플랫폼을 넘어 생태계로: Information Ecology Theory를 활용한 메타버스 산업 생태계연구

신석영,손재열 한국경영정보학회 2023 Information systems review Vol.25 No.4

Recently, amidst the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic shifting towards an endemic phase, there has been a rise in discussions and debates about the future of the metaverse. Simultaneously, major metaverse platforms like Roblox have been launching services integrated with generative AI, and Apple's mixed reality hardware, Vision Pro, has been announced, creating new expectations for the metaverse. In this situation where the outlook for the metaverse is divided, it is crucial to diagnose the metaverse from an ecosystem perspective, examine its key ecological features, driving forces for development, and future possibilities for advancement.1) This study utilized Wang's (2021) Information Ecology Theory (IET) framework, which is representative of ecosystem research in the field of Information Systems (IS), to derive the Metaverse Industrial Ecosystem (MIE). The analysis revealed that the MIE consists of four main domains: Tech Landscape, Category Ecosystem, Metaverse Platform, and Product/Service Ecosystem. It was found that the MIE exhibits characteristics such as digital connectivity, the integration of real and virtual worlds, value creation capabilities, and value sharing (Web 3.0). Furthermore, the interactions among the domains within the MIE and the four characteristics of the ecosystem were identified as driving forces for the development of the MIE at an ecosystem level. Additionally, the development of the MIE at an ecosystem level was categorized into three distinct stages: Narrow Ecosystem, Expanded Ecosystem, and Everywhere Ecosystem. It is anticipated that future advancements in related technologies and industries, such as robotics, AI, and 6G, will promote the transition from the current Expanded Ecosystem level of the MIE to an Everywhere Ecosystem level, where the connection between the real and virtual worlds is pervasive. This study provides several implications. Firstly, it offers a foundational theory and analytical framework for ecosystem research, addressing a gap in previous metaverse studies. It also presents various research topics within the metaverse domain. Additionally, it establishes an academic foundation that integrates concept definition research and impact studies, which are key areas in metaverse research. Lastly, referring to the developmental stages and conditions proposed in this study, businesses and governments can explore future metaverse markets and related technologies. They can also consider diverse metaverse business strategies. These implications are expected to guide the exploration of the emerging metaverse market and facilitate the evaluation of various metaverse business strategies.

고객참여 기반의 지속가능한 비즈니스 생태계 조성

주재훈,신민석 한국유통과학회 2014 유통과학연구 Vol.12 No.12

Purpose – A business ecosystem refers to mutually dependent systems interconnected by a loose foundation of various ecosystem members such as customers, suppliers, partners, and other stakeholders. The ecosystem-based strategy attempts to achieve competitive advantage for firms by enriching a business ecosystem or building a sustainable business ecosystem through the collaboration and co-evolution of its members. A sustainable business ecosystem is a source of competitiveness for firms anda manageable resource for gaining a competitive advantage. Customers represent the core membership of the business ecosystem and play a pivotal role in building a sustainable business ecosystem. This study examines the effects of customer participation on economic and social value in the business ecosystem and suggests a course of action for building a sustainable business ecosystem. Research design, data, and methodology - Two business cases of South Korea are selected from two different business types: business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-customer (B2C) firms. Business ecosystems for B2B and B2C firms reflect contrasting characteristics. Data was collected from in-depth interviews with four representatives of four firms. Results - The study suggested seven propositions for the relationships between customer participation and a sustainable business ecosystem through multiple case studies based on in-depth interviews. The results reveal the following four strategic actions for building sustainable business ecosystems based on the suggested propositions: alignment, systemization, socialization, and co-evolution. Alignment refers to achieving a harmonic balance or virtuous circle among the firm’s mission, investment, and value creation. Systemization refers to building and implementing management and infrastructure systems rooted in the corporate culture. Socialization of customers in the business ecosystem reinforces the harmony or virtuous cycle. Finally, co-evolution is associated with the relationship between firms and customers as buyer firms in a restricted business ecosystem. Conclusions – This study considers multiple cases for the execution of a sustainable business ecosystem in collaboration with customers and suggests seven propositions and four strategic actions. The results are based on qualitative data from interviews with business associates from two firms in an open business ecosystem and two firms in a restricted business ecosystem, both in South Korea. Our research results regarding two contrasting business ecosystems shed light on business issues and policy making in Asian business environments, which are in the transition stages from a traditional conglomerate-driven to an inclusive growth-driven economy. The business ecosystem itself should be considered a manageable resource for firms’ competitive positions in the market. A customer is a member of the business ecosystem and should thus be viewed not only as a purchasing entity and an object of relationship management but also as a co-creator of value. Therefore, firms should collaborate with customers to build sustainable business ecosystems. For this, firms must create social value, which cannot be createdby customers alone, within the business ecosystem. Then, customers participate in a business ecosystem and build it to be favorable to them. Implications for academics and practitioners were suggested.

고객참여와 심리적 주인의식의 관계에서 온라인 플랫폼 비즈니스 생태계 유형의 조절효과: 카카오와 페이스북 생태계의 비교

주재훈 ( Jae Hun Joo ),신민석 ( Min Suk Shin ) 한국정보시스템학회 2016 情報시스템硏究 Vol.25 No.1

Purpose The business ecosystem perspective offers a new lens in which to view customers. Customers as the member of business ecosystems influence firms by participating in both the firm level activities and the business ecosystem level activities. For example, customers participate in the business ecosystems by forming interest groups, allowing their voice to be heard the within business ecosystems. Customers can also, turn public opinion around and foster the business ecosystems favorable to firms. On the other hand, as an extreme case of customer participation, customers can engage in community activities to boycott the purchase of products or services from certain firms or business ecosystems. Design/methodology/approach This study views content creation and feedback activities as customer participation in the firm level. On the other hand, word-of-mouth (WOM) and boycott activities are considered as customer participation in the business ecosystem level. This study presents a research model regarding the relationships among customer socialization, customer participation, and psychological ownership. The proposed model is validated through an empirical analysis on online platform business ecosystems. Findings When the two business ecosystems are compared, different results were drawn. In the Facebook ecosystem, boycott and psychological ownership did not have a significant relationship. However, in the Kakao ecosystem, the two had a significant positive relationship. The mediating effect of the business ecosystem type sheds a light on the mission, purpose, vision, and other values associated with the theory of the business on the customer-firm relationship. Further implications for theory and practice were discussed in this study.

싱가포르 창업생태계 연구: Isenberg(2010) 프레임워크의 지역적 변용을 통한 질적 연구를 중심으로

김소연,조민경,이무원 한국벤처창업학회 2020 벤처창업연구 Vol.15 No.2

4차 산업 혁명의 시대가 가시화됨에 따라 새로운 기술을 활용한 혁신적인 비즈니스 모델들이 부상하고 있으며 스타트업은 파괴적인 혁신에 대응할 수 있는 민첩성과 새로운 기술에의 개방을 기반으로 기회의 풍요를 누리고 있다. 하지만 지속가능한 창업 생태계를 조성하는 데에 있어 가장 중요한 것은 창업 그 자체가 아닌, 연구-창업-투자-상장 및 대기업으로의 도약- 재투자로 이어지는 스타트업의 선순환을 구축하는 것이다. 이를 위해서는 창업이 행해진 거점 지역에 조성된 환경이 중요한데, 이러한 물질적, 비물질적 환경 요인들은 ‘창업생태계’라는 단어로 포괄되어 일컬어진다. 이러한 지역 중점의 창업생태계 연구는 해당 지역 내의 요소들 간의 상호 작용이 어떻게 새로운 벤처의 경쟁력을 높이는 데에 기여하고 이들을 지원하는 지역 환경을 만드는 지에 중점을 두고 진행된다. 본 연구는 창업환경 및 기업 환경 평가에 있어 아시아 국가 1,2위에 꾸준히 언급되는 싱가포르를 지역적 맥락으로 설정하여, 현지 창업생태계를 구성하는 요소들의 상호작용과 생태계 참여자들의 관계성에 대한 연구를 통해 한국의 창업생태계에의 시사점을 제공하고자 하였다. 이 과정에서 Isenberg(2010)가 제시한 창업생태계의 6가지 요소- 정책, 금융, 문화, 지원, 인적자원, 시장-가 창업생태계 요소와 관련된 선행연구를 잘 포괄한다는 점에서 창업생태계를 분석하는 데에 가장 적합한 프레임워크임을 대전제로 두고, 연구의 표적 지역인 싱가포르에 적합하도록 일부 요소들에 집중한 지역적 변용 모델을 구축하고자 하였다. 이에 싱가포르의 정치적 특성상 정책이라는 요소가 금융에 막대한 영향을 끼칠 수밖에 없다는 것, 스마트 네이션(Smart Nation) 정책의 기조가 기업가 정신과 관련된 대학 교육에 영향을 미치고 있다는 것, 그리고 싱가포르의 창업 인프라 내에서 형성되는 기업가 네트워크와 글로벌 연결성이 싱가포르 스타트업의 성과에 유의한 영향을 준다는 것을 고려하여 정책(Policy), 문화(Culture), 그리고 시장(Market)이라는 요소들을 더욱 주요하게 바라봐야 할 필요가 있다고 판단하였다. 또한, 창업생태계 요소들의 내부적인 상호작용을 파악하기 위해서는 창업생태계 참여자들을 대상으로 한 질적 연구가 필수적이므로 현지에 직접 방문하여 반구조화된 설문을 진행하였다. 이렇듯 본 연구는 싱가포르 창업생태계의 정책, 문화, 시장 요소에 집중한 질적 연구를 바탕으로 현지의 창업생태계 현황을 조사하였고, 한국과의 비교를 통해 스타트업 관련 규제, 대학의 역할, 창업 인프라 측면의 시사점을 제공하고자 하였다. 이는 향후 진행될 창업생태계 연구뿐만 아니라, 창업 인프라의 조성, 창업생태계 활성화 방안 마련, 그리고 대학의 창업 교육 방향성 설정에 기여할 수 있을 것이다. With the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in sight, innovative business models utilizing new technologies are emerging, and startups are enjoying an abundance of opportunities based on the agility to respond to disruptive innovations and the opening to new technologies. However, what is most important in creating a sustainable start-up ecosystem is not the start-up itself, but the process of research-start-investment-investment-the leap to listing and big business-in order to build a virtuous circle of startups that leads to re-investment. To this end, the environment created in the hub area where start-ups were conducted is important, and these material and non-material environmental factors are described as being inclusive by the word "entrepreneurial ecosystem." This study aims to provide implications for Korea's entrepreneurial ecosystem through the study of the interaction of the elements that make up the start-up ecosystem and the relationship of ecosystem participants in Singapore. Singapore has been consistently mentioned as the top two Asian countries in assessing the start-up environment and business environment. In this process, six elements of the entrepreneurial ecosystem presented by Isenberg(2010)-policies, finance, culture, support, human resources, and market-are the best frameworks for analyzing entrepreneurial ecosystems in terms of well encompassing prior studies related to entrepreneurial ecosystem elements, and a model of regional transformation is formed focusing on some elements to suit Singapore, the target area of study. By considering that Singapore's political nature would inevitably have a huge impact on finance, Smart Nation policy was having an impact on university education related to entrepreneurship, and that the entrepreneurial networks and global connectivity formed within Singapore's start-up infrastructure had a significant impact on Singapore's start-up's performance, researches needed to look more at the factors of policy, culture and market. In addition, qualitative research of participants in the entrepreneurial ecosystem was essential to understand the internal interaction of the elements of the start-up ecosystem, so the semi-structured survey was conducted by visiting the site. As such, this study examined the status of the local entrepreneurial ecosystem based on qualitative research focused on policies, culture and market elements of Singapore's start-up ecosystem, and intended to provide implications for regulations related to start-ups, the role of universities and start-up infrastructure through comparison with Korea. This could contribute not only to the future research of the start-up ecosystem, but also to the creation of a start-up infrastructure, boosting the start-up ecosystem, and the establishment of the orientation of the start-up education in universities.

생태계서비스 가치평가를 활용한 예비타당성조사 편익분석 개선 방향 연구 - 장항습지복원사업 사례를 중심으로 -

오치옥,주우영,박창석 한국환경복원기술학회 2023 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.26 No.6

ABSTRACT This study is to propose the ecosystem service valuation method as a complementary or alternative tool to overcome the limitations of the contingent valuation method(CVM), typically used to assess social benefits in preliminary feasibility studies. With an increasing interest in natural and environmental restoration projects, we assessed social benefits with theses CVM and ecosystem service valuation method from a case of Janghang wetland restoration project and compared the extent of the two social benefits. For quantitative evaluation of ecosystem services, the biophysical quantity for each ecosystem service indicator was calculated and then converted into currency (KRW) units to estimate the economic value of ecosystem services. The four ecosystem regulating service indicators were selected including greenhouse gas capture/storage, air pollution, water quantity and quality regulation. The amounts of CO2 sequestration and storage as a ecosystem’s greenhouse gas regulating service in the study area were 73.04 tCO2/yr and 5,867.53 tCO2/yr respectively. The reduction of SO2, one of air pollutant gases by ecosystems was calculated to be 180.27 kg/yr, the reduction of NO2 to be 378.90 kg/yr, and the reduction of fine dust (PM10) to be 9,713.92 kg/yr. The amount of freshwater regulating service by the ecosystem was estimated to be 459,394,319ℓ/yr, and the amount of nitrogen in freshwater removed by the ecosystem was 78.00kg/yr. Study results show that the benefits derived from the CVM were KRW 227.8 billion over the 30-year analysis period and those from the ecosystem service valuation method were KRW 41.4 billion for regulatory services and KRW 148.8 billion for cultural services, totaling KRW 189.5 billion. With KRW 184.8 billion of the total costs, the benefit/cost ratio using the CVM was 1.23 and that with the ecosystem service valuation method was 1.03. This study implications include that the CVM and ecosystem service valuation method can be applied together to assess and compare social benefits for natural and environmental restoration projects.

기후변화에 대응하는 국가 환경안보 체제 구축 : 기후변화에 대응하기 위한 생태계 환경안보 강화방안(2): 기후변화 취약 생태계 분석 및 전망을 중심으로

권영한,이명진,박채아,송영일,박창석,이정호 한국환경정책평가연구원 2014 기후환경정책연구 Vol.2014 No.-

본 연구는 기후변화에 대응하기 위해 생태계의 적응을 어떻게 강화하는가의 두 번째 연구이며, 취약생태계를 조사 분석하고 전망하는 데 초점을 두었다. 이를 위해 기후변화에 취약한 생태계의 외국 사례들과 국내 생태계 특성을 고려하여 백두대간의 아고산 지역, 연안 지역, 담수습지 등을 취약한 생태계로 선정하였다. 이들 지역들은 인간의 간섭으로부터 보호되지만 특정 종들이 분포하는 민감한 서식지가 대부분이므로 부적절한 토지이용, 남획, 오염 및 교란종 등에 의한 인위적 훼손이 존재할 때 기후변화의 영향이 추가될 경우 생태계가 더욱 위험에 처할 수 있으며 기후변화의 변이와 규모가 증가하면 할수록 생태계가 위험에 처할 가능성이 클 것이다. 지구적으로 극지방, 툰드라, 고산 및 아고산 지역, 열대우림, 해양 및 연안 지역, 내륙습지 등의 생태계가 특히 기후변화 위험에 노출된 것으로 알려져 있다. 먼저 국내 생태계와 관련이 있을 것으로 생각되는 고산 및 아고산 지역과 연안 및 담수 지역을 중심으로 해외 연구동향을 조사하여 기후변화의 영향과 전망을 파악하였다. 다음으로 국내 백두대간의 아고산 지역과 연안 및 담수습지를 중심으로 연구된 기후변화 영향 및 전망을 조사하고 RCP 기후시나리오를 통하여 해당 지역의 미래 기후전망을 분석해 보았다. 이 분야의 연구는 수십 년의 장기조사결과를 토대로 영향분석과 전망이 가능하기 때문에 아직 연구에 불확실성과 제한점이 많고 사례를 찾기가 쉽지 않았다. 현재의 조건에서 얻은 생태계에 미치는 기후변화의 영향 및 전망은 첫째, 백두대간 아고산지역의 특정 종의 개체군은 현재의 온도상승의 전망이 지속될 경우 금세기 중반에 개체군 감소, 이동 등 심각한 영향을 받을 것이고 심하면 절멸에 처할 수도 있을 것으로 연구자들은 전망하고 있다. 둘째, 연안생태계의 경우 한반도가 삼면으로 둘러싸여 해양의 영향을 많이 받아 기후변화를 예측하기 어렵지만 금세기 중반 이후 말까지 해수면 상승에 의한 영향은 분명할 것으로 보고되고 있다. 따라서 연안의 갯벌, 염습지, 사빈, 사구 지역의 생태계는 생물리적 영향이 불가피하고 그에 따라 생물다양성에 심각한 손실을 초래할 것으로 전망된다. 아직 언제, 어떻게, 얼마나 영향을 받을 것인지에 대한 연구가 부족하여 전망이 어렵지만 그러한 현상들이 금세기 내에 일어날 것에 대해서는 의심하는 사람은 적다. 셋째, 국내에서 기후변화에 취약한 종에 대해 기존 연구결과를 토대로 정리하고 전망해 보았다. 취약한 종들이 어느 정도 취약한지, 어떤 종들이 가장 멸절의 위험이 있는지에 대해서는 향후 추가적인 연구가 필요하다. 대기 및 수온의 상승에 따른 여러가지 요인으로 취약 종들의 서식지가 감소하여 개체군이 감소하거나 적절한 서식지로 이동하거나 옮겨갈 서식지가 없을 경우 멸절할 수 있는 상황에 처할 수 있을지도 모른다. 생태계는 기후변화 영향 및 전망에 대해서 관심이 상대적으로 적은 분야이다. 생태계의 영향이 비교적 장기적이고 경제적 영향이 눈에 드러나지 않지만 기후변화 영향의 파급효과가 가장 크며 임계치를 넘을 경우 위험이 비가역적이다. IPCC 5차 보고서에서도 생태계에 미치는 영향을 위험으로 다루고 이것을 대응하기 위해 장기 조사 및 모니터링, 인간이 취해야 할 대책에 대해서 준비하고 있다. 이것이 본 연구에서 생태계에 미치는 기후변화 영향을 환경안보 차원에서 다루고자 하는 이유이다. 기후변화 영향 및 전망을 위한 사례조사로서 한라산의 구상나무 군락을 선정하여 다양한 시기의 위성영상 자료 및 지역 생태계 전문자료를 연계 분석하였다. NDVI 분석을 통하여 구상나무 군락의 분포를 확인하고 분포면적의 변화를 분석하여 기후변화 시나리오를 토대로 구상나무 군락의 미래 전망을 추정하였다. 과거부터 구상나무 군락의 면적은 감소되어 왔으며 기후변화 시나리오를 대비했을 때 향후 지속적으로 군락의 면적이 감소하는 것으로 나타나 기후변화의 영향이 일차적인 원인인 것으로 예측할 수 있다. 다만, 기후변화의 영향의 구체적 원인과 향후 기후변화 시나리오 전망의 불확실성 등 과학적 기초자료가 부족하기 때문에 영향의 시기, 정도, 범위 등에 대한 전망은 아직 어렵다. 향후 연구를 통해서 해결되어야 할 것이다. 한라산 정상을 중심으로 산재하여 분포하는 구상나무 군락의 기후변화에 대한 영향과 유전자와의 연계성 여부를 파악하기 위해 구상나무 군락 분포지역 4곳을 선정하고 각 지역으로부터 50개 DNA 시료를 수고 및 수령을 고려하여 확보하였으며 이들의 유전적 연계성과 다양성을 분석하였다. 이와 함께 조사지역에 “data logger”를 설치하여 미기후 현황을 파악하였고, 추가로 기상청의 한라산 기상자료도 활용하였다. 보다 결정적인 연구결과를 얻기 위해서는 추가 조사가 필요하지만, 본 연구를 통하여 엽록체 유전자 지도를 완성하였고, 채집한 시료들에서 다양한 돌연변이의 유전자 다양성 자료를 얻었다. 다양한 유전자 그룹과 표현형과의 관련성 및 해석을 위해서는 추가 조사가 필요하며, 유전적 다양성을 통하여 구상나무 군락의 보전전략을 수립하는 데 활용될것으로 사료된다. 본 유전자 연구의 방법 및 결과가 향후 유사연구에 유용할 것으로 생각한다. 기후변화 적응의 과학과 이행은 취약성과 노출을 평가하고 이행하는 데 초점을 맞추는 새로운 분야이다. 종 다양성이 높은 생태계는 기후변화를 포함하는 스트레스에 더 잘 적응할 수 있는것으로 알려져 있으므로 인간이 종을 보호하고자 노력할 경우 생태계가 기후변화를 극복하도록 도와줄 수 있다. 인간의 관리를 통하여 생물계, 인간계 모두 기후변화 영향에 순조롭게 적응하도록 준비할 수 있게 한다. 생태계에 대한 적응전략은 생물다양성 감소와 서식지 훼손을 최소화하는 자연자원 관리 측면에서 생태계의 환경안보 일환으로 접근할 필요가 있다. 따라서 2015년부터 기초지자체 적응대책 수립과 2016년부터 시행되는 제2차 국가기후변화적응대책 수립을 위해 생태계 분야의 개선된 적응 및 이행전략 마련이 필요한 시점이다. This study focused on examining and looking forward to possible prospects of vulnerable ecosystems as the second research on the measures for strengthening the ecosystem environment security in response to climate change. Considering the ecological features in the Korean peninsular, we searched examples of vulnerable ecosystems in the global level and identified the subalpine areas of the Baek-du great ridge, coastal areas, and inland wetlands as the vulnerable ecosystems. Most of them are protected from the human impacts, but the ecosystems of these areas can be exposed to further risks from climate change when anthropogenic damages caused by improper land use, overexploitation, pollutions and invasive species, etc exist. This can be exasperated if variability and intensity of climate change increases. At the global level it is well known that the ecological systems such as polar areas, permafrost, tundra, alpine and subalpine areas, tropical forest, oceanic and coastal regions, and inland wetlands are especially exposed to the risk of climate change. First of all, we investigated the impacts and the prospects of climate change on the alpine and subalpine areas and coastal and inland regions in foreign countries which might be related to the domestic ecosystems. Next, we identified the impacts and the prospects of climate change by carrying out the same study for the subalpine areas of the Back-du great ridge and coastal and inland wetlands, and analyzed the climate prospects on the interested areas through the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. The research that deals with impact assessment and prospect usually requires scientific data from several decades so it was not easy to find suitable case studies because of the uncertainty of the scenarios and the limitation of data. Nevertheless, this study showed the following results in the current conditions. Firstly, numerous studies are suggesting that if current business as usual policy is sustained, the population of specific species in the subalpine areas of Back-du great ridge will decrease or relocate and even disappear by a significant amount through the middle of this century. Secondly, although it is difficult to predict the affected coastal ecosystem by climate change, the effects of sea level rise are reported to be unavoidable from the middle to the end of this century because the Korean peninsula is surrounded by ocean and exposed to its effects. Thus, the biophysical effects of the coastal ecosystems such as mud flats, salt marsh, sand beach and sand dune areas are expected to be inevitable, causing a significant loss of biodiversity. Although it is hard to predict yet when or how and how much the effects would occur due to lack of research, not many people doubt that the effects of sea level rise will occur by the end of this century. Thirdly, the impacts and prospects on climate change vulnerable species were presented based on the surveys of previous researches. Although further studies are necessary on which species are vulnerable or at the risk of extinction, several factors due to the increase of both air and water temperature will disturb the habitats of these species, causing reduction in the species population, relocation of the species to a more suitable place, and even extinction of the species. Comparatively, the climate change impacts and prospects of ecosystem are not often considered when compared to other sectors. However, it has a far-reaching influence, and the risk to the ecosystem would be irreversible if the climate change impact of the ecosystem goes beyond the tipping point. It is relatively a long term impact and not apparent in terms of economic benefits. The IPCC``s 5th Assessment Report represented the impact of ecosystems as a risk on which people should respond with measures of long term investigation and monitoring. This is the reason why we want to deal with the climate change ecological impacts on the level of "environmental security". A case study on the Korean fir (Abies koreana) in the Jeju island was carried out to analyze the change in the population size of the species which can be affected by climate change either directly or indirectly. We analyzed using both "Landsat" satellite images of various periods and ecological documents of the species, identified the distribution of the community of Abies koreana, examined the changes in the area of the community, and estimated the future trends of the climate impacts by NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) analysis. The results showed that the area of community of Abies koreana has diminished from the past and is projected to reduce continuously in the future according to the RCP scenario, expecting that climate change may be the primary causal agent of the result. However, lack of scientific data regarding both specific causal agents of community reduction and uncertainty of climate change scenarios for climate projection should be resolved by further studies to estimate a detailed period, intensity, and a range of the impacts. We tried to identify a relationship between the genetic traits and the climate change impacts to the community of Abies koreana scattered around the summit of the Halla mountain. Considering the tree height and age, each of 50 samples (leaf) was collected from four different communities for the chloroplast sequencing and the analysis of genetic linkages and diversity. Together with this, data loggers were set up to record microclimate at the same site of sampling, and in addition the climate data of the Halla mountain from the Korea Meteorological Administration were used. Although further researches should be done to obtain more definitive results, the chloroplast genetic map of Abies koreana was completed, and genetically diverse data were obtained from numerous mutant types of the sample in this study. Further investigation is necessary to interpret the relationship between diverse genetic groups and phenotype. The result of genetic diversity can be utilized to establish the conservation strategy of Abies koreana and also applied to other relevant studies. The issues of science and implementation of climate change adaptation are comparatively new disciplines that focus on the assessment of vulnerability and exposure as well as the implementation of the adaptation plan. It is well known that the ecosystem with high species diversity can be better adapted to the environmental stresses including climate change than the one with less diversity. Thus, depending on human efforts, undesirable impacts by climate change to natural system can be overcome, which means that both biological and human systems can prepare well to adapt to the climate impacts through the management of human. Again, the direction of adaptation strategy on the sector of ecosystem should be approached as part of "ecosystem environmental security" in terms of management of natural resources through the minimization of biodiversity loss and habitat degradation. This is the right time to improve and prepare strategies of adaptation and implementation in the sector of ecosystem for the mandatory establishment of both the nationwide Local Adaptation Plan starting from 2015 and the second National Adaptation Plan starting from 2016.

경쟁법상 디지털 생태계 관련 수직거래 제한

최요섭 한국경제법학회 2024 경제법연구 Vol.23 No.2

As digitisation has rapidly developed around the globe, we have seen diverse views on competitive harms in the field of digital ecosystems. This topic has become one of the critical topics relating to competitive analyses, which involves market power of platforms and appraisal standards of their competitive effects. In particular, a gatekeeper’s control of participants in its digital ecosystem can be considered as an anti-competitive conduct, but it is difficult to conclude whether its conduct infringes competition rules. Accordingly, this article provides suggestions for some trade-off tests in the implementation of competition law, as follows. First, if it is necessary to examine competitive effects of intra-ecosystem competition from a short-term perspective, we need to examine conflicts between participants in an ecosystem and their competition with rivals in other ecosystems. In contrast, if it is essential to examine coordination between entities within an ecosystem to improve inter-ecosystem competition from a long-term perspective, we need to consider an assessment of competition for the welfare of end users. Second, it is necessary to assess competitive effects of gatekeepers’ conducts by examining both inter-ecosystem competition and intra-ecosystem competition. Most of all, a competition authority should focus on competition between gatekeepers that control their own ecosystems. If a restraint on intra-ecosystem can improve inter-ecosystem competition, the competition authority should take into account the balance between two types of competition. 전 세계적으로 디지털 생태계와 관련한 다양한 경쟁폐해가 논의되고 있으며, 플랫폼의 시장력과 경쟁제한성 판단기준이 경쟁법 분야에서 중요한 연구주제가 되었다. 특히, 디지털 생태계의 게이트키퍼가 생태계 구성원을 통제하는 것이 경쟁제한의 문제가 될 수 있는데, 관련하여 경쟁법상 위법성을 판단하는 것이 쉽지 않다. 따라서 본 논문은 디지털 생태계 관련 경쟁법집행의 비교형량을 위해 다음과 같이 제언한다. 첫째, 단기적인 측면에서 생태계 내의 경쟁을 중심으로 경쟁제한성을 판단해야 한다면, 생태계 참여자(이용사업자) 사이의 경쟁과 생태계 간의 경쟁을 분석해야 한다. 그러나 장기적인 측면에서 생태계 간 경쟁증진을 위한 참여자 사이의 협력을 고려한다면, 소비자(최종이용자)의 후생과 혁신을 고려한 비교형량심사가 필요하다. 둘째, 생태계 간의 경쟁과 생태계 내의 경쟁을 각각 세분화하여 경쟁효과를 분석해야 한다. 생태계 간의 경쟁은 생태계를 지배하는 통제플랫폼 또는 게이트키퍼 간 경쟁이 주요한 분석대상이 될 것이다. 만약, 생태계 내의 경쟁을 제한하여 생태계 간의 경쟁이 현저하게 증진된다면, 이를 비교형량심사에 적극 참고할 필요가 있다.

생태계 기반 프로젝트의 성공조건 : 사례를 통한 탐험적 연구

이홍(Hong Lee),한재민(Jae Min Han),오세진(Sejin Oh) 한국인사관리학회 2012 조직과 인사관리연구 Vol.36 No.1

최근 프로젝트의 한 방향이 생태계에 기반을 둔 방향으로 진화하고 있다. 본 연구는 사례를 통하여 생태계 기반 프로젝트에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 연구의문은 생태계 기반 프로젝트를 성공적으로 이끌기 위한 조건이 무엇인가 이다. 연구대상은 방위사업청의 조함정 보시스템 구축 프로젝트이었다. 이 사업의 성공에 잠재되어 있는 조건들을 추출하여 생태계 기반 프로젝트 관리의 성공을 위한 명제를 도출하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 네 가지의 명제들이 설정되었다. 먼저, 과업경계의 설정과 최소한의 과업 구조화가 생태계 기반 프로젝트 성공을 위한 필요조건으로 제시되었다. 두 번째로는 협력시스템의 조직화가 중요함이 지적되었다. 세 번째로는 위계적 통합과 융합적 통합의 필요성과 융합적 통합을 위한 Ba의 형성이 성공의 한 요인이 될 수 있음을 제시하였다. 마지막으로 신뢰에 기반한 간접 피드백이 성공요인임을 지적하였다. 본 연구의 학문적 및 실무적 의미와 연구의 한계가 논문 말미에서 논의 되었다. Ecosystem-based project appears as a new way of innovation. This is a type of project contrasting with the project performed within the boundary of a firm. Study for ecosystem-based project has its limitation in that it has to depend on direct observation. It is not yet common phenomenon that researchers can acquire as many samples as they want. That is why this study performed a case study. The research object is to find conditions for the success of ecosystem-based project management. The case of building 'Information System for Construction of Battle Ship' managed by Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) of Korean government was used for the study. It employed an ecosystem-based project management strategy with over 20 organizational participants. It took four years to complete the system. Four propositions were suggested as necessary conditions for the success of ecosystem-based project management. Proposition 1: Establishing initial conditions of the ecosystem-based project defining task boundary and minimal task specification are necessary conditions for the success of ecosystem-based project management. Proposition 2: Organizing collaboration structure is a necessary condition for the success of ecosystem-based project management. It encompasses decision making system, planning and information providing system, coordination system, execution system and monitoring system. Proposition 3: Hierarchical and convergent integration are necessary conditions for the success of ecosystem-based project management. Ba building for problem sharing, knowledge sharing and context sharing are crucial for the convergent integration. Proposition 4: Indirect feedback based on trust is necessary condition for the success of ecosystem-based project. Implications from the study are two folded. Most of project management studies were based on the within-organization type projects. Ecosystem-based project defies application of theories extracted from the within-organization type project management. This study tried to build a theory focusing on ecosystem-based project. Secondly, This study suggested four propositions with strong practical implications. Few number of studies reported how to manage ecosystem-based project. This study was trying to suggest workable propositions to help people who were exposed to the jobs of the ecosystem-based project management. This study has its own limitations. The conclusion of the study was extracted from one case, this study tried to interpret the case with prudence, though. Thus, it is too early to urge external validity of the study. Similar studies are required.

우리나라 항공운송산업의 생태계 분석 연구

윤문길 ( Moon Gil Yoon ),조동호 ( Dong Ho Cho ) 한국항공경영학회 2020 한국항공경영학회지 Vol.18 No.6

항공운송산업은 국가 경제에 기여하는 바가 크고, 복합적으로 영향을 미치는 다양한 사업자와 참여자로 구성된다. 따라서 항공운송산업이 지속적으로 성장하고 발전하기 위해서는 개별 구성속성의 발전만으로는 성장의 폭을 넓힐 수 없고, 항공운송산업 전체의 생태계 차원의 정책과 전략을 기반으로 운영되어야 한다. 그러나 우리나라 항공운송산업의 생태계 현황과 실태에 대한 조사와 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구는 우리나라 항공운송산업 생태계를 정의하고, 생태계의 범주를 구체화하여 분석하기 위한 탐색적 연구이다. 따라서 산업생태계에 대한 정의와 기존 문헌 연구를 통하여 우리나라 항공운송산업 생태계에 대한 정의와 구조를 제시하고, 항공운송산업 생태계의 경쟁력을 평가하고 분석하기 위한 체계를 제시하고자 한다. 또한, 전문가의 평가를 통해 우리나라 항공운송산업 생태계의 발전단계 및 경쟁력에 대한 탐색적 평가를 실시하여 우리나라 항공운송산업 생태계의 발전을 위한 시사점을 찾고자 한다. 항공운송산업이 복잡한 생태계 구조를 가지고 있기 때문에, 생태계를 구성하는 다양한 사업자 간의 협력은 산업발전에 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 따라서 항공운송산업 내부 구성원 간의 유기적인 상생협력을 통해 동반성장을 이루어야 할 것이다. 또한, 항공운송산업 생태계의 구성산업에 대한 정책적 지원은 생태계 발전단계에 따라 다르게 수립되어야 한다. 특히, 우리나라 항공운송산업생태계의 발전전략에 대하여 기반조성 전략, 혁신성장 전략, 글로벌시장 전략으로 구분하여 제시한다. 우리나라 항공운송산업의 발전을 위해서는 항공운송산업 생태계에 대한 보다 정밀한 분석이 필요하고, 이를 기반으로 항공운송산업 정책과 시장전략의 수립을 통해 항공산업의 글로벌 경쟁력 향상에 기여할 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다. 본 연구가 항공운송산업 생태계에 대한 탐색적 연구로 시작되었지만, 항공운송산업 생태계에 대한 보다 다양한 연구활동에 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다. In recent year aviation sectors have been facing a severe competition environment, characterized by a deregulation, service innovations and changing air travel behavior. The aviation services are not only provided by airlines. There are many types of companies and organizations in the aviation industry including airlines, airport operators, ground handling service providers. Each company provides an aviation related services by engaging in alliances and partnerships with others which are in the aviation sector or not. For offering the aviation service, it is essential to make a cooperation system among partners which will be a fundamental tool for continuous growth of the aviation industry. The aviation industry is composed of various attributes which are affected by complex interrelationships. A simple change in one attribute can affect others, and consequently change the entire industry. Therefore, it need a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the aviation industry ecosystem. In this paper, we will focus on analyzing the ecosystem on the aviation industry in Korea. By using literature reviews on industry ecosystems, we will define the ecosystem on the aviation industry and suggest a structure of an typical ecosystem on the Korean aviation industry which represents the inter-relationship among attributes in the ecosystem. Due to a complex ecosystem in the aviation industry, cooperation between various players in the ecosystem takes a core role in industrial development. Therefore, it is necessary to achieve shared growth through systematic win-win cooperation among players in the aviation industry. In addition, policy support for the constituent industries of the aviation industry ecosystem should be established differently depending on the ecosystem development stage. Also, we develop a methodology to evaluate the competitiveness of each attributes in the aviation ecosystem. With the method and the expert survey, we have analyzed the competitiveness of some major attributes in the aviation ecosystem in Korea. Based on the analysis, we suggest strategic and political implications for competitive advantages in global aviation market. For the development of the aviation industry in Korea, it need to analyze the ecosystem in the aviation industry more detail. This study is an exploratory study on the ecosystem of the aviation industry in Korea. It is expected that this study will be useful for more research activities on the ecosystem of the aviation industry in Korea.

방위산업 생태계 대응역량 분석과 시사점

장원준 ( Jang¸ Won-joon ),송재필 ( Song¸ Jai-pil ),이경숙 ( Lee¸ Kyoung-sook ) 국방대학교 안보문제연구소 2020 국방연구 Vol.63 No.2

1930년대 생물학적 생태계 개념이 처음 제시되고 이를 Moore(1996)가 비즈니스 분야에 적용한 이후 오늘날 ‘산업생태계’의 개념은 구글, 애플, 네이버, 유투브 등 국내외 주요산업들의 경쟁력 제고를 위한 핵심 개념으로 자리잡았다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 방위산업 분야에서는 산업생태계 개념이 생소한 실정이다. 이에 따라, 본 연구에서는 방위산업 생태계 개념과 특성을 정립해 보고, 국내 최초로 ‘방위산업 생태계 대응역량 지표’를 개발하여 국내 방위산업 생태계의 대응역량을 평가해 보고, 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 전문가 100명의 국내 방위산업 생태계 대응역량 평가 결과, 생산성은 선진국(미국 =100)의 58.7%로 저조한 수준으로 나타났다. 시장대응력 등 5개 분야를 평가한 강건성도 선진국 대비 58.5%, 혁신성 6개지표도 63.9%로 평가되어 아직까지 방위산업 생태계 측면에서 건강한 생태계라고 평가하기는 어려운 수준으로 분석되었다. 계층별 대응역량 수준도 주도기업(계층 2)이 선진국(미국 =100)의 60.2%에 그쳤으며, 중소벤처기업으로 구성된 참여기업(계층 1)은 56.5%로 더욱 저조한 수준이다. 정부 (계층 3)는 같은 기준 62.2%, 인프라(계층 4)는 66.9%로 나타나 전반적으로 선진국 수준에 크게 미치지 못하는 것으로 평가되었다. 이와 같이, 국내 방위산업 생태계는 혁신 역량 부족으로 신기술 개발 및 적용보다는 기존 기술에 의존하게 되고 그 결과 시장창출 능력이 뒤떨어지고 있는 바 향후 방위산업 생태계의 선순환을 위해서는 강건성과 혁신성을 제고하는 근본적인 정책 마련이 시급할 것으로 보인다. The purpose of this research is to analyze the confrontational capability of defense industry ecosystem and to present policy implications to strengthen its ecosystem in Korea in the near future. Since the concept of biological ecosystem was first introduced in the 1930s and applied to the business field by Moore (1996), the concept of “industrial ecosystem” has become a core concept for enhancing competitiveness of major industries at home and abroad, such as Google, Apple, Naver, and YouTube. Nevertheless, the concept of industrial ecosystem is unfamiliar in the defense industry. Accordingly, this study attempted to establish the concept and characteristics of the defense industry ecosystem, to develop the indicator of defense industry ecosystem response capability, to evaluate the response capacity of the defense industry ecosystem, and to draw implications. As a result of evaluating the capacity of 100 experts in the domestic defense industry’s ecosystem, productivity was low at 58.7% of developed countries (US = 100). It was analysed that it was difficult to evaluate the robustness of the defense industry as a healthy ecosystem in terms of defense industry ecosystem, with 58.5% compared to developed countries and 63.9% of innovativeness indicators. In the level of response capability by class, the leading companies (Layer 1) accounted for only 60.2% of the developed countries (US = 100), and the participating companies (Layer 2) composed of small and medium-sized venture companies were 56.5%. The government (tier 3) had the same standard of 62.2%, and the infrastructure (tier 4) was 66.9%, which was evaluated to be less than the level of the developed countries. the domestic defense industry ecosystem is dependent on existing technologies father than developing and applying new technologies due to lack of innovative capabilities, so its ability to create markets is inferior. Therefore, a fundamental policy to enhance robustness and innovation for virtuous cycle of future defense industry ecosystem Provision seems to be urgent.