Balance-of-Fear Theory and Korea-Japan-U.S. Relations, 1945-1953

윤태룡 고려대학교 일민국제관계연구원 2013 국제관계연구 Vol.18 No.2

This article, with balance-of-fear theory, explains the puzzling triangular dynamics of Korea-Japan-U.S. relations in the early Cold War period. Glenn Snyder’s concept of “alliance security dilemma” associated with abandonment/entrapment fears among allies, though useful, is not enough for explaining alliance/alignment politics among states. This article additionally employs two more fears: fear of deterrence failure between enemies and fear of losing autonomy between allies. Each state’s main incentive for supporting (or increasing commitment to) the alignment partner(s) can be abandonment fear (or fear of deterrence failure) while each state’s main incentive for defecting from (or decreasing commitment to) the alignment partner(s) can be entrapment fear (or fear of losing autonomy). For instance, during the Cold War period the U.S. concern for Korea and Japan is mainly due to the former’s fear of deterrence failure —the possibility of the Communist conquest of the Korean peninsula and Finlandization of Japan — rather than the former’s fear of being abandoned by South Korea or Japan. Meanwhile, South Korea and Japan’s concern for the United States is largely due to their abandonment fears regarding the United States. Japan played a game of balancing between fear of deterrence failure regarding South Korea and abandonment fear regarding the United States; South Korea played a game of balancing between abandonment fear regarding the United States and fear of losing autonomy regarding Japan. The mechanism of balance of fears of four kinds reasonably explains triangular dynamics in the early Cold War period and, arguably, has potential to be utilized for analyzing other states’ relations in general.

Balance-of-Fear Theory and Korea-Japan-U.S. Relations, 1945-1953

Tae-Ryong Yoon(윤태룡) 고려대학교 일민국제관계연구원 2013 국제관계연구 Vol.18 No.2

본 논문은 공포균형이론(balance-of-fear theory)으로 풀기 어려운 냉전 초기한 · 미 · 일 3각관계의 동학을 설명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 동맹국 간의 방기/연루공포와 관련한 스나이더(Glenn Snyder)의 “동맹안보딜레마” 개념은 일정부분 유용하기는 하나, 국가 간 동맹/연합관계를 설명하는 데 부족한 점이 있다. 본 논문은 2개의 추가적 공포 즉, (1)적대국 간의 억지실패공포와 (2)동맹국간의 독립상실 공포개념을 사용하여 스나이더의 이론을 보완하고자 한다. 동맹(alliance) 혹은 연합(alignment) 대상국에 대한 각 국가의 지원동기는 그들 간의 방기공포 혹은 그 동맹대상국의 (적국에 대한) 억지실패 공포에 기인한다. 반면에, 동맹대상국에 대한 지원철회동기는 그들 간의 연루공포 혹은 그들 간의 독립성상실 공포에 기인한다. 예를 들면, 냉전기간 동안 한국과 일본에 대한 미국의 관심(우려)은 주로 미국의 적국에 대한 억지실패 공포에 있었다. 즉, 미국은 자국이 한국(남한) 혹은 일본에 의해 방기될 가능성에 대한 공포보다는 한반도의 공산화 가능성과 일본의 핀란드화 가능성을 우려했다. 한편, 한국과 일본의 미국에 대한 관심(우려) 특히 한국의 우려는 더욱더 주로 미국에 대한 방기공포에 기인했다. 일본은 한국에 대해서는 북한과 관련한 억지실패공포, 그리고 미국에 대해서는 방기공포라는 두 가지 공포의 균형을 이루는 게임을 해왔다. 반면, 한국은 미국에 대해서는 방기공포, 그리고 일본에 대해서는 독립성상실공포라는 두 가지 공포의 균형을 이루는 게임을 해왔다고 볼 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 이들 4가지 공포(즉, 방기공포, 연루공포, 독립성상실 공포, 억지실패공포)와 관련한 공포균형의 기제(mechanism of balance of fears)가 냉전 초기 한 · 미 · 일 3각관계의 동학을 상당히 사리에 맞게 설명할 수 있다는 것을 보여줌으로써 일반적으로 국제정치에서 다른 국가관계를 설명하는 데에도 유용하게 적용될 수 있는 잠재력이 있다고 주장한다. This article, with balance-of-fear theory, explains the puzzling triangular dynamics of Korea-Japan-U.S. relations in the early Cold War period. Glenn Snyder’s concept of “alliance security dilemma” associated with abandonment/entrapment fears among allies, though useful, is not enough for explaining alliance/alignment politics among states. This article additionally employs two more fears: fear of deterrence failure between enemies and fear of losing autonomy between allies. Each state’s main incentive for supporting (or increasing commitment to) the alignment partner(s) can be abandonment fear (or fear of deterrence failure) while each state’s main incentive for defecting from (or decreasing commitment to) the alignment partner(s) can be entrapment fear (or fear of losing autonomy). For instance, during the Cold War period the U.S. concern for Korea and Japan is mainly due to the former’s fear of deterrence failure ?the possibility of the Communist conquest of the Korean peninsula and Finlandization of Japan ? rather than the former’s fear of being abandoned by South Korea or Japan. Meanwhile, South Korea and Japan’s concern for the United States is largely due to their abandonment fears regarding the United States. Japan played a game of balancing between fear of deterrence failure regarding South Korea and abandonment fear regarding the United States; South Korea played a game of balancing between abandonment fear regarding the United States and fear of losing autonomy regarding Japan. The mechanism of balance of fears of four kinds reasonably explains triangular dynamics in the early Cold War period and, arguably, has potential to be utilized for analyzing other states’ relations in general.

A Corpus-Based Study on Metaphors of FEAR

박수민 언어과학회 2019 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.91

This study was conducted to discover the general metaphors of FEAR in English from the synchronic point of view. To find out metaphors of FEAR, the data was retrieved from COCA, extracting the token with key word FEAR. The retrieved data was analyzed in the light of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and classified into the types of metaphors with the statistics such as the relative frequency (FPR) and he standard error (SE). With the comparison between FPR and SE in each metaphor, the general metaphors of FEAR can be found. As a result, the general metaphors of FEAR are as follows: FEAR IS A LOCATION, FEAR IS AN OBJECT, FEAR IS A CAUSE OF MOTION, FEAR IS OVERFLOW, FEAR IS A FLUID IN THE CONTAINER, FEAR IS PHYSICAL FORCE, FEAR IS COLDNESS, FEAR IS A LIVING ORGANISM, and FEAR IS OPPONENT.

범죄피해에 대한 대중의 두려움

장안식(Chang, An-Sik) 한국피해자학회 2012 被害者學硏究 Vol.20 No.2

This paper tries to distinguish between personal fear of crime and fear for others which has received little attention in the field of fear of crime research. In a way to treat fear for others as distinct from personal fear, this paper tries to conceptualize fear for others as a kinship-based vicarious fear and a general vicarious fear. Based on the KCVS(2009) data, this paper reveals both similarities and differences on the levels of personal and vicarious fear of crime. This paper also investigates how personal fear of crime and vicarious fear of crime are patterned by the individual and community factors. In addition, this paper shows the social distributions of personal and vicarious fear whether they are similar or mutually exclusive or independent. Based on the Multinomial Logit Model, this paper tries to find out whether the determinants of personal fear and vicarious fear of crime are similar or different. This paper argues that vicarious fear(kinship-based) is more common and intense than personal fear or (general) vicarious fear. And, it also reveals that the level of (general) vicarious fear corresponds to the level of personal fear of crime. Based on the results, this paper argues that the intensity of public fear can be explained by the existence of (kinship-based) vicarious fear of crime. Finally, this paper discusses the mechanisms of each fear of crime and talks about some implications of this study.

공포 정서가 의인화 브랜드에 대한 태도 및 구매 의도에 미치는 영향: 공포의 근원을 중심으로

이신형 한국마케팅학회 2022 마케팅연구 Vol.37 No.3

When people feel afraid, they activate coping behaviors to protect themselves and experience an intense desire for consumption in the process of regulating negative emotions. Therefore, aiming to explore specific consumption contexts that can alleviate fear and restore emotional stability, this research identifies the strategic significance of anthropomorphic marketing that attributes human-like characteristics to products and brands in the fearful situations. In Study 1, we find that the interaction between fear (fear of crime vs. neutral) and anthropomorphism (anthropomorphic vs. non-anthropomorphic) has a significant effect on brand attitude and purchase intention. Consumers primed with fear of crime show a more favorable attitude and higher purchase intention toward non-anthropomorphic (vs. anthropomorphic) brands. Based on this result, we show the possibility that the criminal fear context, the prevalent method for fear manipulation in previous studies, could attenuate the effect of anthropomorphic marketing and further suggest a new perspective that categorizes the source of fear based on its relevance to humans. In Study 2, we examine how the interaction between the source of fear (fear of disaster vs. fear of crime) and anthropomorphism (anthropomorphic vs. non-anthropomorphic) affects purchase intention through emotional stability and brand attitude in serial. Consumers primed with fear of disaster (vs. fear of crime) show a lower level of restoration of emotional stability when faced with non-anthropomorphic (vs. anthropomorphic) brand advertisements. This result confirms that brand anthropomorphism strategies are effective only in disaster-based fear contexts. This research is the first attempt to categorize fear based on its source and proves that preference or avoidance of anthropomorphic brands is affected by underlying sources of fear. These findings expand the academic horizons of related fields and provide various practical implications. 사람들은 두려움을 느낄 때 자신을 보호하기 위한 대처 행동(coping behavior)을 활성화하며 부정적 정서를 조절하는 과정에서 강렬한 소비 욕구를 경험하곤 한다. 이에 본 연구는 소비자의 두려움을 완화하고 정서적 안정감을 회복시켜줄 수 있는 구체적인 소비 맥락을 탐구하는 것을 목표로, 제품 및 브랜드에 인간적 특성을 부여하는 의인화 마케팅이 공포 상황에서 어떠한 전략적 의미를 지니는지 규명하고자 하였다. 연구 1은 공포 정서(범죄 공포 vs. 중립)와 브랜드 의인화(의인화 vs. 비의인화)의 상호작용이 브랜드 태도 및 제품 구매 의도에 유의한 영향을 미치며, 구체적으로 범죄에 대한 공포가 환기된 소비자는 비의인화(vs. 의인화) 브랜드 광고에 대해 더 우호적인 태도와 높은 구매 의도를 나타낸다는 것을 검증하였다. 이러한 결과는 선행연구의 주된 공포 조작 방식인 범죄 공포 맥락이 의인화 마케팅의 효과를 반감시킬 가능성을 제기하고, 인간과의 관련성 여부를 기준으로 공포의 근원을 범주화하는 새로운 관점의 필요성을 제안한다. 연구 2는 공포의 근원(재난 공포 vs. 범죄 공포)과 브랜드 의인화(의인화 vs. 비의인화)의 상호작용이 브랜드를 통한 정서적 안정감 회복과 브랜드 태도를 거쳐, 궁극적으로 제품 구매 의도로 이어지는 연쇄적 영향력을 검증하였다. 구체적으로, 재난(vs. 범죄)에 대한 공포가 환기된 소비자는 비의인화(vs. 의인화) 브랜드 광고를 마주했을 때 정서적 안정감 회복 수준이 현저히 낮게 나타나며, 이러한 결과는 브랜드 의인화 전략이 재난 공포 조건에서만 효과를 거둔다는 사실을 확증한다. 종합하면, 본 연구는 공포 정서를 공포의 근원에 따라 범주화한 최초의 연구로, 공포를 유발하는 원인이 무엇인가에 따라 의인화 브랜드에 대한 선호 또는 회피 반응이 양립한다는 것을 실증하였다는 점에서 의의를 지닌다. 이러한 연구 결과는 유관 분야의 학술적 지평을 넓히고 다양한 실무적 시사점을 제공한다.

A Corpus-Based Study on Metaphors of FEAR

Soonin Park 언어과학회 2019 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.91

This study was conducted to discover the general metaphors of FEAR in English from the synchronic point of view. To find out metaphors of FEAR, the data was retrieved from COCA, extracting the token with key word FEAR. The retrieved data was analyzed in the light of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and classified into the types of metaphors with the statistics such as the relative frequency (FPR) and he standard error (SE). With the comparison between FPR and SE in each metaphor, the general metaphors of FEAR can be found. As a result, the general metaphors of FEAR are as follows: FEAR IS A LOCATION, FEAR IS AN OBJECT, FEAR IS A CAUSE OF MOTION, FEAR IS OVERFLOW, FEAR IS A FLUID IN THE CONTAINER, FEAR IS PHYSICAL FORCE, FEAR IS COLDNESS, FEAR IS A LIVING ORGANISM, and FEAR IS OPPONENT.

Aesthetic Research on Blurred Fear Face Artwork Based on Low Spatial Frequency - A Case Study of Francis Bacon's Portrait -

( Liu Xu ),( Cho¸ Taigyoun ) 한국디자인트렌드학회 2021 한국디자인포럼 Vol.26 No.4

Background As a means of conveying non-verbal information, facial expression is very important in all aspects of life. Humans can quickly obtain information from facial expressions, especially sensitive to blurred fear faces. Francis Bacon, a British painter, is good at portraying the feelings of fear in rough brush strokes, especially the facial expressions of fear, but his work also gives viewers a heavy sense of repression and horror. Studies have shown that the ability to read blurred fear faces is an inherent trait not only in humans but also in many animals, which is related to the brain's special processing mechanism for low spatial frequency (LSF) fear expression information and is independent of regional culture. Many artists or designers have used their keen sense of blurred fear faces as a medium to express emotions in various fields. Methods The symmetry between artistic expression and visual design creation and brain emotion processing structure is explored in this study. First, the painter Bacon's representative paintings depicting blurred fear faces and other visual design works were sorted out through the Internet; second, a design experiment was carried out, that is, blurred fear faces were made withPhotoshopCS6 and a questionnaire survey was conducted; finally, from the perspective of cognitive neuroscience, previous studies and experimental results were summarized, the significance and process of rapid recognition of fear faces at low spatial frequency (LSF) were sorted out, and the corresponding neural structures of fear facial expressions were processed. Result Through the analysis and experimental results of the existing paintings and designs of fuzzy fear facial expressions, it is found that they are in line with the neural structure of the brain to deal with low spatial frequency ( LSF ) fear faces, that is, there is symmetry between artistic expression and brain emotional structure. Conclusion In this study, starting from the discovery of the phenomenon in which blurred fear faces are used as artists or designers to convey fear, bacon was taken as an example and previous studies in cognitive neuroscience were used to find that the brain has special neural structures corresponding to the rapid recognition of facial expressions of fuzzy fear. In this paper, the author tries to explain the phenomenon of design aesthetics from a scientific perspective so as to get a visual artistic creation method that reflects this facial expression. This neurological study of the art of fear seems to be more effective than previous empirical designs.

범죄두려움 측정 개선방안에 대한 연구: 정서와 인지적 평가로서의 범죄두려움

안재경,최이문 한국형사법무정책연구원 2023 형사정책연구 Vol.133 No.-

The fear of crime, which is defined as the psychological state of being afraid and worried about becoming a victim of crime, is distinct from the actual crime rate. This difference may be attributed to the fact that fear of crime is often high in reality, but also due to incomplete measurement of fear of crime that fails to reflect the actual circumstances. In light of this, the present study defined fear of crime as both an emotional aspect (general fear: “Have you ever been worried about becoming a victim of crime in the past year?”) and a cognitive evaluation (specific fear: modified to ‘risk perception’ questions regarding the likelihood and severity of the occurrence). A survey of 221 general population was conducted using both the original and modified fear of crime questions to compare the two types and determine if there was a difference in the measurement value. The study found that the level of fear of crime was significantly lower in both types of modified questions. The author then investigated the impact of gender, a key factor affecting fear of crime, on both general and specific fear of crime and found that gender had no significant effect on fear of crime in the modified questions. This indirectly suggests that fear of crime is formed through subjective risk assessment of the crime risk associated with gender, rather than gender itself. Based on the findings of this empirical study, the author argues for the need to supplement the relevant questions of the “National Survey on Public Safety,” one of the few studies that examines fear of crime on a nationwide scale.

해석된 두려움 : 감성학을 중심으로

신다인 ( Dain Shin ) 이화여자대학교 도예연구소 2019 陶藝硏究 Vol.- No.28

본고는 필자의 일상에서 큰 영역을 차지하던 두려움의 감정을 해석해 나가기 위한 여정을 담은 것이다. 두려움은 인간이 기본적으로 지니고 있는 감정이다. 일반인들에게는 아주 자연스러운 감정이 필자에게 적 당함을 넘어 지나치고 거대하게 다가오면서 나의 하루는 아주 극단적인 두려움을 느낄 때와 그렇지 않을 때의 상태로 나뉘게 되었다. 이유도 정확한 시작점도 알 수 없는 두려움이라는 감정은 걷잡을 수 없이 거대해져 나의 일상 속에 위협적으로 다가왔고, 그로부터 더 이상 도망칠 수 있는 곳이 없었다. 결국, 나는 두려움을 치료하기 위해 그로부터 도망치는 방법이 아닌 직면을 택했다. 본고는 두려움을 마주하는 것에서부터 출발한다. 두려움을 마주하고 그 근원을 찾아가던 중 감성학이라는 학문과 만나게 되었다. 감성학은 넓은 범위의 일반적인 지각, 그리고 감성적 지각을 다룬다. 또한, 우리가 느끼는 모든 것들은 분석의 대상이 되고 그 대상에 대한 주관적인 힘에 주목하고 아주 사소한 사물까지도 지각하고 분석한다. 이 학문에 따르면 우리의 일상에서 볼 수 있는 주변 사물을 문득 예민하게 느끼고 파악하려하는 행위는 사물에 대한 ‘감성적 지각행위’라고 볼 수 있다. 이러한 지각행위는 대상과의 교감으로 이어진다. 발터 벤야민은 대상과의 교감을 아우라 개념으로 설명하고 있다. 아우라는 주체와 대상이 시선을 주고받음으로서 경험하게 되는 감성적 지각개념이다. 대상과의 아우라, 즉 서로의 교감을 통해 느끼게 되는 기운은 필자에게 두려움이 시작되는 기점이 되었다. 두려움을 직면하는 방법은 여러 형태로 나타났다. 그림을 그리고, 글을 쓰고 그것을 흙으로 빚어내는 과정이 이루어지면서 두려움이 서서히 희석되어져가는 것을 느꼈다. 작품은 두려움을 극복해가는 여정을 담아낸 한 편의 시나리오 방식으로 진행된다. 두려움을 직면하기 시작할 때의 어두운 분위기는 장면이 전환되면서 밝게 변화하기 시작한다. 두려움이라는 감정의 근원을 조금이나마 파악하기 시작하면서 작업의 분위기는 두려움을 능동적으로 대하는 연구자의 태도로 이어진다. 본고를 통해 필자가 두려움이라고 생각하고 두려워해왔던 낯설고 기묘한 기운들이 사물과의 시선교환에서부터 시작되는 지각작용일 수 있다는 해석을 하게 되었다. 즉, 감성학을 통한 두려움의 극복은 그 감정의 시작점을 파악하고 스스로 위로할 수 있는 근거를 제시했다. 따라서 필자는 이제 더 이상 이 감정으로부터 도망치지 않고 두려움을 이해하고 마주하기 위한 태도를 취했다는 것에 의미를 두고자 한다. This paper deals with the journey to understand the feeling of fear that has taken a big part of my life. Every human has a basic feeling of fear. Fear, which is perfectly normal to others, came to me and took over my life. My life had 2 different states, one when I felt extreme fear, and the other when I did not. I did not know where it came from, or why it came. Fear became more and more strong to take over my daily life, I had no place to run away from it. Finally, I decided to face the feeling, instead of trying to run away. This paper begins where I face the feeling of fear. That was when I met esthetics, as I was trying to find the root of fear. Esthetics deals with a wide range of general and emotional perception. Also, everything we feel becomes the subject of analysis, it pays attention to the subjective power of the objects, and perceives and analyzes even little things. According to the study, the act of trying to feel and understand the surrounding objects in our daily life can be regarded as ‘emotional perception’. The perception leads to communion with the object. Walter Benjamin explains this communion with the object as a concept of aura. Aura is an emotional perception that the subject and the object experience by exchanging gaze. The aura with the object or the energy felt through mutual communion became the starting point of the fear for me. Facing fear has different forms. As the procedure of drawing, writing, and creating it with soil, I felt the fear gradually diluted. The work proceeds in a way of a scenario of the journey to overcome fear. The dark atmosphere at the beginning starts to change brightly as the scene changes. As I begin to understand the root of fear, the atmosphere leads to the attitude of the researcher who actively treats fear. Through this paper, I have learned that the strange energy that I used to consider as fear, can be a perceptual action starting from the exchange of gaze within things. Overcoming fear through the study of esthetics has provided me a reason to understand the starting point of the feeling, as well as to comfort myself. Thus, it is noticeable that I no longer tried to run away from the feeling, but took an attitude to understand and face the fear.

체계적 문헌고찰을 통한 국내 치과공포 연구 동향분석 (2007-2017)

임애정 ( Ae-jung Im ),김세은 ( Se-eun Kim ),김현지 ( Hyun-ji Kim ),박덕현 ( Deok-hyun Park ),박민영 ( Min-young Park ),박소영 ( So-young Park ),이동균 ( Dong-gyun Lee ),홍의정 ( Eui-jeong Hong ),임희정 ( Hee-jung Lim ) 한국치위생학회(구 한국치위생교육학회) 2018 한국치위생학회지 Vol.18 No.5

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the overall research trends and factors influencing dental fears in the last 10 years (2007-2017) and provide recommendations for future research. Methods: The literature review focused on dental fear research in Korea. Inclusion criteria of selected studies were as follows: studies that examined fear in middle school students or older, studies undertaken between 2007-2017, and studies that examined trends and factors relating to dental fears. Results: Findings from this literature review showed that the most commonly used tool for measuring dental fear was the Dental Fear Survey (DFS). A lack of trust towards the dentist increased dental fear among patients. Women managed fear better than men. Past pain experiences increased dental fear. The most frequent intervention for reducing fear was sound (41.7%). Most of the intervention studies demonstrated a reduction of fear, with the exception of interventions using ear plugs. Fear was increased in studies involving ear plugs. Conclusions: Based on the results of the study, specific measures should be taken to alleviate past pain experiences, such as the fear of anesthetic injections and sensations of the dental drill. Continuous research is needed to reduce dental fear.