서해북부 대표 개발지역에 도래하는 조류 실태 및 서식지 관리방안 수립 - 송도일원을 대상으로 -

심설웅,주영돈,배정훈,배양섭 한국환경영향평가학회 2023 환경영향평가 Vol.32 No.6

The research area, located in the northern coastal region of South Korea’s West Sea, involves three bird habitats. Among these are two newly established habitats in Songdo International Business District, created by filling and developing tidal flats that were previously utilized as stopover sites for migratory birds. One of these areas showed decrease (Residual tidal flats, site.1) while the other showed increase (Artificial lake, site.2) in bird influx. The third habitat (Namdong reservoir, site.3) is a pre-existing stable habitat which has been maintained as a stable habitat. This study conducts an assessment of habitats based on avian population clusters and environmental surveys and proposes habitat management measures. A survey of bird populations and habitat environments was conducted for a total of 39 occasions from January to December 2022. The observed bird species totaled 14 families and 48 species with 20,760 individuals. Compared to the existing habitats, the newly established habitats showed relatively lower influx of bird species and individuals. During the habitat assessment, the newly established habitats were rated as I to II grade, while the existing habitat was rated as relatively high III grade on the grading assessment of the tidal flat. An analysis of habitat types revealed that the existing habitat, in which diverse strategies for habitat type diversity and mitigating anthropogenic interference were demonstrated, attracted a diverse range of bird species. Through this research, it was deduced that the diversity of habitat types plays a significant role in attracting various bird species. Upon evaluation of habitat types concerning the habitat characteristics of the bird species selected for habitat management, as habitat management measures, it is deemed that the creation of shielded green areas (referred to as ‘buffer green’) to minimize interference from the surroundings, the establishment of reed fields (site.1, 2) positively correlated with reservoirs, and the improvement of sandbanks (site.1) positively associated with tidal flats, the two relations which we drew from correlation analysis between occurrence species and habitat types, would contribute to the future restoration and maintenance of stable habitats. The results of this study can be applied not only to the study area but also to other development zones, such as coastal reclamation sites, which share similar geographical and environmental characteristics, including arrival sites for migratory birds. 본 연구지역은 우리나라 서해북부 초입부로 철새류의 중간기착지로 이용되던 갯벌을 매립하고 조성된 송도국제자유도시에서 조류 이입이 확인된 축소(잔존갯벌, site.1) 및 창출(인공호수, site.2)된 서식지2개소와 개발 전 부터 안정된 서식지를 유지하고 있는 서식지 1개소(남동유수지, site.3)를 대상으로 실시한 조류군집과 서식환경조사를 기초로 서식지 평가를 실시하고 서식지 관리방안을 제안하였다. 2022년 1 월부터 12월까지(총 39차례) 관찰된 조류는 총 14과 48종 20,760개체로 기존 서식지에 비해 새로 조성된서식지로 이입되는 종과 개체수가 상대적으로 적었고 서식지 평가 중 갯벌등급에서 축소나 창출된 서식지는 I~II등급인 반면 기존 서식지는 상대적으로 높은 III등급으로 평가되었다. 서식지유형에 대한 분석에서유형별 면적보다는 유형의 다양성과 인위적 간섭에 대한 대책이 확보된 기존 서식지에서 다양한 조류의 서식이 확인 되었는 바, 서식지유형의 다양성이 다양한 조류의 유입에 관여한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 서식지 관리를 위한 조류종을 선정하고, 선정된 종의 서식특성을 고려한 서식지 유형별 평가를 통한 서식지 관리계획 수립방안으로 주변으로부터 간섭을 최소화할 수 있는 차폐녹지조성(=완충녹지)과 출현종 및 서식지유형간 상관분석을 통해 저수지와 양의 상관관계에 있는 갈대숲의 창출(site.1, 2)과 서식밀도가 높고 주요서식지 유형인 갯벌과 양의 상관관계가 있는 모래톱의 개선(site.1)을 통해 향후 안정된 서식지가 복원유지될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구를 통해 연구대상지와 입지적이나 환경이 유사한 서해안 간척(매립)지역 등 개발예정지역의 철새류 도래지역에서 적용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

영흥도 남단의 서식지유형별 조류 분포 현황

강종현(Jong-Hyun Kang),조항수(Hang-Soo Cho),김창회(Chang-Hoe Kim),배양섭(Yang-Seop Bae) 한국조류학회II 2011 한국조류학회지 Vol.18 No.1

본 연구를 위하여 인천광역시 옹진군 영흥면 영흥도에서 2006년부터 2009년까지 봄, 여름, 가을의 3계절 조사를 정기적으로 수행하였고 조사지역은 도로에 따라 4개 지역으로 구분하였다. 각 지역의 서식지유형은 농경지, 산림, 하천, 호소, 해안 중 3~4개의 유형으로 분류되었다. 조사지역에서 관찰된 종은 총 92종이었다. 서식지유형에 대하여 조사지역별, 연도별, 계절별 종수, 개체수, 종 다양도, 종풍부도를 분석한 결과, 농경지는 4개의 조사지역에서 조류의 종 구성이 일정한 양상을 띠고 있지 않았다. 이것은 농경지에 서식하고 있는 종이 주변 다른 서식지의 영향을 받고 있기 때문인 것으로 판단되었다. 농경지와 산림은 계절별로 서식하는 종 구성이 서로 달랐으나 하천과 해안은 서로 유사한 양상을 나타내고 있는 것으로 분석되었고 호소는 매년 가을에 월동을 위해 오리류가 주를 이루며 서식하고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 모든 지역에서 2006년부터 2009년까지 4년간 연도별로 종 및 개체수, 종다양도, 종풍부도 모두 거의 비슷한 양상을 나타내고 있었으나 서식지 면적과는 유의하지 않은 상관관계로 분석되어, 면적에 따른 먹이원의 분포 변화로 인한 종 및 개체수의 변동 등과 같은 추가 요인에 대한 조사가 면밀하게 수행되어야 할 것으로 판단되었다. This study was conducted with a regularly seasonal survey of spring, summer and autumn from 2006 to 2009 in Youngheung Island. The survey area was classified into 4 areas by road, each regional habitats types (agricultural land, forest, stream, lake, coast) were divided into the 3-4. We observed a total 92 species of birds in 4 areas. To investigate each regional habitats types, we analyzed number of species and individuals, species diversity and richness according to annual and seasonal types. The result showed that agricultural land was distributed in all of 4 areas, and the characteristics in birds distribution of 4 areas were not taken on a certain aspect. It was considered to be affected by another of habitats close to agricultural land. Agricultural land and forest seasonally varied composition of birds, which act as a significant proportion of the inhabitation at summer, winter and passage birds than this of resident birds. Seasonal species composition of stream and coastal habitats was analyzed similar patterns. The large number of wintering Anatidae was observed at lake in yearly fall. Number of species and individuals, species diversity and richness in all regions during four years from 2006 to 2009 shows a similar pattern, but the habitats area found that it was not correlated. However preys and other distributions are changed by habitats area. So changes of species and population by variety habitats area must be additionally investigated.

경관생태학적 특성이 조류출현에 미치는 영향 -낙동강 하구를 대상으로-

김범수 ( Bum Soo Kim ),여운상 ( Unsang Yeo ),오동하 ( Dongha Oh ),성기준 ( Kijune Sung ) 한국환경영향평가학회 2015 환경영향평가 Vol.24 No.3

철새도래지로서 기능을 유지하며 지속가능하게 낙동강 하구를 이용하기 위해서는 조류서식지의특성을 고려한 토지이용 및 하구관리가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 낙동강 하구의 조류서식지를 갈대, 갯벌, 경작지, 담수개방수면, 사주, 수변림, 새섬매자기, 수로, 인공물, 초지, 해수·기수개방수면 등 지역적 특성을 고려하여 총 11개의 유형으로 분류한 후 12개 조사권역으로 구분하여 서식지 및 경관 특성을 분석하였다. 낙동강 하구의 주요 조류 서식지 중 갯벌, 인공물, 경작지, 갈대 등 4개의 유형이 전체 육역 면적의약 80%를 차지하였으며, 특히 인공물과 경작지의 비율이 높아 대상 지역이 인간의 간섭을 많이 받고 있음을 보여주었다. 서식지를 구성하는 패치수와 밀도는 서낙동강, 삼락둔치, 맥도강, 대저수문 등에서 크게나타나 이들 지역에서 서식지 파편화가 많이 진행되어 있었다. 관찰된 조류의 총 종수와 개체수는 조사면적과 서식지를 구성하고 있는 서식지의 유형수와 양의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 연구 결과 서식지 관리에 있어서 충분한 면적의 확보 특히 새섬매자기 서식지의 보존이 중요하며, 개발 등으로 인한 서식지 감소 시 낙동강하구를 찾는 조류 개체군에 가장 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 낙동강 하구가 철새서식지로서의 기능을 유지하기 위해서는 중요한 서식지의 보존 정책이 먼저 수반되어야할 것으로 판단된다. If the Nakdong River estuary is to be sustainable, land use management practices need to consider bird habitat requirements, especially given that the area serves as an important migratory bird sanctuary. In this study, bird habitats found in the Nakdong River estuary were classified into 11 different types including Phragmites australiss, mud flat, farmland, open surface in freshwater, sand bar, riparian forest, Scirpus planiculmis, waterway, construction, grasslands, and open surface in sea or brackish water. Taking into consideration the regional characteristics, habitat properties, and landscape indices, a total of 12 study sites were analyzed. Mud flat, construction, farmland, and P. australis account for 80% of the total land area. The high area ratio of construction and farmland to other types of habitat revealed a high amount of historical human activity and intervention in the area. Both patch numbers as well as patch density were high in West Nakdong River, Samrak Waterfront, Maekdo River, and Daejeo Floodgate, with these areas showing the greatest fragmentation as well. Total numbers of species and individuals had a positive correlation with the area and the number of habitat types. Findings suggest that protecting the habitat area, especially in S. planiculmis, is the most important factor for bird habitat management and that future development could result in habitat loss, having a profoundly adverse impact on bird populations. Therefore, it is important that the total area should be carefully protected by land use regulations in order to ensure that the Nakdong River estuary maintains its functional integrity as a migratory bird sanctuary.

Classification and Ordination of Ground Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Assemblage Among Habitat Types in Jeonju, Korea

Jongkook Jung,Seungtae Kim,Sooyeon Lee,Hunsung Kim,Myeong-Pyo Jung,Sejin Kim,Chang-Kyu Park,Eunhee Lee,Joon-Ho Lee 한국응용곤충학회 2009 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.05

This study was conducted to explore if the ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) can be used as an indicator classifying habitat types. Thirteen land use types were selected as survey sites in Jeonju. Ground beetles were collected by 3 pitfall traps (15 cm diameter) for each site from June 20 to September 22, 2008. Pitfall traps were replaced at one month interval. Total 919 ground beetles of 31 species belonging to 17 genera were collected. Land use types were classified and ordinated by two-way indicator species analysis and detrended correspondence analysis. Land use types were classified and ordinated into two major groups, forest and non-forest, by Synuchus nitidus and Dolichus halensis. Two major groups were subdivided into 4 end groups; forest, riverside, upland and other sites. Other sites group including 4 sites; levee, public garden, outfield and manufacturing area were not coincided with land use types. Nevertheless, ground beetles appear to be used as indicators of habitat types.

비무장지대 인근지역에서 서식지 유형과 야생 조류 및 포유류의 종 구성 비교

이우신 ( Woo Shin Lee ),임신재 ( Shin Jae Rhim ),허위행 ( Wee Haeng Hur ),최창용 ( Chang Yong Choi ) 한국산림과학회 2004 한국산림과학회지 Vol.93 No.3

This study was conducted to clarify species composition of bird and mammal communities due to different habitat types for sound protection and management of them and their habitat near the Demilitarized Zone(DMZ), South Korea. 4 study sites were selected according to habitat type; Sadanggol in Yanggu as forest area, and Baekmagoji as forest edge area, Woljeongri as cultivated area and Jeongyeonri as riparian area in Cheolwon. Thirty-two bird species including diverse forest species were recorded in forest area of Sadanggol. Maximum number of species were shown as 38 species in Baekmagoji, where was selected as forest edge area. The ratio of waterbirds was highest than those of other sites in riparian area of Jeongyeonri. In case of mammals, maximum number of species were shown as 9 species in Sadanggol as forest area. Amur goral and leopard cat need protection for their rarity. Korean water deer showed high density on 3 study sites in Cheolwon. Bird and mammal communities near DMZ showed different species composition due to habitat type. The maintenance of habitat diversity would be important for sound protection and management of wildlife around DMZ.

생물계절 상 분석을 통한 Level 3 type 북한 토지피복 특성

유재심,박종화,이승호 大韓遠隔探査學會 2011 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.27 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 Level 3 type 북한 토지피복도를 작성하고 생물계절 특성을 파악 하는 데 있다. 2008년과 2009년에 촬영된 88장과 8장의 MODIS NDVI를 MVC 하여 질이 향상된 영상에 ISODATA 알고리즘을 적용하였다. 생물계절 상 분석을 기반으로 북한의 토지피복도를 구축하고 중분류에 대해서는 정확도 검정을 하였다. 결과, 총 27개 클래스의 북한 토지피복도가 생산되었다. 토지피복은 17개의 산림 서식지, 토지이용은 7개의 농경지와 2개의 시가지, 그리고 한 개의 수역을 포함한다. Level 3 type 생물계절 특성은 휴지기(σ2 = 0.348)와 식생이 급격히 생장하는 봄철(σ2 = 0.347)의 역동성이 가장 컸다. Level 2 type에 대한 정확도 검정에서, 전체 정확도는 85.85%(851/955), Kappa 계수는 0.84 였다. 현장 접근이 불가능한 북한의 토지피복도 구축에 생물계절 상 분석기법 적용은 오분류를 최소화하고 분류정확도를 향상시키는데 기여하였다. The objectives of this study are to produce level 3 type LULC map and analysis of phenological features of North Korea. ISODATA clustering of the 88scenes of MVC of MODIS NDVI in 2008 and 8scenes in 2009 was carried out. Analysis of phenological phases based mapping method was conducted. In level 2 type map, the confusion matrix was summarized and Kappa coefficient was calculated. Total of 27 typical habitat types that represent the dominant species or vegetation density that cover land surface of North Korea in 2008 were made. The total of 27 classes includes the 17 forest biotopes, 7 different croplands, 2 built up types and one water body. Dormancy phase of winter (σ2 = 0.348) and green up phase in spring (σ2 = 0.347) displays phenological dynamics when much vegetation growth changes take place. Overall accuracy is (851/955) 85.85% and Kappa coefficient is 0.84. Phenological phase based mapping method was possible to minimize classification error when analyzing the inaccessible land of North Korea.

연구보문 : 생태환경 ; 식생유형이 토양무척추동물 분포에 미치는 영향

김명현 ( Myung Hyun Kim ),방혜선 ( Hea Son Bang ),한민수 ( Min Su Han ),홍혜경 ( Hey Kyoung Hong ),나영은 ( Young Eun Na ),강기경 ( Kee Kyung Kang ),이정택 ( Jeong Taek Lee ),이덕배 ( Deog Bae Lee ) 한국환경농학회 2009 한국환경농학회지 Vol.28 No.2

전형적인 농촌지역에 발달해 있는 여러 가지 식생유형에서 함정트랩을 이용하여 토양무척추동물의 분포조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 채집된 토양무척추동물은 3문 6강 18목 82과 137종이었다. 출현종수는 편백이 밀식되어 있는 식재림 St. 6지점(33종)이 가장 낮았다. 목별 개체수 분포에서는 산림지역에서는 벌목이 많고, 진드기목과 딱정벌레목은 다른 지역보다 높게 나타났다. 저수지 주변 식생에서는 톡토기목이 높게 나타났고, 파리목은 다른 지역보다 높게 나타났다. 농경지에서는 거미목, 톡토기목, 벌목의 개체수가 많았다. 거미목의 경우에는 저수지와 농경지에서 월등이 높게 나타났다. 생물종다양성의 측면에서는 식생 및 서식지 유형별로 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았지만, 조사지점별로 졸참나무와 상수리나무가 혼생하는 산림지역 St. 2지점의 다양도지수가 가장 높았고, 농경지 밭둑인 St. 11이 가장 낮은 다양도지수를 나타냈다. 생물종다양성의 차이가 나타나지 않는 것에 반하여 토양무척추동물은 서식지 유형 및 식생유형별로 명확하게 4군(낙엽활엽수혼효림, 식재림 및 단순림, 저수지, 농경지)으로 구분되었다. 이러한 결과는 서식지유형별 및 식생유형에 따라서 그곳에 적응한 토양무척추동물들의 군집이 형성이 된다는 것을 의미하는 것이다. The aim of this study was to investigate whether differences in the distribution of soil invertebrates among different vegetation types (forest, reservoir, and crop land types) in rural area. A total of 18 orders and 137 species were collected by pitfall traps. Species numbers were the lowest (33 species) at the Chamaecyparis obtusa plantation (St. 6). On the forest sites, the individual number of Hymenoptera was the most abundant, and Acari and Coleoptera was the relatively more abundant than the other sites. On the reservoir sites (Salix chaenomeloides community), the individual number of Collembola was the most abundant, and Diptera was the relatively more abundant than the other sites. On the crop land sites, the individual numbers of Collembola, Hymenoptera, and Araneae were the relatively more abundant than the other orders. The density of Araneae was higher in the reservoir and crop land sites than in the forest sites. From a point of view of biodiversity, although the diversity index(H`) was the highest in the mixed broad-leaved forest type (St. 2) with Quercus serrata and Q. acutissima, and the lowest in the upland levee of crop land(St. 11), there was no significant difference among the habitat or vegetation types. According to the community analysis, the soil invertebrates could be divided into 4 groups, the mixed broad-leaved forest type (A group), the plantation or pure forest type (B group), the reservoir type (C group), and the crop land type (D group).

전남 무안의 농어촌지역에서 서식지 유형별 조류군집의 특성 비교

박치영(Chi-Young Park),김우열(Woo-Yuel Kim),이두표(Doo-Pyo Lee) 한국조류학회II 2009 한국조류학회지 Vol.16 No.2

본 연구는 전라남도 무안군 농어촌지역 일대(약 30㎢)에서 서식지 유형에 따른 조류의 군집특성을 비교 분석하기 위하여, 2007년 6월부터 2008년 2월까지 9회에 걸쳐 조류 센서스를 실시하였다. 10개 유형의 서식지에서 논병아리류 3종, 백로류 7종, 오리류 17종, 섭금류 14종, 갈매기류 4종, 맹금류 8종, 참새목조류 39종, 기타 13종으로 총 105종 9,063개체의 조류가 관찰되었으며, 17종 4,680개체가 관찰된 오리류가 우점 분류군으로 나타났다. 저수지에서는 논병아리류, 백로류, 오리류의 이용비율이 높았으며, 갯벌에서는 섭금류와 갈매기류, 초지에서는 맹금류와 참새목조류의 이용비율이 높게 나타났다. 서식지 유형별 종수, 개체수, 종다양도, 종풍부도는 각 유형간에 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 저수지, 논, 초지, 침활혼효림이 다른 유형보다 높았다. 유사도지수(RO)를 이용한 UPGMA 군집분석 결과, 갯벌과 저수지, 논과 갈대밭, 하천과 그 외 유형들이 유사한 것으로 나타났다. To perform comparative analysis of the characteristics of bird community according to habitat types, we conducted a survey on avifauna nine times in rural area of Muan-gun, Jeonam Province divided into 10 types of habitats, between June 2007 and February 2008. Total 105 species and 9,063 individuals, including 3 species of grebes, 7 species of herons, 17 species of ducks, 14 species of waders, 4 species of gulls, 8 species of raptors, 39 species of passerine, and 13 other species, were observed. Of them, ducks were the most dominant group with 17 species and 4,680 individuals. In use rates for habitat types, grebes, herons, and ducks were high at reservoir, and waders and gulls were high at the tidal flat, and raptors and passerine were high at the grassland. The mean number of species, individuals, species diversity (H’), and species richness (R’) were significant differences between each habitat type. All of these index were higher in reservoir, paddy field, grassland and mixed forest than in the others. Cluster analysis by Unweighted Pair-group Method using Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) applying similarity index (Ro) revealed that tidal flat and reservoir, paddy field and reed field, river and the other types were similar to one another.

외래식물의 서식처 유형에 따른 분포특성 - 한국 경상권을 대상으로 -

이정민,김의주,이효혜미,조규태 한국하천호수학회 2021 생태와 환경 Vol.54 No.2

To analyze the distribution characteristics of alien plants in various habitat types, 249 sites were selected from four administrative districts in the Gyeongsang region of Korea. The survey was conducted across nine different habitat types. A total of 115 species of alien plants were collected; comprising 23 families, 73 genera, 112 species, and 3 varieties. Species from the family Compositae were the most common at 33.0%. Raunkiaer’s life forms had the highest occurrence rate with 70 species(60.9%) of therophytes(Th) followed by 30 species (26.1%) of hemicryptophytes (H) and 8 species (7.0%) of geophytes (G). The distributions of alien plant species per habitat type were: 81 species on the roadside; 80 species on vacant lots and artificial habitats; 67 species in streams; 53 species in grasslands; 47 species in cultivated lands; and 39 species on the coast. Since 2017, the number of alien plants has increased in Gyeongju-si, Cheongdo-gun, and Pohang-si, and decreased in Ulsan Metropolitan-si. In each region, 614 taxa were observed. The invasive alien species, Sicyos angulatus, Hypocaeris radicata, and Solanum carolinense, were observed for the first time and are expected to further increase the disturbance of the ecosystem.

Diversity and distribution of invasive alien plant species along elevation gradient in Makawanpur district, central Nepal

Karki Dipesh,Pandeya Bijay,Ghimire Balkrishna 한국생태학회 2023 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.47 No.3

Background: Knowledge of the spatial trends of plant invasions in different habitats is essential for a better understanding of the process of these invasions. We examined the variation in invasive alien plant species (IAS) richness and composition at two spatial scales defined by elevation and habitat types (roadside, forest, and cultivated lands) in the Makawanpur district of Nepal. Following an elevation gradient ranging from 500 to 2,400 m asl along a mountain road, plant species cover was recorded within sample plots of size 10 m × 5 m. Systematic random sampling was adopted in every 100 m elevation intervals on three habitat types. Results: Altogether 18 invasive alien plants belonging to eight families were recorded within 60 plots, of which 14 species (representing 80%) were from tropical North and South America. The most common plants by their frequency were Ageratina adenophora, Chromolaena odorata, Bidens pilosa, Lantana camara, and Parthenium hysterophorus. We found a significant relationship between species composition and elevation in the study area. Low-elevation regions had a higher number of alien species as compared to high-elevation regions within different habitat types. Conclusions: The species richness and density of IAS were higher in the road site followed by the cultivated land and forest sites. This pattern occurred throughout the elevation range and habitats. IAS were found mostly in the open land with high sunlight availability. Information from such scientific assessment of invasive alien plants will assist in developing appropriate management plans in the Makawanpur district.