전력거래의 법적 성격에 관한 연구

송일두 법무부 2019 선진상사법률연구 Vol.- No.86

Electricity, a form of the energy generated by the movement of electron, has drastically developed humanity and culture due to its ease of operation, transformation and stability. Although electric power industry accounts for a significant portion of the Korean economy, the electric power trading in the view of commercial law has been rarely under the discussion. However, in order to prepare for disputes arising from increased markets and development of electricity technology, the legal nature of electric power trading should be clarified. First of all, electricity can not be stored and can be transmitted only through the transmission line. There is a controversy about the legal nature of electricity in the United States. However, electricity will be treated as a goods in Korean legal system because of Korea Civil Code. Supply obligation could be imposed in that electric power trading is continuous contract especially for daily necessities. The Electric Utility Act provides that no operator of the electricity generation business and operator of the electric sales business shall refuse to supply electricity without a justifiable ground. It also has the character of a contract to sell electricity. Electric power trading in the power market are close to mechanical bidding and calculate procedures, and a typical type of contract for sale is a power purchase agreement. Power purchase agreement is a contract between buyers and sellers that sells electricity at an agreed period and price that includes commercial conditions such as contract period, delivery point, delivery time, electricity volume and price, etc. As a commercial contract, the principle of freedom of contract should be applied more strongly to electric power trading than a general civil contract. However, the principle of freedom of contract may be limited to certain aspects since electric power trading is aimed at providing survival benefits. Finally, electricity trading could be seen as one of the distribution contracts made in the process of the product being distributed from the operator of the electricity generation business to the consumer via the transmission line. The nature of the distribution contract needs to be particularly emphasized since the role of middle merchant as a intermediary will become increasingly important as the with open of the power market and development of technology. 전자의 이동으로 발생하는 에너지의 한 형태인 전기는 조작의 편리성, 변환의 용이성 그리고 안정성이라는 특성으로 인하여 인류와 문화를 비약적으로 발전시켰다. 우리나라 경제에서 전력산업은 상당한 비중을 차지하고 있음에도 전력거래 자체에 대한 상거래법 차원의 논의는 그리 활발하게 진행되지 않은 것으로 보인다. 그러나 산업규모의 증가와 전력기술의 발전에 따른 분쟁에 대비하고 제도적 정비를 위해 전력거래의 법적 성격이 규명될 필요가 있다. 우선 전기는 저장이 불가능하고 송배전망을 통해서만 전달될 수 있는 등 일반적인 상품과는 구별되는 특징을 갖고 있다. 이에 미국에서는 전기의 법적 성격에 대한 논란이 있다. 다만 민법에서 관리할 수 있는 자연력으로 전기를 물건으로 명시하였기 때문에 우리 법제상 전기가 상품임에는 큰 이견이 없을 것으로 보인다. 나아가 전력거래는 계속적 계약, 그 중에서도 생활필수재화의 계속적 공급계약이라는 점 때문에 공급의무가 부과될 수 있다. 전기사업법은 발전사업자 및 전기판매사업자가 정당한 사유 없이 전기의 공급을 거부할 수 없도록 규정하고 있다. 또한 전력거래는 상사계약으로서 계약자유의 원칙이 일반 민사계약보다 더욱 강하게 적용되어야 한다. 그러나 전력거래는 생존배려적 급부를 목적으로 하기 때문에 계약자유의 원칙은 일정 부분 제한될 수 있다. 그리고 전기라는 상품을 목적물로 하는 매매계약으로서의 성격을 갖는다. 전력시장에서의 전력거래는 기계적인 입찰 및 정산절차에 가까우며, 전형적인 매매계약의 형태는 전력구매계약 방식이라고 할 수 있다. 전력구매계약이란 구매자와 판매자간 사전 합의된 기간과 가격으로 전기를 매매하는 계약으로서 계약기간, 전달지점, 전달시기, 전력량, 가격 등과 같은 상업조건들을 담고 있다. 마지막으로 전력거래는 전기라는 상품이 발전사업자로부터 송배전선로를 통해 소비자에게로 유통되는 과정에서 이루어지는 유통계약의 하나로 볼 수 있다. 앞으로 전력시장의 개방과 기술의 발전에 따라 전력거래의 매개자 역할을 하는 중간상인의 중요성이 증가할 것이므로 유통계약으로서의 성격이 특별히 강조될 필요가 있다.

A Study on the Steering System of Electric Scooter

박성천 한국인터넷방송통신학회 2022 Journal of Advanced Smart Convergence Vol.11 No.2

Recently, the popularization of personal mobility(PM) has made it possible to see many electric scooters. The energy source of personal transportation used by the general public and the disabled can be seen as environmentally friendly as electricity. Personal transportation means are divided into small electric vehicles because they use electric energy, and they are being treated as new models by automobile manufacturers in each country and spurring development. On the other hand, personal transportation means may cause various types of traffic accidents as they travel between roads and a human walk. In order to prevent such accidents, it is judged that the enactment of laws on the establishment of specifications for electric scooters, which are personal transportation means, and the method of restricting road operation should be given priority. The electric scooter is basically different from the conventional vehicle. The steering shaft of the steering system applied to the electric scooter one to two is possible. 1 to 2 the front-wheel under the steering column is used. It is classified according to the number of wheel installed at the electric scooter is the vehicle body into 2 wheel - electric scooter, and 3 wheel - electric scooter and 4 wheel - electric scooter. In this study, we propose a steering shaft design model that can be applied to an electric scooter, one of personal transportation means. A design model for 1-shaft steering and 2-shafts steering that can be applied to electric scooters is proposed. In addition, we have produced the prototypes for the commercialization of the proposed models, and reviewed the pros and cons of the manufactured prototypes and models.

Development of an electric oil pump control algorithm for an automatic-transmission-based hybrid electric vehicle considering the gear shift characteristics

Song, Minseok,Oh, Joseph,Kim, Jonghyun,Kim, Youngchul,Yi, Jaeshin,Kim, Yeonho,Kim, Hyunsoo SAGE Publications 2014 Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engin Vol.228 No.1

<P>In this paper, an electric oil pump control algorithm for an automatic-transmission-based hybrid electric vehicle was proposed. Dynamic models of the hybrid electric vehicle powertrain and hydraulic control system, including a mechanical oil pump and an electric oil pump, were obtained, and a hybrid electric vehicle performance simulator was developed. Also, a flow consumption model of the hydraulic control system was constructed. To represent the characteristics of the hydraulic control system according to the change in the temperature of the automatic transmission fluid, a viscosity index concept was introduced. Based on the simulation and test results, a viscosity index–line pressure–electric oil pump power map was proposed to describe the power supply requirement according to the viscosity index and the required line pressure. Using the viscosity index–line pressure–electric oil pump power map, an electric oil pump control algorithm was suggested to control the electric oil pump by using multi-stage power for a given viscosity index. The mechanical oil pump speed at which the electric oil pump is turned off was obtained on the basis of the flow consumption model. The electric oil pump control algorithm was evaluated by experiments and simulations. The proposed electric oil pump control algorithm satisfied the target line pressure requirement according to the viscosity index. In addition, an electric oil pump control strategy during an automatic transmission gear shift was suggested for the situation in which the maximum line pressure required for the gear shift cannot be achieved by only the mechanical oil pump. The electric-oil-pump-assisted power was determined from the flow consumption model and the mechanical oil pump speed considering the gear shift. The simulation results confirmed that the electric oil pump control strategy satisfied the maximum line pressure during a gear shift.</P>

1910~1920년대 전력산업정책과 전력업계의 동향

오진석 한국근현대사학회 2012 한국 근현대사 연구 Vol.63 No.-

This paper examines the electricity industry policy of the Government-General of Joseon and the movement of companies in the electricity industry during the 1910’s and the 1920’s. The Government-General of Joseon implemented the license system about establishment and management of electric company and overall price of electricity by Jeongi Saeop Chuiche Gyuchik[electricity business regulation rule]. The Government-General of Joseon regulated the electricity industry by administrative guidance without the enactment of Joseon Jeongi Saeopryeong[Joseon Electric Business Act]. The Government-General of Joseon had guaranteed the local monopoly of electric companies by the principle that a single region is one electric company. The electric companies with the local monopoly earned high return during 1920’s thanks to rapid increase of demand of electric lamps and electric power. But general industrial capitalists expressed dissatisfaction over the electric companies for higher price of electricity, lack of electric facilities, frequent blackout and unkind service. They commenced the movement of reducement of overall price of electricity and municipalization movement. The Government-General of Joseon must settle this conflict. The Government-General of Joseon induced electric companies to reduce overall price of electricity, and guaranteed the local monopoly of electric companies. Ultimately the Government-General of Joseon made plan of hydroelectric power plants for reducement of overall price of electricity. Against this backdrop, the Government-General of Joseon needed to enact Joseon Jeongi Saeopryeong[Joseon Electric Business Act] and establish the electricity control policy. This paper examines the electricity industry policy of the Government-General of Joseon and the movement of companies in the electricity industry during the 1910’s and the 1920’s. The Government-General of Joseon implemented the license system about establishment and management of electric company and overall price of electricity by Jeongi Saeop Chuiche Gyuchik[electricity business regulation rule]. The Government-General of Joseon regulated the electricity industry by administrative guidance without the enactment of Joseon Jeongi Saeopryeong[Joseon Electric Business Act]. The Government-General of Joseon had guaranteed the local monopoly of electric companies by the principle that a single region is one electric company. The electric companies with the local monopoly earned high return during 1920’s thanks to rapid increase of demand of electric lamps and electric power. But general industrial capitalists expressed dissatisfaction over the electric companies for higher price of electricity, lack of electric facilities, frequent blackout and unkind service. They commenced the movement of reducement of overall price of electricity and municipalization movement. The Government-General of Joseon must settle this conflict. The Government-General of Joseon induced electric companies to reduce overall price of electricity, and guaranteed the local monopoly of electric companies. Ultimately the Government-General of Joseon made plan of hydroelectric power plants for reducement of overall price of electricity. Against this backdrop, the Government-General of Joseon needed to enact Joseon Jeongi Saeopryeong[Joseon Electric Business Act] and establish the electricity control policy.

Binaural Electric-Acoustic Interactions Recorded from the Inferior Colliculus of Guinea Pigs: The Effect of Masking Observed in the Central Nucleus of the Inferior Colliculus

노혜일,이동희 대한이비인후과학회 2012 Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology Vol.5 No.3

Objectives. To investigate the electric-acoustic interactions within the inferior colliculus of guinea pigs and to observe how central masking appears in invasive neural recordings of the inferior colliculus (IC). Methods. A platinum-iridium wire was inserted to scala tympani through cochleostomy with a depth no greater than 1 mm for intracochlear stimulation of electric pulse train. A 5 mm 100 μm, single-shank, thin-film, penetrating recording probe was inserted perpendicularly to the surface of the IC in the coronal plane at an angle of 30-40° off the parasagittal plane with a depth of 2.0-2.5 mm. The peripheral and central masking effects were compared using electric pulse trains to the left ear and acoustic noise to the left ear (ipsilateral) and to the right ear (contralateral). Binaural acoustic stimuli were presented with different time delays and compared with combined electric and acoustic stimuli. The averaged evoked potentials and total spike numbers were measured using thin-film electrodes inserted into the central nucleus of the IC. Results. Ipsilateral noise had more obvious effects on the electric response than did contralateral noise. Contralateral noise decreased slightly the response amplitude to the electric pulse train stimuli. Immediately after the onset of acoustic noise, the response pattern changed transiently with shorter response intervals. The effects of contralateral noise were evident at the beginning of the continuous noise. The total spike number decreased when the binaural stimuli reached the IC most simultaneously. Conclusion. These results suggest that central masking is quite different from peripheral masking and occurs within the binaural auditory system, and this study showed that the effect of masking could be observed in the IC recording. These effects are more evident and consistent with the psychophysical data from spike number analyses than with the previously reported gross potential data. Objectives. To investigate the electric-acoustic interactions within the inferior colliculus of guinea pigs and to observe how central masking appears in invasive neural recordings of the inferior colliculus (IC). Methods. A platinum-iridium wire was inserted to scala tympani through cochleostomy with a depth no greater than 1 mm for intracochlear stimulation of electric pulse train. A 5 mm 100 μm, single-shank, thin-film, penetrating recording probe was inserted perpendicularly to the surface of the IC in the coronal plane at an angle of 30-40° off the parasagittal plane with a depth of 2.0-2.5 mm. The peripheral and central masking effects were compared using electric pulse trains to the left ear and acoustic noise to the left ear (ipsilateral) and to the right ear (contralateral). Binaural acoustic stimuli were presented with different time delays and compared with combined electric and acoustic stimuli. The averaged evoked potentials and total spike numbers were measured using thin-film electrodes inserted into the central nucleus of the IC. Results. Ipsilateral noise had more obvious effects on the electric response than did contralateral noise. Contralateral noise decreased slightly the response amplitude to the electric pulse train stimuli. Immediately after the onset of acoustic noise, the response pattern changed transiently with shorter response intervals. The effects of contralateral noise were evident at the beginning of the continuous noise. The total spike number decreased when the binaural stimuli reached the IC most simultaneously. Conclusion. These results suggest that central masking is quite different from peripheral masking and occurs within the binaural auditory system, and this study showed that the effect of masking could be observed in the IC recording. These effects are more evident and consistent with the psychophysical data from spike number analyses than with the previously reported gross potential data.

A Study on the Steering System of Electric Scooter

Park, Sung Cheon The Institute of Internet 2022 International journal of advanced smart convergenc Vol.11 No.2

Recently, the popularization of personal mobility(PM) has made it possible to see many electric scooters. The energy source of personal transportation used by the general public and the disabled can be seen as environmentally friendly as electricity. Personal transportation means are divided into small electric vehicles because they use electric energy, and they are being treated as new models by automobile manufacturers in each country and spurring development. On the other hand, personal transportation means may cause various types of traffic accidents as they travel between roads and a human walk. In order to prevent such accidents, it is judged that the enactment of laws on the establishment of specifications for electric scooters, which are personal transportation means, and the method of restricting road operation should be given priority. The electric scooter is basically different from the conventional vehicle. The steering shaft of the steering system applied to the electric scooter one to two is possible. 1 to 2 the front-wheel under the steering column is used. It is classified according to the number of wheel installed at the electric scooter is the vehicle body into 2 wheel - electric scooter, and 3 wheel - electric scooter and 4 wheel - electric scooter. In this study, we propose a steering shaft design model that can be applied to an electric scooter, one of personal transportation means. A design model for 1-shaft steering and 2-shafts steering that can be applied to electric scooters is proposed. In addition, we have produced the prototypes for the commercialization of the proposed models, and reviewed the pros and cons of the manufactured prototypes and models.

A Study of Servitization Strategy for Electric Vehicles

Sang-Hyun Lee 한국유통과학회 2016 유통과학연구 Vol.14 No.9

Purpose - This study proposes a framework for service innovation strategy to cope with the emergence of electric vehicles. Research design, data, and methodology - This study designs an electric-vehicle lease program and collects the resulting data to analyze. By analyzing the previous studies on the electric-vehicle market with cases, a theoretical framework based on existing theories is to be set. Results - This study proposes a strategy for the rapid diffusion of electric vehicles. First, a partitioned-pricing system is proposed to create an advantage for electric vehicles in terms of initial purchasing cost relative to traditional internal combustion vehicles. Second, focusing on reducing switching costs is important because electric vehicles have relatively low resale values due to the uncertainty of battery life. Third, a battery-leasing strategy is supposed to reduce the cost of switching from a traditional internal combustion vehicle to an electric vehicle. Conclusions - This paper can provide strategic guidance for decision makers in firms that have already entered the electric-vehicle leasing market by making a recommendation such as a service innovation strategy. The proposed strategy can be considered as an electric vehicle market in the future and can contribute to the wider diffusion of electric vehicles.

A Study of Servitization Strategy for Electric Vehicles

이상현 한국유통과학회 2016 유통과학연구 Vol.14 No.9

Purpose - This study proposes a framework for service innovation strategy to cope with the emergence of electric vehicles. Research design, data, and methodology - This study designs an electric-vehicle lease program and collects the resulting data to analyze. By analyzing the previous studies on the electric-vehicle market with cases, a theoretical framework based on existing theories is to be set. Results - This study proposes a strategy for the rapid diffusion of electric vehicles. First, a partitioned-pricing system is proposed to create an advantage for electric vehicles in terms of initial purchasing cost relative to traditional internal combustion vehicles. Second, focusing on reducing switching costs is important because electric vehicles have relatively low resale values due to the uncertainty of battery life. Third, a battery-leasing strategy is supposed to reduce the cost of switching from a traditional internal combustion vehicle to an electric vehicle. Conclusions - This paper can provide strategic guidance for decision makers in firms that have already entered the electric-vehicle leasing market by making a recommendation such as a service innovation strategy. The proposed strategy can be considered as an electric vehicle market in the future and can contribute to the wider diffusion of electric vehicles.

목차 : 전기장판 열선 결함에 의한 전기화재 원인분석

송재용 ( J Y Song ),사승훈 ( S H Sa ),남정우 ( J W Nam ),김진표 ( J P Kim ),조영진 ( Y J Cho ),오부열 ( B Y Oh ) 한국안전학회(구-한국산업안전학회) 2012 한국안전학회지 Vol.27 No.2

This paper describes electrical fire on electric pad caused by defect of hot wires, We analyzed two type electric-using by carbon type hot wire and magnetic shielded type hot wire, First, a carbon type hot wires electric-is virtually impossible to connect hot wire as a method of electrical welding or soldering, In order to connect between hot wires, that has to splice carbon type material connector, If junction of hot wires was occurrence of poor connection on electric pad, it increase contact resistance on this junction point With increasing contact resistance, junction of hot wires on electric-generates local heating and finally leads to electrical fire. An electric-using by a magnetic shielded type hot wire happened local heating on signal wire for sensing temperature-rise caused by applying current for magnetic shielded. With increasing local heating of signal wire, insulated coating of hot wire was melted. Finally the magnetic shielded type hot wire electric pad lead to electrical fire with breakdown between signal wire and hot wire, In this paper, we analyzed shape of damage in hot wire caused by electrical local heating and investigated fire cause on electric pad due to defect of hot wires.

Proposal of a Portable Folding Electric Scooter Model and Manufacturing of the Prototype

권영웅,어흥선 한국인터넷방송통신학회 2019 Journal of Advanced Smart Convergence Vol.8 No.1

In recent years, small mobile devices called personal mobility or smart mobility have attracted attention. Personal mobility refers to electric-driven personal transportation that can travel at close range and medium distance, including small electric vehicles, electric bicycles, electric motorcycles and electric scooters. Most of the electric scooters used in Korea are mainly imported from China. This is due to the fact that the price competitiveness of major components of electric scooters is owned in China. At this point, the domestic research direction is preferable for the composition and design of the electric scooter body rather than cost reduction for the components. In this study, we propose a new model of portable folding structure that is easy to use for electric scooters, which are personal vehicles using electric energy. We also made a prototype for practical use.