위조문서 감별을 위한 현대 문서용지 특성 분석 ( II )

최경화(Kyoung-Hwa Choi),이재훈(Jae-Hoon Lee),류정용(Jeong-Yong Ryu) 한국펄프·종이공학회 2018 펄프.종이技術 Vol.50 No.4

In order to investigate the characteristics of modern paper, the fiber type and blending ratio of the domestic paper document samples for which the year of publication has been confirmed were examined. In the results, major fibers including softwood bleached kraft pulp (SwBKP), hardwood bleached kraft pulp (HwBKP) and bleached mechanical pulp (MP) were found to be used in modern paper. SwBKP has been steadily used up to 23% of the total fiber in modern paper to improve paper strength. Prior to 1980, MP was used as the main fiber furnish of the document paper. However, since 1980, it has changed from MP to HwBKP. This change is presumably due to the high lignin content of the mechanical pulp that causes fast color reversion. It also appears to be affected by increasing consumer demand for high quality such as high brightness and excellent printing property. However, some samples produced after 1980 still contain small amounts of MP fibers. Since most of the pulp used in Korean paper mills is imported pulp, a small amount of MP is sometimes used to reduce production costs. To increase the reliability of this study, we need to increase and to update data base continuously.

규장각 소장 고문헌의 제책에 사용된 섬유에 관한 연구

채정민 단국대학교 석주선기념박물관 2018 한국 복식 Vol.- No.40

The characteristics of fabrics and the identification of the materials of the constituent materials such as the cover fabric and the bookstring of the old documents collected in the Kyujanggak were investigated and analyzed. The results were recorded and used as basic data for repair restoration. For this purpose, morphological observation of fabrics and fibers was carried out and spectroscopic analysis was conducted. All textiles used in the marking of the documents were made of plain weave. The fibers were made of silk, cotton and bast fiber. The fabric of the front cover 2(Kwanghae-ilnyeongiyu-Ulsan-hojeogdaejang) was examined identified in a modified derivative plain weave. The degradation of the fiber was observed, As a result of IR analysis, a peak estimated to be due to oxidation was observed and the degree of crystallization of the cotton fiber was high higher than those of original(fresh/control) ones. The bookstrings was were made by twisting cotton, bast, and a silk thread. The silk thread was made of Z twist, and the string made of cotton yarn and bast yarn, was made of S twist. 규장각에 소장된 고문헌-탁지정례, 상방정례, 소현분조일기, 승정원일기, 영조정순후사존호장조헌경후재돈호도감의궤, 십칠사찬고금통요 외 15권-의 표지 직물과 책끈 등의 구성재료의 직물 특성과 소재를 조사 분석하고 그 결과를 기록하였다. 이를 위해 직물과 섬유의 형태학적 관찰을 실시하고 분광분석 조사를 실시하였다. 문헌의 표지에 사용된 직물은 모두 평직으로 조성 섬유는 견섬유와 면섬유, 마섬유가 사용되었다. 이중 『광해일년기유울산호적장』 앞표지 2의 직물은 경위사를 2가닥으로 사용하여 직조한 변화평 직으로 조사되었다. 섬유가 절단되는 등의 손상이 많이 관찰되었으며, IR 분석결과 산화에 의한 것으로 추정되는 피크가 관찰되었으며 면섬유의 결정화도가 크게 나타났다. 피복사인 『성종왕류부록』 의 책끈을 제외한 문헌의 책끈은 면사와 마사, 그리고 견사를 꼬아 제작했으며, 견사는 Z꼬임으로, 면사와 마사로 제작된 끈은 S꼬임으로 만들어져있는데 섬유 종류에 따라 구분하여 제작한 것으로 생각된다.

부여능산리 사지 출토 백제 면직물연구

심연옥,정용재,유지아,남궁승 국립문화재연구원 2011 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.44 No.3

The Baekje’s cotton fabrics were excavated from ‘Neungsan-ri temple site in Buyeo’(September 1999-April 2000) and stored at Buyeo National Museum after conservation treatment. In this study, it carred out non-destructive, chemical and morphological analysis for fiber identification, also considered on influx, features and difference between the‘ Baek-cheop-po(Three kingdom period’s cotton fiber)’and ‘Mok-myeon(imported by Munikjeom, late Korea dynasty)’. As a result, the fiber proved cellulose fiber through analytical researches like color reaction,@FT-IR(chemical analysis). It was also confirmed lumens, typical dimensional structure(morphological analysis) as an features of cotton fiber. The fiber was the first evidence in ancient Korea’s cotton. But it can not prove that whether weaving were made in Baekje’s area. However there were documentation that people in Beakje make cloth to silk fabric from‘ Mahan period’. We can suppose that they have had an old weaving techniques. This study has a great historical, academic values as the only evidence for the hypothesis of a weaving technique of the Baekje’s cotton. Through comparison to each region’s ancient cottons, we can investigate the species of Baekje’s cotton and ancient Korea cotton’s influx. 능산리 사지 출토 백제 면직물은 1999년 9월부터 2000년 4월까지 실시된 부여 능산리 사지 6차 발굴조사에서 출토된 후 보존 처리를 마치고 국립부여박물관에 소장된 유물이다. 본 연구에서는 섬유의 과학적 동정을 위해 비파괴적·화학적·형태적 분석을 실시하였으며 삼국시대‘백첩포’와 고려 말 ‘목면’의 유입경로와 특징 등을 밝히고자 백제 면직물의 역사적 가치와 의의를 규명하였다. 연구 결과, 적외선 흡광 영역 및 정색 반응 등에서 식물성 셀룰로오스 섬유의 특징이 나타났으며 형태학적 분석에서 면 섬유의 특징인 천연 꼬임과 중공이 뚜렷이 발견됨에 따라 면직물로 분석되었다. 백제 면직물은 축면의 면직물로 이제까지 면직물의 축면직물이 발견된 것은 처 음이며 이러한 면직물이 백제지역에서 제직되었는지는 아직 정확히 밝힐 수 없으나, 백제지역은 마한시대부터 견솜으로 실을 자아 직물을 제직했다는 기록이 있어 오랜 세월 축적된 제사기술이 있음을 알 수 있다. 본 연구결과는 현재까지 삼국시대 면직 물이 만들어지고 사용되었다는 문헌의 기록은 있으나 실증적 자료가 국내에 출토된 적이 없는 상황에서 백제 면직물의 가설을 실증적으로 확인시켜주는 자료로써 그 역사적 가치와 의의가 매우 크다. 향후 각 지역의 고대 목화종자와의 비교 분석 연구 등 을 통해 백제 면직물의 품종과 고대 한반도 유입경로를 밝힐 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Iterative neural network strategy for static model identification of an FRP deck

김두기,Jintao Cui,Hyeong Yeol Seo,Young Ho Lee 국제구조공학회 2009 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.9 No.5

This study proposes a system identification technique for a fiber-reinforced polymer deck with neural networks. Neural networks are trained for system identification and the identified structure gives training data in return. This process is repeated until the identified parameters converge. Hence, the proposed algorithm is called an iterative neural network scheme. The proposed algorithm also relies on recent developments in the experimental design of the response surface method. The proposed strategy is verified with known systems and applied to a fiber-reinforced polymer bridge deck with experimental data.

조선조 중기 이후 서화 및 채색 지도류의 바탕직물 특성 ‒규장각 소장 유물을 중심으로‒

유효선,이보영 단국대학교 석주선기념박물관 2015 한국 복식 Vol.0 No.34

규장각 소장 조선 중기 이후 서화 및 채색지도류에 사용된 직물 소재를 분석하였다. 총 21 점의 자료목록 가운데 반 이상이 모사직(模紗織, plain imitation gauze)의 화견을 바탕재질로 사용하였고, 8점은 평직물, 나머지 1점은 5매 수자직물에 그린 것이었다. 화견은 실 굵기, 올 수(합사수), 도가 다양하게 제작되었으며, 규장각 유물에서 볼 수 있는 것은 경위사 굵기가 같은 것에서부터, 위사에만 굵은 실을 사용한 것, 또는 같은 굵기의 실이지만 위사를 2올까지 사용한 것이 있었다. 자료목록 가운데 일부 샘플링이 가능한 경우에 한하여 FE-SEM 관찰을 통한 섬유 동정을 실시한 결과 대부분이 정련하지 않은 실크인 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 색상 분석 결과, 각 자료 유물의 색상분포는 붉은색과 노란색의 혼합 영역에서 다양하게 나타났으 며 제작 연대에 관계 없이 작품 별로 다른 L*값을 나타내는 것으로 미루어 이들의 보관 과정 에서 자연적인 노화 외에 열화현상을 촉진시킨 다른 원인이 있었거나 또는 제작 시에 바탕에 색을 입혔던 것으로 추정된다. 이러한 분석 결과는 앞으로의 유지관리에 있어 우선순위를 결 정하는 데에 필요한 단서를 제공하고 있다. Some East Asian paintings and cartographies are based on the textile background, not on the paper. Out of 21 list from Kyujanggak Archive, we identified more than half of them were painted on the pain imitation gauze fabrics, 8 of them on the tabby fabrics, and 1 on the 5/1 satin fabric. The variety of painting silks can be made by the combinations of several elements—yarn thickness, yarn count and fabric count. Only in cases where sampling was available, we processed a microscopic observation through FE-SEM. Most of the samples were clearly showing the characteristics of raw silk fibers, and only one of them were identified as the cotton fiber. In the colour analysis by spectrophotometer, the results were scattered in yellow-red area and their L* values were also varied regardless their ages. As these artefacts were the part of Royal Archive and given the fact that the storage conditions were similar, we can only assume that there were some other stimuli for accelerated aging in some of the pieces or the possibility of using dyed fabric from the beginning. The result of this study offers the clues to set the priority in conservation/maintenance plan of textile-based artworks.

파주 금릉리 출토복식의 섬유외 성분연구 : KS 시험규격의 활용을 중심으로 Application of KS Test Method

안춘순,조한국 한국의류학회 1998 한국의류학회지 Vol.22 No.6

The purpose of this research was to investigate the fiber content of and the characteristics of non-fibrous matters within the textiles exhumed from Keumreung-Ri, Pajoo of Kyunggi -do. Various microscopic methods and the IR spectroscopy were used for the identification of fibers. The KS K 0251 Test Method as well as the IR spectroscopy and the SEM were used for the analysis of non-fibrous matters. Fiber identification showed that each of the Pajoo samples were composed either of silk, cotton, or ramie. The results of the analysis of non-fibrous matters were as follows. The amount of water-extracted compound exceeded that of chloroform-extracted compound in both Pajoo 2 and Pajoo 5 samples. In Pajoo 5 sample which have already been dry cleaned using the mixed solution of n-hexane and n-dacane, the amount of chloroform extracted compound was 0% of the total extracted matter. The enzyme and HCl disintegration steps further removed the soils those were nonsoluble in water or chloroform. The most extraction was achieved at the HCl extraction stage.

Optimal layout of long-gauge sensors for deformation distribution identification

Jian Zhang,Qingqing Zhang,Qi Xia,Zhishen Wu 국제구조공학회 2016 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.18 No.3

Structural deflection can be identified from measured strains from long gague sensors, but the sensor layout scheme greatly influences on the accuracy of identified resutls. To determine the optimal sensor layout scheme for accurate deflection identification of the tied arch bridge, the method of optimal layout of long-gauge fiber optic sensors is studied, in which the characteristic curve is first developed by using the bending macro-strain curve under multiple target load conditions, then optimal sensor layout scheme with different number of sensors are determined. A tied arch bridge is studied as an example to verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method for static and dynamic deflection identification.

물리적 섬유감별방법에 대한 중학교 의복재료 단원 탐구활동지 개발

이희란 한국가정과교육학회 2016 한국가정과교육학회지 Vol.28 No.3

The purpose of this study is to develop an inquiry sheet for the contents of the clothing curriculum of home economics in middle schools using a physical fiber Identification method to increase students’ interests in and understanding of clothing materials. Therefore, a physical fiber Identification method suitable to middle school students was developed in actual classrooms and the effects were analyzed. As a result, the physical fiber identification method was developed to distinguish between wool and acrylic knits; moreover, the identification method between silk and polyester fiber was studied. And then the inquiry sheet using fiber identification method was also developed. When interests in learning, attitudes of acceptance toward learning, and learning achievements of the experimental group (used the inquiry sheet) and the control group (did not use the inquiry sheet) were compared, the experimental group scored higher in every category, all of which were meaningful differences. Thus, this study demonstrated that the developed fiber differentiation method and inquiry sheet improved self-directed learning as well as learners’ understanding of clothing materials by enabling the application the knowledge to the learners’ realities. 본 연구의 목적은 중학교 기술・가정교과 의복재료 단원에서 실물 교육자료집을 좀 더 적극적으로 활용하여 의복재료에 대한 학습자의 흥미와 이해를 높이고자 물리적 섬유감별방법이 들어간 탐구활동지를 개발하는데 있다. 이를 위해 중학교 2학년 수준에 적합한물리적 섬유감별 방법을 개발하였으며, 이를 실제 수업에 적용하고 그 효과를 분석하였다. 연구 결과 양모와 아크릴, 견과 폴리에스터를 비교하는 물리적 섬유감별방법을 개발하였으며, 이를 활용하여 탐구활동지를 개발하였다. 탐구활동지를 수업에 활용한 실험 집단과 사용하지 않은 통제 집단의 학습흥미도, 학습수용태도, 학업성취도를 비교・분석한 결과, 탐구활동지를 사용한 실험집단이 통제집단보다 모두 높은 점수를 보였으며, 유의미한 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 제작된 섬유감별방법과 탐구활동지는 의복재료에 대한 학습자의 이해를 촉진시켜줄 뿐 아니라, 의복재료에 대한 정보를 학습자에게 제공함으로써 학습자가 실생활에적용할 수 있을 뿐 아니라 학습자의 자기 주도적 학습을 촉진할 수 있는 것으로 생각된다.

근대 문서들의 섬유구성에 대한 고찰

나미선,고연석,양소은,서영범 한국펄프·종이공학회 2015 펄프.종이기술 Vol.38 No.1

Fiber identification was attempted for the early twenty century documents that were classified as national archives in Korea, as an initial step for establishing scientific preservation and restoration method. Fiber staining with C stain and a digital microscope were used for the observation. All the documents observed consisted of mostly softwood fibers from fir (Abies) and other minor supplementary fibers, and they were all deteriorated seriously by various damages and aging process. It seemed that at around 1914-1934, fir was used frequently as papermaking raw material.

Effect of fiber content on flexural properties of fishnet/GFRP hybrid composites

F. Michael Raj,V.A. Nagarajan,S. Sahaya Elsi,R.S. Jayaram 국제구조공학회 2016 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.22 No.1

In the present paper, glass fibers are substituted partially with monofilament fishnet and polyester matrix for making the composites. The composite specimens were prepared in accordance with ASTM for analyzing the flexural strength and dynamic mechanical properties. Furthermore, machinability revealed the interaction of glass fiber and partial substituted monofilament fishnet fiber with the matrix. Fiber pullouts on the fractured specimen during the physical testing of the composites are also investigated by COSLAB microscope. The results reveal that the fishnet based composites have appreciably higher flexural properties. Furthermore, the glass fiber, woven roving and fishnet composite has more storage modulus and significant mechanical damping. The composite specimens were fabricated by hand lay-up method. Hence, these composites are the possible applications to develop the value added products. The results of this study are presented.