한국 성인의 가공식품으로부터의 식품 및 영양소 섭취량 평가 : 제 6기 (2013~ 2015) 국민건강영양조사를 바탕으로

하애화,김우경 한국영양학회 2019 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.52 No.5

Purpose: The consumption of processed foods has recently been increasing due to changes in the living environment. The purpose of this study was to identify the contribution of processed food to the nutrient intake of adult Koreans. Methods: A total of 15,760 adult people in the 6th National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013~2015) were included in this study. According to the Korea Food and Drug Administration's classification criteria for processed foods, the 24 hour dietary recall data of the subjects were classified as processed food or natural food. The processed food intake, nutrient intake and major processed food sources by food groups were analyzed. Results: Men consumed more processed foods than did the women. Consumption of processed foods decreased with age, but it increased with the education level and the income level. The total daily processed food intake accounted for 68.1% of the total food intake. The food groups with high processed food intake were beverage, vegetables, cereals and grain products, fruits, and milk and dairy products in this order. The top food source of each food groups were beer, kimchi, bread, processed apple products, and milk. After adjusting for age, gender, and energy intake, all the nutrient intakes and percentage of dietary reference intakes for Koreans, except carbohydrates, were significantly higher in processed foods than in natural foods. The sodium intake from the processed food was 96.3% of total daily sodium intake. The intakes of nutrients from processed foods, excluding vitamins C, dietary fiber, iron, and vitamin A, were higher in men than in women. The intake of sodium from processed foods was highest for people of 30~ 49 years of age, and the intake of sodium from processed foods decreased for people over 50. Conclusion: Korean adults consumed more processed food than the natural food, consuming more calories and most of the nutrients from the processed food overall total daily intakes. The intake of processed foods is expected to further increase in the future, and nutritional education and research on the ingestion and selection of healthy processed foods are necessary.

패스트푸드 섭취빈도와 건강실천

홍승희 대한임상건강증진학회 2020 Korean Journal of Health Promotion Vol.20 No.2

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of fast food awareness, dietary behaviors, and health practices according to the fast food intake frequency in Korean adults. Methods: The investigation was conducted using a self-completed questionnaire for adults. Chi-square test, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed to evaluate the association between intake frequency of fast food and related factors. Results: The frequent intake group’s (more than twice a week) results were 38.6%, the normal intake group (less than twice a week) was 33.3%, and the non-intake group (less than once a month) was 28.1%. Subjects who frequently consumed fast food were positively aware of their fast food consumption. The frequent intake group showed significantly higher body weight gain after fast food intake than other groups. They consumed more foods containing oil and wheat flour than the non-intake group whose intake was mainly protein-sourced foods, green vegetables, and fruits, and dietary behavior showed statistically significant differences according to intake frequency of fast food. The fast food non-intake group was significantly better at practicing health practices such as maintaining health and normal weight, regular exercise, and correct posture than other groups. It was seen that the higher frequency of fast food intake group appeared to follow fewer health practices than other groups. Conclusions: High frequency of fast food intake is associated with undesirable dietary behaviors such as high caloric intake and low health practices, suggesting the need for appropriate information to reduce the nutritional imbalance caused by fast food intake. 연구배경: 본 연구는 한국인 성인을 대상으로 패스트푸드섭취빈도에 따른 패스트푸드 인식, 식사행동, 건강실천에미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 수행하였다. 방법: 서울 및 경기도에 거주하는 성인들을 대상으로 설문을 자기기입식으로 실시하여 자료를 분석하였다. 패스트푸드 섭취실태, 인식, 식사행동, 건강실천 등을 비교 분석하기 위하여 교차분석, 상관분석, 다중회귀분석 등을 이용하였다. 결과: 패스트푸드를 일주일에 2회 이상 섭취하는 자주섭취군이 38.6%, 일주일에 2회 미만 섭취하는 보통섭취군이33.3%, 한 달에 1회 미만 섭취하는 비섭취군이 28.1%로 나타났다. 패스트푸드 섭취빈도가 높을수록 패스트푸드 섭취에 대하여 긍정적으로 인식하고 있었다. 비섭취군이 자주섭취군과 비교하여 패스트푸드가 건강 및 영양에 안 좋은영향을 미치는 것으로 응답하였다. 자주섭취군은 패스트푸드 섭취 후에 신체변화로 다른 군에 비하여 통계적으로 유의하게 체중 증가를 경험한 것으로 나타났다. 자주섭취군은 기름이 포함된 식품과 밀가루 음식을 많이 섭취하였고, 비섭취군은 단백질 공급원 식품과 녹황색 야채를 주로 섭취하여 식사행동에 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 건강 및 정상체중 유지, 규칙적인 운동, 바른 자세 유지와 같은 건강실천은 패스트푸드 비섭취군이 자주섭취군과 보통섭취군에비하여 유의하게 더 잘 실천하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 패스트푸드 섭취가 건강에 미치는 영향에 대한 인식과 식사행동은 건강실천에 유의하게 영향을 주었다. 회귀분석 결과 패스트푸드 섭취빈도가 높을수록 건강실천을 적게 하는것으로 나타났다. 결론: 높은 패스트푸드 섭취빈도는 고열량의 바람직하지못한 식사행동 및 낮은 건강실천과 관련되어 있는 것으로나타났다. 그러므로 패스트푸드로 인한 영양불균형을 줄이고 올바른 식사행동 및 건강을 증진하기 위한 행동을 실천할수 있도록 적절한 정보의 제공이 필요할 것으로 사료된다

부산지역 학령전 아동의 식생활평가 : 식품군 식품섭취 상태평가 Assessment Based on Food Group Intake

임화재 대한지역사회영양학회 2001 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.6 No.1

To assess diet quality by food group intake and to investigate the interrelationship of age, dietary diversity score(DDS), dietary variety score(DVS), dietary frequency score(DFS), food group intake and nutrient intake with food group intake, a dietary survey was conducted with 176 preschool children aged 1 to 6 in Busan using a 24-hr recall method. Food group intake was assessed by food number consumed and intake frequency by six food groups(grain, meat, vegetable, fruit, dairy, sweets group). The mean food numbers consumed and intake frequencies by six food group were 3.1 and 4.0 in the grain group, 3.6 and 4.0 in the meat group, 3.5 and 4.1 in the vegetable group, 1.0 and 1.1 in the fruit group, 1.3 and 1.5 in the dairy group, 1.4 and 1.4 in the sweets group respectively. As age increased, the intake frequency of the grain group(p < 0.05) increased but that of the dairy group(p < 0.05) decreased significantly. The DVS and DFS didn't show significant correlations with intake frequency of the dairy group. The grain group intake had significant positive correlations with intakes of the meat, vegetable, and fruit groups. The vegetable group intake had significant positive correlations with intakes of the grain and meat groups. The dairy group intake had significant positive correlation with sweets group intake but negative correlations with intakes of the grain and vegetable groups. As the intake frequency of the at group increased, the NAR(nutrient adequacy ratios) of all nutrients and MAR(tnean adequacy ratio) increased significantly NARs of protein iron, vitamin B₁niacin had the highest correlation with the meat group intake and those of protein, calcium, phosphorous, and vitamin B₂ had the highest correlation with the dairy group intake. NARs of vitamin A and vitamin C had the highest correlation with intakes of the vegetable and fruit groups respectively. Children with food number consumed and intake frequency of above 6 and 4 in the grain group or above 6 and 6 in the meat group or above 4 and 8 in the vegetable group or above 1 and 1 in the fruit group or above 2 and 2 in the dairy group or above 2 and 2 in the sweets group met above 0.75 of NARs for nutrients that had significant correlations with each six food group intakes. The results of this study provide information that is important for nutrition education for daily food choice and in designing appropriate food guide for preschool children.

중학생의 식품 섭취 교육방향 탐색을 위한 가정 교과서 및 2007~2015 국민건강영양조사의 식품 섭취 변화 추이 분석

김선효 한국가정과교육학회 2019 한국가정과교육학회지 Vol.31 No.3

This study was performed to analyze the contents of food intake in middle school Home Economics textbook and the trends of food intake of middle school students in Korea to figure out the education direction of food intake. The contents of food intake were analyzed in major three kinds of middle school Home Economics textbook according to 2015 curriculum and the trends of food and nutrient intake were analyzed in 2,543 subjects aged 13 to 15 years using 2007~2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination survey by logistic regression analysis or Pearson correlation coefficient. As a result, contents of food intake of textbook included food source of nutrient, food group name, necessity of eating diverse foods, recommended daily eating frequency of food group and menu planning according to meal composition guideline, however food intake trends were not included. Consumption of grains and grain products was increased until 2007 to 2010 year and was decreased after 2011 year(p=0.0012). Sugars and sweets, beverages and alcohols, and fish and shellfish consumption were increased during 2007~2015 year(p<0.0001). Carbohydrate, fat, vitamin A, thiamin and iron intakes were increased(p=0.0052), and energy ratio by carbohydrate was decreased(p=0.0009) and energy ratio by fat was increased(p<0.0001) during 2007~2015 year. Mean ratios of nutrient intake compared to the dietary reference intakes for Koreans were very low in dietary fiber(19-27%) and calcium(46-56%), but was higher in sodium(221-289%)(p<0.0001) regardless of year. There was a significant positive correlation between most food group intakes except sugars and sweets, bean and bean products, nuts and seeds, seaweeds, and beverages and alcohols and energy, protein, dietary fiber, vitamin A, riboflavin, calcium and iron intakes(p=0.0375). In the above, during the period from 2007 to 2015 year, intakes of sugars and sweets, beverages and alcohols, and fish and shellfish were increased, and intakes of dietary fiber and calcium were low and energy ratio by fat was increased, thus these trends are concerned to threaten nutritional balance and health of subjects. Therefore, Home Economics textbook of middle school needs to include food intake trends of adolescents with basic concepts to help them maintain balanced diet in the rapid change of food intake patterns for maintaining optimal nutrition and health. 본 연구는 중학교 가정 교과서의 식품 섭취 내용을 분석하고 국민건강영양조사를 이용해 중학생의 식품 섭취 변화 추이를파악하여 중학교의 식품 섭취 교육방향을 탐색하고자 실시하였다. 2015 교육과정 적용 중학교 기술⋅가정 교과서 중 보급률이높은 3종을 대상으로 가정 부분에서 식품 섭취 관련 내용을 분석하였고 2007~2015년 국민건강영양조사의 만 13~15세 2,543명을대상으로 식품 및 영양소 섭취 변화 추이와 이들 간의 관련성을 로지스틱 회귀분석 및 Pearson 상관계수로 파악하였다. 중학교가정 1, 2 교과서의 식품 섭취 관련 내용은 영양소별 급원 식품, 식품군명, 다양한 식품군 섭취의 필요성, 식사 구성안 관련식품군별 섭취 횟수와 식사계획 등으로 구성되어 있었으며 식품 섭취 변화 관련 내용은 반영되어 있지 않았다. 식품군별 섭취량은곡류 및 그제품 섭취량이 2007~2010년까지 증가하다 2011년부터 감소하는 경향이었으며(p=0.0012), 당류 및 그제품, 음료 및주류, 어패류 섭취량이 증가하는 추세이었다(p<0.0001). 영양소별 섭취량은 탄수화물, 지질, 비타민 A, 티아민, 철 등의 섭취량이증가하는 추세이었다(p=0.0052). 탄수화물(p=0.0009)에 의한 에너지 섭취 비율은 감소하고 지질(p<0.0001)에 의한 에너지 섭취비율은 증가하는 추세이었다. 영양소 섭취량의 영양소 섭취기준에 대한 비율은 연도와 관계없이 식이섬유는 19~27%, 칼슘은46~56% 수준으로 매우 낮은 반면에, 나트륨은 221~289% 수준으로 높았다. 당류 및 그제품, 두류 및 그제품, 종실류 및 그제품, 해조류, 음료 및 주류를 제외한 대부분의 식품군 섭취량과 에너지, 단백질, 식이섬유, 비타민 A, 리보플라빈, 칼슘, 철 섭취량간에 유의적인 양의 관계가 있었다(p=0.0375). 이상에서 2007~2015년 동안 중학생의 당류 및 그제품, 음료 및 주류, 어패류섭취량 등이 증가하고, 식이섬유, 칼슘 섭취가 부족하고, 지질에 의한 에너지 섭취 비율이 증가하는 추세로서 영양균형을 위협하고있었다. 따라서 중학교 가정 교과서에 식품 섭취 관련 기본 내용과 함께 식품 섭취 변화 속에서 식생활 문제를 인식하고 균형잡힌 식품 섭취를 유지해나감으로써 영양과 건강을 돕도록 하는 실생활 기반 내용을 포함시키고 지도하는 방향으로 나아갈 필요가 있다고 하겠다.

서울 · 경기지역 성인의 비타민 A와 E 섭취현황 및 급원식품 조사

노현희(Noh Hyun Hee),김영남(Kim Young-Nam),조윤옥(Cho Youn-Ok) 韓國營養學會 2010 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.43 No.6

To determine vitamin A and E intakes and their food sources, dietary intakes were collected by three consecutive 24- hour recalls from 192 adults living in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, Korea. The mean vitamin A, retinol and β-carotene intakes were 1240.1 ± 1101.1 ㎍ retinol equivalent/day (693.3 ± 563.2 ㎍ retinol activity equivalent/day), 182.6 ± 149.5 ㎍/ day and 5443.3 ± 6365.5 ㎍/day, respectively. Only 9.4% of the subjects consumed less than the Korean Estimated Average Requirement for vitamin A. The mean vitamin E intake was 6.03 ± 2.54 ㎎ α-tocopherol equivalent/ day. The α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol intakes were 4.83 ± 2.03 and 5.57 ± 3.41 ㎎/day, respectively. Most of the subjects (93.8%) consumed less than the Korean Adequate Intake for vitamin E. The major food sources of vitamin A were sweet potato, carrot, red pepper powder, spinach, and citrus fruit, and the top 30 foods provided 91.5% of total Plant foods provided 81.0% and animalderived foods 10.5% of the vitamin A intake from the top 30 foods. The major food sources of vitamin E were soybean oil, red pepper powder, Ramyeon (cup noodles), spinach, and egg. The top 30 foods provided 78.0% of total vitamin E intake. Plant foods provided 61.3% and animal-derived foods 15.9% of the vitamin E intake from the top 30 foods. In conclusion, the vitamin A intake of the Korean adults in this study was ge-nerally adequate, but the vitamin E intake of many subjects was inadequate. Therefore, nutritional education may be of benefit to Korean adults to increase their vitamin E intake.

Comparison of food intake status based on food accessibility among regions

민수홍,박재홍 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2019 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.46 No.3

As the economy of Korea has developed, dietary patterns have also changed in many ways. Rural areas, in particular, demonstrate relatively lower food accessibility than in urban areas. The aim of this study was to examine whether or not there were differences in food accessibility between urban and rural areas using data of the Census on Basic Characteristics of Establishments, Consumer Behavior Survey for Food, of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Also investigated was how such differences would affect the frequency of food purchase, dietary intake, and nutrition intake by district. The results showed that districts with the lowest 10% in food accessibility had lower frequency of food purchase than did the highest 10% districts. In terms of nutrition intake, the daily average nutrition intake was not significantly different among districts. Yet, analysis of the amount of weekly dietary intake indicated that food oasis districts had from 1.3 to 3 times greater dietary intake than did food desert districts. These findings mean that the difference in food accessibility causes unbalanced food intake. Thus, the government must take a comprehensive approach to ensure that rural residents get greater food accessibility.

식품섭취량을 활용한 우리나라 식이 패턴 분석 - 김치류 및 주류 중심으로

김수환,최장덕,김신희,이준구,권유진,신춘식,신민수,천소영,강길진 한국식품위생안전성학회 2019 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.34 No.3

In this study, we analyzed Korean dietary habits with food intake data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and we proposed a set of management guidelines for future Korean dietary habits. A total of 839 food items (1,419 foods) were analyzed according to the food catagories in『 Food Code』, which is the representative food classification system in Korea. The average total daily food intake was 1,585.77 g/day, with raw and processed foods accounting for 858.96 g/day and 726.81 g/day, respectively. Cereal grains contributed to the highest proportion of the food intake. Over 90% of subjects consumed cereal grains (99.09%) and root and tuber vegetables (95.80%) among the top 15 consumed food groups. According to the analysis by item, rice, Korean cabbage kimchi, apple, radish, egg, chili pepper, onion, wheat, soybean curds, potato, cucumber and pork were major (at least 1% of the average daily intake, 158.6 g/day) and frequently (eaten by more than 25% of subjects, 5,168 persons) consumed food items, and Korean spices were at the top of this list. In the case of kimchi, the proportion of intake of Korean cabbage kimchi (64.89 g/day) was the highest. In the case of alcoholic beverages, intake was highest by order of beer (63.53 g/day), soju (39.11 g/day) and makgeolli (19.70 g/day), and intake frequency was high in order of soju (11.3%), beer (7.2%), and sake (6.6%). Analysis results by seasonal intake trends showed that cereal grains have steadily decreased and beverages have slightly risen. In the case of alcoholic beverage consumption frequency, some kinds of makgeolli, wine, sake, and black raspberry wine have decreased gradually year by year. The consumption trend for kimchi has been gradually decreasing as well.

各種 小産業體가 散在된 農村地域 住民의 여름철 食品 및 營養攝取狀態 調査 : 경기도 포천군 가산면 및 소홀면 일대를 중심으로 In Kasan-myoen and Sohool-myoen area located at Pochun-gun, Kyungki province

張壽慶,吳聖子,池英順,李京和,李成東 高麗大學校 倂設 保健大學 保健科學硏究所 1992 保建科學硏究論集 Vol.1 No.1

This survey did the study on the intake of summer food and the nutritive conditions in 30 house-holds, which was randomly chosen, who lives in an agricultural district Pochun-gun, Kyungki province, where industries of a small scale was scattered along the industrialization. This research focus on getting the basic ideas for bettr diet, nutrition education and nutrition policy for the rural people. Trained surveyors visited each house to survey the food and nutritional status in summer for 3 days during the late June in 1991. The results are : 1. The total number of the food intake were 181 kinds in 16 group of the food. Among these 123 the kinds are vegetable food which was 68.0% of the total food. 2. The average amount of the food intake per capita per day in 998.9 g of vegetable food and 135.2 g of the animal food, which the total amount of these were 1134.1 g. 3. The most popular taken food per capita per day were rice and KIMCHI. The amount of food intake per day from 1st rank to 15th rank were 668.7 g which was 59.0% of the total amount of the food intake per day. 4. The average percentage of energy, protein, vit. B₁, vit. B₂ niacin, vit. C, calcium and iron intake were over 100% except 84.8% of vit. A by the recommended dietary allowances for Koreans. 5. The average amount of fat intake was 28.6 g, therefore, it was only 1/2 of those according to the standard that the ratio of fat energy conversion of food composition is 20% of the total energy intake.

各種 小産業體가 散在된 農村地域 住民의 여름철 食品 및 營養攝取狀態 調査 : 경기도 포천군 가산면 및 소홀면 일대를 중심으로 In Kasan-myoen and Sohool-myoen area located at Pochun-gun, Kyungki province

張壽慶,吳聖子,池英順,李京和,李成東 高麗大學校 倂設 保健大學 保健科學硏究所 1992 保健科學論集 Vol.18 No.1

This survey did the study on the intake of summer food and the nutritive conditions in 30 households, which was randomly chosen, who lives in an agricultural district Pochun-gun, Kyungki province, where industries of a small scale was scatter along the industrialization. This research focus on getting the basic ideas for better diet, nutrition education and nutrition policy for the rural people. Trained surveyors visited each house to survey the food and nutritional status in summer for 3 days during the late June in 1991. The results are : 1. The total number of the food intake were 181 kinds in 16 group of the food. Among these 123 the kinds are vegetable food which was 68.0% of the total food. 2. The average amount of the food intake per capita per day in 998.9 g of vegetable food and 135.2g of the animal food, which the total amount of these were 1134.1g. 3. The most popular taken food per capita per day were rice and KIMCHI. The amount of food intake per day from 1st rank to 15th rank were 668.7 g which was 59.0% of the total amount of the food intake per day. 4. The average percentage of energy, protein, vit. B₁, vit. B₂ niacin, vit. C, calcium and iron in- take were over 100% except 84.8% of vit. A by the recommended dietary allowances for Koreans. 5. The average amount of fat intake was 28.6 g, therefore, it was only 1/2 of those according to the standard that the ratio of fat energy conversion of food composition is 20% of the total energy intake.

전라도 구곡순담 장수벨트지역에 거주하는 중노년층의 연령군에 따른 여름철 식품 섭취량과 식품 섭취 다양성 및 식이 패턴 평가

연미영(Mi Yong Yon),이미숙(Mee Sook Lee),오세인(Se In Oh),박상철(Sang Chul Park),곽충실(Chung Shil Kwak) 대한지역사회영양학회 2010 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.15 No.4

The purpose of this study was to investigate food intake, dietary diversity and dietary pattern during the summer in middle aged and older adults living in Gugoksundam (Gurye, Goksung, Sunchang and Damyang counties), Jeonla Province located in southern part of Korea and known as one of the representative Korean longevity areas. Food intake and dietary diversity were assessed by using the data from 2 day-24 hour recall of 1,051 subjects (394 males and 711 females) aged 45 years and older (45-93 years in male, 45-105 years in female). The average ages of males and females were 70.7 years and 71.1 years, respectively. Average total daily food intake was significantly decreased with aging in both genders, and the average animal food intake ratio to total food intake was ranged 10~14% in 3 different age groups, 45~64 years, 65~74 years and 75 years and older. The contribution of each food group, in weight, to total food intake showed the descending order of grains, fruits, vegetables and alcohols in males, and grains, fruits, potatoes and meats in females. On daily intake amount of each food item, rice, watermelon, soju, kimchi, and potato were ranked on top 5 in descending order in males, and rice, watermelon, potato, kimchi and ylmukimchi in females. On intake frequency, rice, kimchi, onion, green pepper and potato were ranked on top 5 in descending order in both genders. Dietary variety score (DVS) and dietary diversity score (DDS) for the assessment of dietary diversity and balance were significantly decreased with aging in both genders. In food group intake pattern (DMGFV), 01101 type without consumption of dairy and fruits was the most prevalent, and only 3.6% of male and 3.9% of female subjects showed 11111 type, consumed all the 5 food groups a day. Dietary pattern of subjects was analyzed by cluster analysis with 18 food groups intake. Overall dietary pattern was classified into two clusters, one was more desirable and the other was less desirable. The percentage of subjects with more desirable dietary pattern was about 15% in male and 32% in female. In conclusion, most of our subjects living in Gugoksundam area were taking very simple diet with low amount of dairy products and fruits. These results indicate that nutrition intervention and education for older people living in rural areas should be focused on various food intake including dairy products and fruits. (Korean J Community Nutrition 15(4): 536~549, 2010)