’. It is divided into three tiers of honorifics according to the intention of the honorific system. The orm is a very distinctive interrogative suffix. Variant forms are established in the first and third tiers to diminish the confusion of the tiers. A simplification phenomenon of the honorific system, indicative of its functional relationship among language, human, and socio-cultural contexts, can currently be observed in the dropping of ‘ga[si]neunga’ and ‘ga[si]o’ by the younger generation.

높임법에서의 한국어교육 문법 항목 설정

김용경 ( Kim Yong-kyung ) 한말연구학회 2016 한말연구 Vol.- No.42

This study aims to select grammar items for Korean education using the scope of grammar. Among them, this study intends to focus on the honorific system. Chapter 2 describes the concept of the honorific system in Korean language and how it is systemized. The honorific system can be classified into the listener honorific method, speaker honorific method, and object honorific method depending on what is honored in the conversation. In addition, it can also be classified into the flexible method, derivative method, and vocabulary method depending on in what level the honor can be realized. I have examined how the ending, particle, affix, and vocabulary can be used to achieve the sub honorific purpose for each method. Chapter 3 describes how the speaker honorific method, object honorific method, and listener honorific method can achieve the flexible method, derivative method, and vocabulary method in what order. Here, most honorific expressions that are realized using the flexible method or derivative method are placed in the beginner`s level. However, since the “casual honorific (“하오” style) and the plain (“하게” style) are quite limited in their use, it would be better for them to be described in the intermediate level. In the case of where the realization is made by the vocabulary method, it was suggested that they shall be described depending on the level of vocabulary, and that between the vocabulary which realizes the honorific and non-honorific, the first vocabulary shall suggest the conflicting situation of two vocabularies, and that even when the vocabulary which is suggested later is to be described, it would be compared to with the previous vocabulary for relearning. If the speaker honorific method is realized, there is a difference in the honorific method between when the specific honorific vocabulary is realized using the specific honorific term, and the method in which the ending of the previous vocabulary (- (으)시-) is used. If it is realized through a complex method like this, it would be better to suggest it in comparative form in the intermediate stage.

국어 경어법의 본질과 체계

강창석 서강대학교 언어정보연구소 2020 언어와 정보 사회 Vol.39 No.-

The honorific system is one of the representative grammatical phenomena in Korean, and numerous scholars have paid attention to the system. Nonetheless, the nature and system of the honorific expressions cannot be said to have been clarified. The honorific system is the usage of honorific expressions referring to those expressions which are used only for ones of higher rank. They exist mostly with the noun and the verb, but also partly with the chosa and adverb. The nominal honorifics express lowering of the speaker or recognizing the counterpart as one of higher rank. The verbal honorifics express beneficence and politeness of the activity and politeness in the speech act of statement. The honorific system is derived from the dichotomy between a higher rank and a non-higher rank, and between honorifics and non-honorifics. It is for this reason that honorific expressions are used much in a conversational situation where both the speaker and the addressee are present, while they are seldom used in the written context where the addressee is not present.

한국어와 중국 제어의경어법 문법화 정도에 대한 비교 연구

박성일 서울대학교 국어교육연구소 2015 국어교육연구 Vol.36 No.-

Focusing on the honorific system, this study investigated the method of realizing the honorific systems present in various ethnic languages in China and described them by comparing each other from the linguistic typological perspective and analyzed the degree of grammaticalization of each language honorific system. More specifically 15 Altaic and Sino-Tibetan languages in China (including Korean and Chinese) were surveyed; the types of honorific system realization methods were divided into lexical, consequential, morphological, and syntactic methods. The degree of the honorific system's grammaticalization was analyzed. The results indicate that, Uighur, Kazak, Kirgiz, and Salar belonging to Altaic languages Turkish Group showed the higher degree of grammaticalization of the honorific system with Korean. The degree of grammaticalization of Mongolian Group and Manchu-Tungusic Language Group in the same Altaic languages was lower. For Sino-Tibetan languages, the honorific system of lexical methods was mainly realized and the degree of grammaticalization was universally low. 본 연구는 경어법을 논제로 하여, 중국의 여러 민족 언어에서 현존하는 경어법의 실현방법에 대해 조사하고, 언어유형론적 관점에서 서로 비교하여 기술했으며, 각 언어 경어법의 문법화 정도를 분석했다. 한국어와 중국어를 포함하여 중국의 중국-티베트어족과 알타이어족에 속한 15개 언어를 조사 대상으로 했고, 경어법 실현방법의 유형을 어휘적, 파생적, 형태적, 통사적 방법으로 구분했다. 경어법의 문법화 정도를 분석한 결과 알타이어족 튀르크어파에 속하는 위그르어, 카자흐어, 키르키즈어, 사라어가 한국어와 함께 경어법의 문법화 정도가 높았고, 같은 알타이어족의 몽골어파와 만주퉁구스어파의 문법화 정도는 낮았다. 중국-티베트어족의 언어들은 주로 어휘적 방법의 경어법이 실현되었고 문법화 정도가 보편적으로 낮았다.