맞배지붕 건물의 풍판에 관한 연구

신웅주 대한건축학회 2011 대한건축학회논문집 Vol. No.

This study examined the formation of gable board prevailed rapidly since the mid-period of Joseon Dynasty with 31 buildings with gable roof designated as national treasure and treasure centering around economic and decorative causes and the results of this study were summarized as follows. Firstly, When we consider its architectural characteristics of gable roof with lateral furniture, it is deemed that gable board,which use were limited to several buildings gained popularity since 16th century and that it became a significant structural component. Second, it is deemed that there were several occasion gable board was attached afterwards: difference between right and left lateral wall caused by dori line attachment, unbalance between lateral wall caused by girder line attachment, shortened dori length after repair. Third, it is considered that gable board installment had influenced architectural features since. Difference between frontal and real form, simplified lateral furniture and internal lateral chumcha were found among most of the gable roofed buildings after 16th century. Fourth, It is considered that gable board was attached in order to protect furniture and wall because even though the size of gable roofed building increased the eaves didn't get longer pro rata.

꺾음형 팔작지붕의 합각의장과 조정양상

박진기(Park, Jin-Ki),조재모(Cho, Jae-Mo) 대한건축학회 2016 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.32 No.9

This study analyzed the gable of gambrel roof, in particular, L-shaped gambrel roof. The research was conducted with houses of the rural gentry in the Joseon period located in eight cities and districts in the north Gyeongbuk region such as Bonghwa and Andong. This study aims to analyze two methods for adjusting the gable size of the L-shaped gambrel roof, ‘a method of shifting the gable’ and ‘a method of adjusting the angle of the angle rafter ridge.’ Gable in gambrel roof is aesthetically recognized as a very important factor, and the most basic condition to secure the design of the gable is to secure a gable larger than a certain size. Method of securing gable size is divided into two methods, ‘a method of shifting the gable’ and ‘a method of adjusting the angle of the angle rafter ridge.’ The method of shifting the gable can increase the gable size by 300% or more, on average, but it has to make ‘hoecheom,’ which causes a disadvantage in the maintenance and management of L-shaped house. On the other hand, the method of adjusting the angle of the angle rafter ridge has a less increase rate of the gable size (about 150%) as compared to the method of shifting the gable, but it has an advantage that it can configure the roof uniformly without making hoecheom. This study deals with a small part, the gable of L-shaped gambrel roof, but it has significance in that it attempted to analyze houses based on the structural characteristics of L-shaped house.

내설성 향상을 위한 지붕형 조립식 파이프하우스의 개발

양인규,남상운,Yang, In-Kyoo,Nam, Sang-Woon 한국농공학회 2009 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.51 No.3

Pipe section of bending part at the arch type pipe-house showed an ellipse with oblateness of 0.076 on the average. Flexural rigidity of bending part decreased by average 6.3% than that of an original round shape section. The deflection of arch type pipe-house measured by model experiments showed much bigger than the result of structural analysis. In case of arch type pipe-house, we supposed that the decrease of flexural rigidity for the bending part of pipes had an effect on deflection of roof under the working load. This effect should be considered in the structural analysis. Bending resistance of gable type pipe-house used a prefabricated connector which developed in this study showed about $1.5{\sim}1.8$ times stronger than that of the existing arch type or gable type processed bending. Therefore, we supposed that the gable-roofed prefabricated pipe-house is safer than arch type or bent gable type in case of heavy snowfall. According to house scales and section properties of steel pipe in use, safe snow depths and rafter intervals were presented for design of gable-roofed prefabricated pipe-house. Their standards were established in the range of the durable models recommended by RDA, and the comparative examinations were conducted by means of structural analysis. It was evaluated that the developed greenhouse model had a high applicability in the field.

한국 전통건축 팔작지붕의 架構에 관한 연구

양재영(Yang Jae-Young) 대한건축학회 2009 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.25 No.2

The purpose of this study is to discover the characteristics and the changes of the gambrel roof in Korean traditional architecture. For this objective, 63 buildings with the gambrel roof of the Dapo-type or the Jusimpo-type structure were selected and analyzed. The result of this study could be summarized like below. The gambrel roofs of the existing buildings are generally framed with the Oegi-Dori and Chung-Ryang, but the concept and system of this structure was not established in the early period of Joseon Dynasty. The application of the Oegi-Dori and Chung-Ryang had been rapidly generalized from the 1600's, and it was fixed in the 1700's. Diverse structural methods were applied to support the Oegi-Dori, and the Chung-Ryang was a dispensable member in forming the gambrel roof. The ridge-beam was added to the gable of the gambrel roof to make the structure more stable in the 1600's, but it was disappeared gradually. Therefore the gable-beam and the gable-supporter is formed on the rafter in order to support the purlin which is extended shortly. And the lateral end of the gable was located in the inner part of the lateral column in the latter period of Joseon Dynasty.

지붕경사각에 따른 박공형 저층건축물의 외압계수 분포특성

조원근,하영철,원종호 한국풍공학회 2009 한국풍공학회지 Vol.13 No.2

A wind tunnel model study was carried out on low-rise buildings with a gable-roof to determine the effect of the various roof slopes on the external pressure coefficient distributions. 7 types of wind pressure test models with various roof slopes have been made for this study. Wind pressure tests are conducted on the Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel at Kumoh National Institute of Technology. The characteristics of external pressure coefficient distribution with respect to various roof slopes of low-rise buildings are analyzed into the ridge perpendicular direction and the ridge parallel direction of low-rise buildings with gable-roof. 지붕경사각에 따른 박공형 저층건축물의 외압계수 분포특징을 알아보기 위하여 풍동실험을 실시하였다. 본 연구를 위하여 서로 다른 경사각을 가지는 7개의 모형을 제작하였으며, 풍동실험은 금오공과대학교 소재 토출식 경계층풍동에서 실시하였다. 경사각 변화에 따른 박공지붕형 저층건축물의 외압계수 분포특징을 알아보기 위하여 용마루 직각방향과 용마루 평행방향에 대하여 분석하였다.

Fluctuating wind loads across gable-end buildings with planar and curved roofs

Ginger, J.D. Techno-Press 2004 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.7 No.6

Wind tunnel model studies were carried out to determine the wind load distribution on tributary areas near the gable-end of large, low-rise buildings with high pitch planar and curved roof shapes. Background pressure fluctuations on each tributary area are described by a series of uncorrelated modes given by the eigenvectors of the force covariance matrix. Analysis of eigenvalues shows that the dominant first mode contributes around 40% to the fluctuating pressures, and the eigenvector mode-shape generally follows the mean pressure distribution. The first mode contributes significantly to the fluctuating load effect, when its influence line is similar to the mode-shape. For such cases, the effective static pressure distribution closely follows the mean pressure distribution on the tributary area, and the quasi-static method would provide a good estimate of peak load effects.

종이팩의 배출실태 분석을 통한 관련 재활용제도 개선방안 검토

조은해,김경,김도완,배재근 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2022 한국폐기물자원순환학회지 Vol.39 No.1

Beverage cartons are made of natural pulp and, if recycled, can be used as high-quality resources that generate high economic profits and low carbon emissions. However, as of 2020, the recycling rate for beverage cartons was 16.1%, the lowest level since the extended producer responsibility system was introduced in 2003. This study diagnosed a problem with the beverage carton recycling system and proposed a plan for improvement. Through a nationwide on-site survey (n=41), this study identified the discharge ratio of used beverage cartons by region (metropolitan city), housing type (sale, lease), discharge method (separate, mixed), collection type (daily, regular), and the current status of beverage carton-related collection and recycling companies. According to an analysis of the discharge characteristics of used beverage cartons, the proportion of aseptic cartons in densely populated areas in Seoul and other metropolitan regions was high (37.1% to 40.4%). Furthermore, the disposal rate of aseptic cartons was high in the following order : lease > sale > lease + sale. The difference in the aseptic carton waste generation rate by collection method was not statistically significant. Still, the difference in discharge type was 4.8 percent point higher than that of mixed discharge when disposed separately. According to an on-site survey of carton pack-related collection and recycling companies, the poor collection rate, low collection quality, and lack of market for recycled sanitary paper were recognized as significant challenges. Following the prospect of delivered and imported ratio of aseptic cartons raise to 50% in 2024 and 80% in 2035, this study proposed to split the separate discharge system for gable-top cartons and aseptic cartons to diversify recycled products like other foreign countries.

상악전치 후방 견인시 견인 loop 후방에 부여한 gable bend 양에 따른 치아이동 양상에 관한 연구

전윤식(Youn-Sic Chun),노준(Joon Row),정상혁(Sang-Hyuk Jung),김희정(Hui-Jung Kim) 대한치과교정학회 2004 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.34 No.1

제 1소구치가 발치된 증례에서 bull loop를 견치 직푸방에 제작한 후 gable bend를 어느 정도 부여할 때 전치부의 효과적인 치축조절과 후방 이동향을 그대화 할 수 있는지를 입체적으로 확인하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 제 1소구치가 제거된 상악우측 인공 치조골부에 중절치부터 제2대구치까지 실험용 치아들을 식립하였다. 그 후 bull-loop가 형성된 반쪽 호선에 10˚, 20˚, 30˚의 gable bend를 부여한 후 3전치를 후방 견인하여 발치공간을 폐쇄시켰고 이러한 실험과정을 각 군마다 3회씩 반복 실험하였다. 발치공간이 폐쇄된 후 실험전, 후의 교합방사선 사진상에 촬영된 전치부와 구치부의 시상면과 교합면 상에서의 각 군별 치아이동 양상을 일요인 분산분석(ANOVA)과 Scheffe 검정으로 평가한 결과 아래와 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. Gable bend의 양이 증가할수록 전치부의 치축은 치체이동 양상을 보였으며 후방 이동량도 증가하였다. 2. Gable bend의 양이 증가할수록 구치부의 전방 이동량은 감소하였으나, 수직적 압하량 및 협측 이동량은 증가하였다.(p<0.001) 3. 발치공간에 인접한 견치의 원심회전과 제 2소구치의 근심회전에 의해 악궁의 조화가 이루어졌다.(p<0.001) The purpose of this experimental study was to determine appropriate magnitude of the Gable bends to produce maximum retraction of the. anterior teeth. The Calorific Machine was used to illustrate the tooth movement in three dimension. The experimental teeth except the first premolar were embedded in the artificial alveolar bone part. In a series of experiments;´ the extraction space was dosed using arch wires with bull loops into which the gable bends of 10°, 20°, 30° degrees were incorporated The experiments were repeated three times for each degree of the gable bend. Before and after the space closure, radiographs were taken in the sagittal and occlusal directions using ocelusal films. Analysis of variance and Scheffe post hoc test were used to determine significant differences among the three groups. The following results were obtained. 1. As magnitudes of the gable bends increased, more bodily anterior tooth movement was seen and the distance of retraction also increased 2. As magnitudes of the gable bends increase, the amount of posterior tooth protraction decreased while intrusive and buccal movement increased 3. The arch was coordinated by distal-in rotation of the canine and mesial-in rotation of the second premolar adjacent to the extraction space.

맞배지붕 건물의 풍판에 관한 연구

신웅주(Shin Woong-Ju) 대한건축학회 2011 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.27 No.3

This study examined the formation of gable board prevailed rapidly since the mid-period of Joseon Dynasty with 31 buildings with gable roof designated as national treasure and treasure centering around economic and decorative causes and the results of this study were summarized as follows. Firstly, When we consider its architectural characteristics of gable roof with lateral furniture, it is deemed that gable board, which use were limited to several buildings gained popularity since 16th century and that it became a significant structural component. Second, it is deemed that there were several occasion gable board was attached afterwards: difference between right and left lateral wall caused by dori line attachment, unbalance between lateral wall caused by girder line attachment, shortened dori length after repair. Third, it is considered that gable board installment had influenced architectural features since. Difference between frontal and real form, simplified lateral furniture and internal lateral chumcha were found among most of the gable roofed buildings after 16th century. Fourth, It is considered that gable board was attached in order to protect furniture and wall because even though the size of gable roofed building increased the eaves didn't get longer pro rata.

조선시기 궁궐건축 꺾음부의 구조와 그 변화 –맞배직교형에서 팔작직교형으로 -

김버들,이종서 한국건축역사학회 2016 건축역사연구 Vol.25 No.6

This study is about the structure and transition of orthogonal design of palace architectures in Joseon Dynasty. The results are as follows. First, Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung Palaces’ corridors, and their architectures seen in the Court Documentary Paintings have early Joseon style in the corner-connections. Their roof shape in the corner is gable roof. Generally, gable roof has direction. Besides, it is easy to extend gable sides. Second, Corridor of Gyeongbokgung Palace has hipped and gable roofs with corner eaves. It was popular during the late Joseon Dynasty. On the other hand, it is impossible to extend any sides of those roofs since they have roof faces in their four sides. Instead, they have completeness. That’s why their aesthetic appeal exhibits more pleasing than gable roofs. Third, corner-connections of palace architecture shows evidences and traces of the transition from gable roofs meeting at right angle in the early Joseon to hipped and gable roofs meeting at right angle with corner eaves in the late Joseon. Also, the corner-connections with corner eaves were usually used even in the attached architectures. 본 연구는 조선시대 궁궐 꺽음부의 구조와 그 변화에 대한 연구이다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 조선 전기 꺽음부 법식을 갖고 있는 창덕궁, 창경궁 내행각과 조선전기 기록화에는 맞배직교형 가구가 보인다. 맞배가구는 지붕면이 없는 측면으로 증측이 용이한 확장성을 갖고 있다. 둘째, 조선후기의 꺽음부 법식을 보여주는 경복궁 내행각은 추녀를 사용하는 팔작직교형이다. 팔작지붕은 합각면이 형성되어 더 이상의 가구 확장이 불가능하며 그대로 완결성을 지닌다. 그러나 지붕면이 4면에서 나타나기 때문에 맞배 직교형에 비해 의장성이 뛰어나다. 셋째, 궁궐의 꺽음부 사례를 통해 조선전기의 맞배 직교형 가구는 조선후반부에 이르러 추녀를 사용하는 팔작가구형으로 변화하는 것을 알 수 있다. 뿐만 아니라, 추녀를 사용하는 꺽음부는 부속건축에까지 일반화되었다.