지렁이 분변토를 이용한 생물담체가 충전된 바이오필터에 의한 황화수소 제거

유선경(Sun Kyoung Yoo),이은영(Eun Young Lee) 大韓環境工學會 2007 대한환경공학회지 Vol.29 No.7

지렁이 분변토는 낙엽이나 땅 속의 썩은 뿌리 등을 먹고 장 내의 효소에 의해 부숙화시켜 섭취한 먹이의 80% 이상을 그대로 배설한 질소, 인산, 칼륨 등의 함량이 매우 높고 미생물량도 10⁸ CFU 이상이 되는 천연비료이다. 또한, 분변토의 단립 구조는 통기성 및 투수성이 매우 우수하며, 비표면적이 크고 양이온 교환용량(2.30-4.60 mg/g-soil)이 높아 탈취 능력이 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 분변토의 특성을 유지하고 내구성을 향상시켜주기 위해 폐 polyurethane form을 binder로 하여 담체를 제조한 후, 이를 충전한 바이오필터를 대상으로 악취가스 중 황화수소의 제거 성능을 평가하였다. 본 담체는 별도의 배지를 사용하지 않고 분변 토 자체에 포함된 유기, 무기물질을 이용하고, 분변토 자체에 있는 미생물을 이용하여 황화수소를 제거할 수 있었다. 황화수소 주입 직후부터 lag phase없이 100%의 제거효율을 보였다. 공간속도 50 h-1인 경우 입구농도 450 ppmv까지 출구에서 황화수소가 검출되지 않았으며, 악취가스의 입구 농도가 증가함에 따라 바이오필터의 제거효율이 감소하여 출구의 황화수소 농도가 증가하였다. 이 후 950 ppmv까지 약 93% 이상의 우수한 제거효율은 보였고, 약 61.2 g S•m^-3•h^-1의 최대제거용량을 얻을 수 있었다. 90% 이상의 제거 효율을 갖는 황화수소의 최대제거용량은 SV 50 h^-1에서 300 h^-1로 증가함에 따라, 61.2, 65.9, 84.7, 89.4 g S•m^-3 •h^-1 로 증가하다가 SV 400 h^-1에서는 약 59.3 g S•m^-3 •h^-1 로 감소하였다. 공간속도의 증가에 따른 최대제거속도(Vm)와 포화상수(Ks)를 Michaelis-Menten식으로부터 구한 결과, 각각 66.04, 88.96, 117.35, 224.15, 227.54 g•m^-3 •h^-1 로 비례적으로 증가하였으며, 반면 포화상수는 79.97, 64.95, 65.37, 127.72, 157.43 ppmv으로 감소한 후 다시 증가하는 경향을 보였다. Earthworm casting was the natural fertilizer that contained high concentrations of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium and of over 10(8) CFU/ml of microorganisms. Greater than 80% of feed was excreted through the fermentation by the intestinal enzyme, after worm had eaten feeds such as fallen leaves and rotten roots under the ground. Also, the soil structure of casting was known to be very efficient in the aspects of the porosity, the water permeability, and deodorizing activities. In this research, the biofilter packed with a biomedia made of casting and waste polyurethane foam, a binder, which helped to improve the durability and perpetuity of casting, was investigated to degrade malodorous hydrogen sulfide gas. The biomedia had no need of extra supply of nutrients and of microbial inoculations. On the beginning of the operations, it showed 100% removal of hydrogen sulfide gas without lag phase. At SV of 50 h^-1, hydrogen sulfide gas from the outlet of the biofilter was not detected, when inlet concentration increased to 450 ppmv. After that, removal efficiency decreased as increasing inlet hydrogen sulfide concentration. Hydrogen sulfide removal was maintained at almost 93% until inlet concentration was increased up to 950 ppmv, at which the elimination capacity of H₂S was 61.2 g S•m^-3•h^-1. Maximum elimination capacity guaranteing 90% removal was 61.2, 65.9, 84.7, 89.4 g S•m^-3•h^-1 at SV ranging from 50 h^-1 to 300 h^-1, but was 59.3 g S•m^-3•h^-1 at SV of 400 h^-1. The results calculated from Michaelis-Menten equation revealed that Vm increased from 66.04, 88.96, 117.35, 224.15, to 227.54 g S•m^-3•h^-1 with increasing space velocity in the range of 50 h^{^-1} to 400 h^{^-1}. However, saturation constant(Ks) decreased from 79.97 ppmv to 64.95 and 65.37 ppmv, and then increased to 127.72 and 157.43 ppmv.

지렁이 분변토로부터 황화수소 분해 균주의 분리 및 특성

배무,박상진,류희욱,조경숙,이은영 이화여자대학교 환경문제연구소 1997 이화환경연구 Vol.1 No.-

탈취제로 이용되고 있는 지렁이 분변토로 부터 황화수소를 제거하는 황산화 세균 CP-5를 분리하였다. 이 균주는 운동성이 없고 Gram 음성인 단간균 이었으며, cytochrome oxidase와 catalase test에 양성 반응을 보였다. CP-5 균주는 환원형 황합물을 기질로 하는 배지에서 독립영양적인 생장이 가능하였다. 이 균주는 thiosulfate 에서 tetrathionate를 중간생성물로 하여 최종적으로 sulfate로 산화하고, elemental sulfur를 일단 thiosulfate로 산화한 후, sulfate까지 재산화하는 것으로 사료되었다. 독립영양 배지에 yeast extract 를 첨가하면 균의 생장이 촉진되었다. CP-5 균주 현탁액에 H₂S를 2vvm의 유속으로 주입하면 140ppm까지는 거의 완전하게 제거 가능하였다. 본 연구결과로부터 CP-5 균주는 분변토에서 황화수소를 제거하는 대표적인 탈취균주이며, 황화수소 제거를 위한 생물학적 탈취 공정에 활용 가능하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. A new sulfur-oxidizing bacterium which was capable of degrading hydrogen sulfide was isolated from earthworm casts using deodorant materials. The cell of isolate CP-5 was short rod, gram negative and non-motile, the activities of cytochrome oxidase and catalase were positive. The isolate could autotrophically grow in the basal mineral medium supplemented the reduced sulfur compounds such as thiosulfate and elemental sulfur. This bacterium could oxidize thiosulfate and elemental sulfur to sulfate, and the metabolic intermediates were considered as tetrathionate and thiosulfate, respectively. The removal of hydrogen sulfide by the isolate CP-5 was confirmed, and the CP-5 was regarded as one of microorganisms responsible for degradation of hydrogen sulfide in earthworm casts. The isolate CP-5 can be applied to biodeodorization systems for the improvement of removal efficiency of hydrogen sulfide.

골프장에서 지렁이 분변토 발생의 계절적 변화

신종창,김종경,홍용,김영섭,김진호,박대섭,이동운 한국잔디학회 2015 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.4 No.4

Earthworm cast occurred in surface of turfgrass in golf courses which affect turfgrass maintenance and golf play. In this study several survey of seasonal fluctuation of earthworm cast in different golf courses (Anseong, Gapyeong, Gunpo and Yongin in Gyeonggi province, and Geumjeong in Busan) was done. A number of earthworm, soil temperature and moisture of detection site of earthworm cast in each golf course were also done. Cast occurred in different golf courses are found mostly from April to November on turf surface and the cast number varied in different month as well as in golf courses. In the same golf courses, a number of detected cast was difference from individual sites. A number of cast and earthworm was correlated. Also, in higher soil moisture showed the higher cast density in different golf courses. Soil temperature and moisture of detecting cast ranging from 2.1oC to 33.1oC and 4.9 to 44.1%, respectively. In case of cast, soil temperature level lies in between 10-15oC where the highest soil moisture was 25%. 골프장 잔디위로 배출되는 지렁이 분변토는 잔디관리와경기진행에 있어 피해를 주고 있다. 본 연구는 골프장에서지렁이 분변토의 발생변화를 시기별, 지역별(경기도 가평, 군포, 안성, 용인, 부산 금정)로 조사하였으며 분변토 발생량이 많은 지역과 없는 지역을 구분하여 토양 수분과 토양온도 및 지렁이 개체수를 조사하였다. 지렁이 분변토는 4 월부터 11월까지 년 중 골프장 잔디에 발생하고 있었으며골프장 별 및 시기별에 따라 차이가 있었다. 동일골프장에서 조사 지역에 따라 차이를 보였다. 분변토 발생량과 지렁이 수는 양의 상관관계가 있었으며 분변토 발생이 많은지역과 없는 지역간의 토양 온도는 차이가 없었으나 토양수분은 분변토 수가 많은 지역에서 높았다. 지렁이 분변토는 토양온도 2.1oC에서 33.1oC의 범위에서 확인되었는데 주로 10-15oC 사이에 발생하였다. 또한 토양수분은 4.9-44.1% 범위 내에서 발생하였는데 주로 25% 내외에서 발생량이많았다.

채소용 육묘 상토로서 지렁이분립의 이용

조익환 ( Jo Ik-hwan ),전하준 ( Jun Ha-joon ),이주삼 ( Lee Ju-sam ) 한국유기농업학회 2003 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.11 No.1

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of different plant growth media on the growth of tomato(Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) seedlings during growth stages. The media were commercial plant growth medium 100%, earthworm cast(that was produced by vermicomposting of food waste and cattle manure) 100%, earthworm cast 50% + vermiculite 50%, earthworm cast 50% + perlite 50%, earthworm cast 40% + vermiculite 30% + perlite 30%. Plant length(㎜), number of leaves, leaf area(㎠), stem diameter(㎜), plant dry mater were greatest till the 2nd week growth stages in the commercial plant growth medium plots, but those were higher in the earthworm cast than those in the other plant growth media at the later stages of this study(p<0.05). And relative growth rate of biological yield, relative growth rate of shoot and relative growth rate of root were highest in the earthworm cast till the 4th week growth stage. Therefore it can be implied that there is the possibility of potential utilization of earthworm cast, which was produced by vermicomposting of food waste and cattle manure, as vegetable growth medium.

채소용 육묘 상토로서 지렁이분립의 이용

조익환,전하준,이주삼 한국유기농업학회 2003 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.11 No.1

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of different plant growth media on the growth of tomato(Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) seedlings during growth stages. The media were commercial plant growth medium 100%, earthworm cast(that was produced by vermicomposting of food waste and cattle manure) 100%, earthworm cast 50%, vermiculite 50%, earthworm cast 50% + perlite 50%, earthworm cast 40% + vermiculite 30% + perlite 30%. Plant length(㎜), number of leaves, leaf area(㎠), stem diameter(㎜), plant dry mater were greatest till the 2nd week growth stages in the commercial plant growth medium plots, but those were higher in the earthworm cast than those in the other plant growth media at the later stages of this study(p<0.05). And relative growth rate of biological yield, relative growth rate of shoot and relative growth rate of root were highest in the earthworm cast till the 4th week growth stage. Therefore it can be implied that there is the possibility of potential utilization of earthworm cast, which was produced by vermicomposting of food waste and cattle manure, as vegetable growth medium.

Vermicomposting에 의한 우분과 음식물쓰레기의 처리에 관한 연구

조익환 ( Jo Ik-hwan ),이주삼 ( Lee Ju-sam ) 한국유기농업학회 2003 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.11 No.4

This research was made to determine the optimum mixing ratio cattle manure and food waste investigating the effect that gets the growth and reproductive efficiency of earthworm and productivity of earthworm casts at processing process when handled cattle manure and food waste by vermicomposting, in order to establish the treatment system of organic wastes by vermicomposting. Survival ratio of earthworm was highest in the mixing ratio 80~100%: 20~0% of cattle manure and food Waste, and the increasing ratio was highest in cattle manure 100%, and the number of young worms, the weight of young worms and the productivity of earthworm casts in plots more than the mixing ratio 60% of cattle manure were significantly higher than in the other treatment plots(p<0.05). Total nitrogen and carbon contents in earthworm cast were decreased when rearing time of earthworm was increased. Carbon and nitrogen rate(C/N) of earthworm cast in plots more than the mixing ratio 80% of cattle manure was significantly higher than in the other treatment plots (p<0.05). pH in earthworm cast was higher than that in residual matter. The contents of electrolytic conductivity in the higher mixing ratio of food waste were significantly higher than those in the other treatment plots (p<0.05).

Vermicomposting에 의한 우분과 음식물쓰레기의 처리에 관한 연구

조익환,이주삼 한국유기농업학회 2003 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.11 No.4

This research was made to determine the optimum mixing ratio cattle manure and food waste investigating the effect that gets the growth and reproductive efficiency of earthworm and productivity of earthworm casts at processing process when handled cattle manure and food waste by vermicomposting, in order to establish the treatment system of organic wastes by vermicomposting. Survival ratio of earthworm was highest in the mixing ratio 80~100%:20~0% of cattle manure and food Waste, and the increasing ratio was highest in cattle manure 100%, and the number of young worms, the weight of young worms and the productivity of earthworm casts in plots more than the mixing ratio 60% of cattle manure were significantly higher than in the other treatment plots(p<0.05). Total nitrogen and carbon contents in earthworm cast were decreased when rearing time of earthworm was increased. Carbon and nitrogen rate(C/N) of earthworm cast in plots more than the mixing ratio 80% of cattle manure was significantly higher than in the other treatment plots(p<0.05). pH in earthworm cast was higher than that in residual matter. The contents of electrolytic conductivity in the higher mixing ratio of food waste were significantly higher than those in the other treatment plots(p<0.05).

지렁이 분변토의 중금속홉착능에 관한 기초연구

손희정(Hee-Jeong Son),김형석(Hyeong-Seok Kim),송영채(Young-Chae Song),성낙창(Nak-Chang Sung),김수생(Soo-Saeng Kim) 유기성자원학회 1996 유기물자원화 Vol.4 No.2

본 연구에서는 중금속에 대한 지렁이 분변토의 홉착특성을 활성탄과 비교함으로서 중금속 함유폐수처리를 위한 경제적언 홉착제로서 활용가능성을 펑가하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 지렁이를 이용한 퇴비화에 사용된 슬러지는 피혁슬러지와 우분슬러지를 7:3으로 혼합하여 부숙시킨 것을 사용하였다. 분변토의 물리화학적 특성을 평가하기 위한 용출실험으로부터 분변토는 약간의 pH의 완충능력과 55.1 me/100 g의 양이옹교환능력을 가지는 것으로 평가되었다. 분변토의 중금속에 대한 홉착평형시간은 90분 이내로서 활성탄과 큰 차이가 없었으며, Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn의 제거효윷은 활성탄이 각각 98%, 93%, 94%, 89%, 82%, 분변토는 95%, 90%, 88%, 80%, 66%로 펑가되었다. 홉착제 양의 변화에 따른 홉착특성을 Freundlich 등온흡착식으로 해석한 결과 l/n값은 분변토의 경우 0.28-0.74로서 활성탄의 0.29-0.56 에 근접하는 결과를 얻을 수 있었으며, 01 결과로부터 분변토를 경제적인 중금속홉착제로 사용 가능한 것으로 평가되었다. 또한,분변토의 중금속 성분별 흡착션호성향을 활성탄과 비교 분석한 결과 분변토는 Pb>Cu>Cd>Cr>Zn의 순이었으며, 활성탄은 Pb>Cd>Cu>Cr>Zn의 순이었다. The purpose of this study is the evaluation of adsorption capacity of casts for heavy metals comparing with the activated carbon. The casts was obtained from vermicom posting of the mixed organic sludges which were generated from the treatment facilities for leather wastewater and cattle wastewater. The physico-chemical characteristics of cast was investigated. Also, the batch adsorption experiments of cast and activated carbon for heavy metals were carried out , and the results were analyzed by Freundlich isotherm. The buffering capacity to the acidic wastewater was founded in the cast, and the cation exchange capacity of cast impling adsorption capacity for soluble substances was evaluated as about 55 me/l00 g. Those were implied that the cast have a large potential as a good adsorbent for soluble pollutants in wastewater. From the results of batch experiments, the removal efficiencies of tested various heavy metals including Pb, Cu , Cd , and Cr were very high value as 89-98% for the activated car-bon, and 80 - 95% for the casts except for Zn. The adsorption equilibriums for the two materials were achieved within 90 minutes. The order of preferable metals in the adsorption was found to be Pb>Cu>Cd>Cr>Zn on the cast and to be Pb>Cd>Cu>Cr>Zn on the activated carbon, respectively. From the above results, it might be con-cluded that cast is effectively available as a good adsorbent to treating the heavy metal bearing wastewater.

돈분에 왕겨 혼합 수준이 지렁이 퇴비화에 미치는 영향

조익환,황보순 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2014 한국폐기물자원순환학회지 Vol.31 No.3

he present study was conducted to provide basic data for efficient vermicomposting of swine manure by investigatingthe effect of rice hull mix on growth and reproduction of earthworms, amount of earthworm cast produced, and its chemicalcomposition when mixing swine manure in different levels (0 (SRH0), 10 (SRH10), 20 (SRH20), 30 (SRH30), and 40%(SRH40)) with rice hull commonly used as a bulking agent for facilitation in manure composting. The C/N ratio of thefeed was 10.19-13.95 and increased with higher level of rice hull mixed, and the survival rate of earthworms during theexperiment period was 35.2-99.2%. The biomass growth rate of earthworms was significantly higher in the SRH30 andSRH40 treatments than others (p<0.05), and young worms were not found in any treatments, but the number of cocoonswas 7.4 in the SRH40 treatment. The production of earthworm cast and digested amount were higher with the higherlevel of mixed rice hull (p<0.05), and the C/N ratio of cast increased with the mixed rice hull ratio, being significantlyhigher ratio in SRH40 than other treatments (p<0.05). Among heavy metals, the copper content tended to decrease withthe mixed rice hull level. To summarize, the higher level of mixed rice hull was associated with improvement in growth,reproduction, and cast production of earthworms, and 30-40% rice hull mix in particular could result in efficientvermicomposting.

돈분의 효율적인 지렁이 퇴비화를 위한 Bulking Agent의 이용

황보순,조익환,Hwangbo, Soon,Jo, Ik-Hwan 한국유기농업학회 2014 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.22 No.1

본 시험에서는 가축분의 퇴비화에 수분조절제로서 사용되는 bulking agent 중 일반적으로 많이 사용되고 있는 톱밥을 수준별(0(SSD0), 10(SSD10), 20(SSD20), 30(SSD30) 및 40%(SSD40))로 돈분과 혼합한 다음 지렁이 먹이로 이용하였을 때, 지렁이 생육과 증식에 미치는 영향과 지렁이 분립의 생산량 및 화학적 조성을 조사하여 돈분의 효율적인 vermicomposting의 기초자료로 이용하고자 실시하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 탄질율과 지렁이 생존율은 SSD0구가 각각 10.19와 35.2%이었으나, 톱밥 혼합수준이 증가함에 따라 탄질율은 11.09~16.44로 높아졌으며, 실험기간 동안 지렁이의 생존율은 35.2~100%로 나타났다. 산자수는 SSD40구에서 16.6 마리로 나타났으며, SSD0구 및 톱밥을 30% 이하 첨가구에서는 새끼 지렁이가 나타나지 않았다. 난포수와 난포중은 SSD30과 SSD40구가 각각 23.8~59.8개와 256~660mg의 범위로 나타났다. 지렁이 분립생산과 소화량은 톱밥 혼합수준이 높을수록 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 분립의 탄질율은 톱밥 혼합수준이 높을수록 높아져 SSD30과 SSD40구가 다른구 보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 중금속 함량은 톱밥 혼합수준이 높을수록 낮아지는 경향이었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면, 돈분에 톱밥 혼합수준이 높을수록 지렁이의 생육과 증식이 향상되었으며, 특히 톱밥 30~40% 혼합 시에 돈분의 효율적인 vermicomposting을 기대할 수 있었다. The present study was conducted to provide basic data for efficient vermicomposting of swine manure by investigating the effect of sawdust mix on growth and reproduction of earthworms, amount of earthworm cast produced, and its chemical composition when mixing swine manure in different levels (0(SSD0), 10(SSD10), 20(SSD20), 30(SSD30), and 40%(SSD40)) with sawdust commonly used as moist control in manure composting. The C/N ratio of the feed and the survival rate of earthworms for the SSD0 treatment (10.19, 35.2%), The C/N ratio of the feed was 11.09-16.44 and increased with higher level of sawdust mixed, and the survival rate of earthworms during the experiment period was 35.2-100%. The number of earthworms was 16.6 in the SSD40 treatment, and young worms were not found in the SSD0 treatment or the treatment with less than 30% sawdust in the mix. The number and the weight of cocoons in SSD30 and SSD40 treatments were found to be in the ranges of 23.8-59.8 and 256-660 mg respectively. The production of earthworm cast and digested amount were higher with the higher level of mixed sawdust (p<0.05), and the C/N ratio of cast increased with the mixed sawdust ratio, being significantly higher ratio in SSD30 and SSD40 than other treatments (p<0.05). Heavy metals content tended to decrease with the mixed sawdust level. To summarize, the higher level of mixed sawdust was associated with improvement in growth and reproduction of earthworms, and 30-40% sawdust mix in particular could result in efficient vermicomposting.