맞벌이 부부의 무급노동 및 여가 공유시간: 생활시간조사자료를 중심으로

손문금 통계청 2011 통계연구 Vol.16 No.1

The Purpose of this study is to 1) How much time do the dual earner couples share with? 2) What kind of effects do the socio-economic factors have on the time shared with dual-earner couples? Source for analysis in this study is from Time Use Survey conducted by Korea National Statistical Office in 2009. The results of the study show that first, the time shared with dual-earner couples is 62 minutes. And the largest parts activity of the time shared with dual-earner couples is media. So we conclude that the characteristic of the time shared with dual-earner couples is so much individualized. Second, the number of hours couples paid work time, family life cycle factors like as pre-schoolers and age are significantly related to the time shared with dual-earner couples. The time shared with dual-earner couples is reduced by the number of hours couples paid work. Dual-earner couples with pre-schoolers have more unpaidwork time shared with and have less leisure time shared with. And as age increases, more dual-earner couples may be less able to share couple's time. 본 연구는 맞벌이 부부가 시장노동 이외 무급노동과 여가활동에서 얼마나 많은 시간을 함께 공유하고 있는지, 그들의 노동조건, 가족생활주기, 사회경제적 지위변수가 부부의 공유시간에 어떤 영향을 미치고 있는지 살펴보았다. 분석 자료는 통계청의 2009년 『생활시간조사』 원자료(raw data)이다. 분석결과 맞벌이 부부의 총공유시간은 62분으로 남편 홀벌이 부부의 81분(부인기준)보다 적은 것으로 나타나 부부의 일상생활이 더욱 개별화되어 있었다. 또한, 부부의 총시장노동시간이 길수록 부부의 무급노동과 여가활동 공유시간이 적어졌고, 미취학자녀의 존재는 부부의 무급노동 공유시간의 증가보다는 여가활동 공유시간을 더욱 많이 감소시켜 부부의 총공유시간을 감소시켰다. 연령은 낮을수록 부부의 모든 공유시간이 증가하고 있었다. 맞벌이 부부가 가장 많이 공유하는 행동은 수동적인 여가활동에 해당하는 미디어이용 공유시간으로 하루 평균 28분 정도이며, 무급노동 공유시간은 16분, 여가 및 레저 공유시간은 18분 정도로 나타났다.

Crossover of emotions among dual-earner couples and the quality of their marital relationship

김여진 연세대학교 사회복지연구소 2009 한국사회복지조사연구 Vol.20 No.-

The link between work life and family life is an essential subject matter in understanding the lives of dual-earner couples. Concepts of crossover explains the link between work and family. The present study examines both the positive and negative sides in these processes. Moreover, this study looks at the extent to which the quality of marital relationships play moderating roles in the processes of crossover. The data come from the Sloan Working Families Study conducted by the Alfred P. Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work and NORC at the University of Chicago. The Experience Sampling Method employed explores directly the daily life experiences of the participants. The data were analyzed using t-test. Crossover were found in the lives of dual-earner couples in this study. Men appear responsive to the positive and negative emotional experiences their spouse brings home, especially if highly satisfied with their marriage. But, women were found to be responsive to their spouses’ negative emotional experiences at work, but not to their spouses’ positive emotional experiences. By looking closely into the emotions experienced by working parents in their daily lives, this study adds contextual understanding concerning the link between work and family life. The findings on husbands who are highly satisfied with their marriage invite social work practitioners and researchers to further investigate the phenomena of crossover processes in greater detail, taking into account of contextual aspect of family life such as gender role attitudes of the couples, and the children at home. The link between work life and family life is an essential subject matter in understanding the lives of dual-earner couples. Concepts of crossover explains the link between work and family. The present study examines both the positive and negative sides in these processes. Moreover, this study looks at the extent to which the quality of marital relationships play moderating roles in the processes of crossover. The data come from the Sloan Working Families Study conducted by the Alfred P. Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work and NORC at the University of Chicago. The Experience Sampling Method employed explores directly the daily life experiences of the participants. The data were analyzed using t-test. Crossover were found in the lives of dual-earner couples in this study. Men appear responsive to the positive and negative emotional experiences their spouse brings home, especially if highly satisfied with their marriage. But, women were found to be responsive to their spouses’ negative emotional experiences at work, but not to their spouses’ positive emotional experiences. By looking closely into the emotions experienced by working parents in their daily lives, this study adds contextual understanding concerning the link between work and family life. The findings on husbands who are highly satisfied with their marriage invite social work practitioners and researchers to further investigate the phenomena of crossover processes in greater detail, taking into account of contextual aspect of family life such as gender role attitudes of the couples, and the children at home.

일·가족·여가활동 시간비율로 살펴본 맞벌이부부의 역할분배 유형과 유형별 일상정서경험

장미나,한경혜,Chang. Mina,Han. Gyung-Hae 한국가족학회 2015 가족과 문화 Vol.27 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 맞벌이부부의 일·가족·여가활동 시간의 구조적 차이를 근거로 하여, 부부의 역할분배방식을 유형화 하고, 각 유형별 부부의 일상정서경험의 차이가 존재하는지 여부를 탐색하는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 어디에서 무엇을 하고 누구와 함께 있는 지로 구성되는 일상의 외적맥락과 그 순간의 느낌이나 생각을 나타내는 내적인 정서경험을 연계해서 살펴보는 경험표집법(ESM)을 활용하였다. 이는 부부들이 직면한 현실 상황에 밀착해서 행위자 스스로가 평가한 경험을 탐색하는 것으로 맞벌이부부의 일상생활을 살펴볼 수 있다는 강점이 있다. 경험표집법을 활용하여, 만 10세 이하의 자녀를 둔 맞벌이부부 총 91쌍,182명 이 하루 6회 총 5일 동안 응답한 자료 5,147개의 자료를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째. 부부 모두 경제활동을 함에도 불구하고, 남편과 아내의 일·가족·여가활동 시간 구조는 어린 자녀를 키우는 맞벌이남녀의 불평등한 생활세계의 모습을 적절히 반영하고 있었다. 둘째. 부부를 분석단위로 하여, 남편과 아내 각각의 시간비율을 기준변수로 하는 군집분석을 실시한 결과, ‘양육중심형’ ‘여가몰입형’ ‘잠재적(양육자,부양자)역할 공유형’ ‘신전통형’의 4가지 역 할분배유형이 도출되었으며, 각 유형 집단은 막내자녀의 연령, 자녀수와 같은 가구 특성에 따라 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 셋째. 역할분배유형에 따라 맞벌이부부가 일상생활에서 느끼 는 긍정/부정정서 경험은 유형별로 그리고 젠더에 따라 의미 있는 차이를 보였다. 특히 이러 한 차이는 정서차원에 따라 상이하게 나타나, 일상에서 느끼는 긍정정서경험은 부부의 역할 분배 방식에 따라 비교적 큰 차이를 보였던 반면, 부정정서경험은 유형별 차이보다는 젠더차이가 더 강하게 나타났다. 이상의 결과들을 토대로 맞벌이가족이 가지는 다양한 삶의 모습과 경험을 구체적으로 논의해 보았다. The purpose of this study was to cluster the typology of labor division that classified based upon the distribution of work, family and leisure time ratio of husbands and wives among dual-earner couples and to examine the differences in immediate emotional experiences between husbands and wives by the typology. In this study, ninety-one dual earner couples with young children under age 10 participated, and total 5,147 data were collected. It used Experience Sampling Method (ESM), which enables a researcher to assess how people spend their time in daily different settings such as spaces, activities and companions, and how they experience the different settings of their lives. The major research findings are as follows: First, there was a significant difference in daily time pattern and the emotional experiences between husbands and wives. Second, dual-earner couples were clustered into 4 types of division of labor including ‘carer-centered couples’, ‘leisure-oriented couples’, ‘latent dual carer-earner couples’, and ‘modified male breadwinner couples’, based upon the distribution of work, family, and leisure time. Also, there was a significant difference within the 4 types according to household characteristics such as child age, the number of children. Third, the 4 types of division of labor were associated with daily emotional experiences. While positive daily emotional experiences vary depending on the 4 types, negative experiences vary depending on gender. Based on these findings, the significance of division of labor on dual-earner couples’ daily lives is discussed.

맞벌이 부부의 심리적 복지에 영향을 미치는 요인들에 관한 연구

김경애(Kim Kyoung Ae),황혜원(Hwang Hye-Won) 경성대학교 사회과학연구소 2010 社會科學硏究 Vol.26 No.1

본 연구는 점점 보편화되고 증가 추세에 있는 맞벌이 부부의 심리적 복지에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구로서 개인변인, 가족변인, 직업관련변인, 사회변인이 맞벌이 부부의 심리적 복지에 미치는 영향력을 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구방법으로는 본 연구자가 직접 병원, 공공기관, 은행, 회사, 유치원과 어린이집을 통해 임의표집한 300쌍(600명)을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였고, 250쌍(500명)이 최종분석에 사용되었다. 연구결과로 맞벌이 부부의 남편 및 부인의 심리적 복지에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변인들을 살펴보면, 생활만족도에 영향을 미치는 변인은 남편과 부인 모두, 배우자 지지, 직업만족, 사회적지지로 나타났다. 즉, 배우자 지지가 높을수록, 직업에 만족할수록, 사회적지지가 높을수록 생활만족도가 높게 나타났다. 우울에 영향을 미치는 변인은 남편의 경우, 직업만족, 배우자지지, 가정생활갈등, 모의 취업영향 인지, 양육비용부담, 그리고 연령으로 나타났다. 반면 부인의 경우에는, 가정생활갈등, 직업만족, 배우자지지가 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 맞벌이 부부의 심리적 복지를 향상시키기 위한 정책적 실천적 합의를 제시하였다. This research concerns the factors that influence the psychological well-being of dual-earner couples that have become increasingly generalized recently. It was intended to study the effects of individual factors, family factors, job related factors and social factors on the psychological well-being of couples. The research method was for the researcher to personally proceed a voluntary survey on 300 couples (600 people) in hospitals, public institutions, banks, companies, kindergartens, and nurseries, 250 of these couples (500 people) were used for the final analysis. According to the results, the support from husband and wife, job satisfaction, and social support had significant effects on the life satisfaction of dual-earner couples. Also job satisfaction, spouse support, family conflict, the perception on the maternal employment, the burden related to child care expense, and age had significant effects on the depression of husbands. On the other hand, family conflict, job satisfaction, and spouseㆍsupport had significant effects on the depression of wives. The results of this research speaks for the necessity of the improvement of dual-earner couples' well-being and the changes needed in the society's overall support and recognition of the increasing number of these families. The development of various education programs for solving the problems that the dual-earner couples in every class of the society face today, is imminent. Moreover, the educations on understanding the dual-earner couples as well as on positively corresponding to certain conflicts and psychological well-being are essential for the unmarried people who have reached their marriageable age.

자녀를 둔 맞벌이부부의 역할갈등과 삶의 질에 관한 연구

황혜원,신정이 한국아동가족복지학회 2009 한국가족복지학 Vol.14 No.1

This study examines the role conflict of dual-earner parents and its effect on their quality of life as well as identifies several ecosystemic variables which influence dual-earner parents' quality of life. The data was collected from 250 dual-earner couples in Cheongju. The results indicate that there is no significant difference between a wife’s level of role conflict and a husband’s, although the wife’s level was higher than her husband’s. However, a husband’s work related role conflict was significantly higher than that of his wife, while a wife’s family related role conflict and parenting conflict are significantly higher than those of her husband. The work related role conflict and parenting conflict had significant effects on the quality of lifeof dual-earner couples. Specifically, parenting conflict had a significant effect on the husband’s quality of life, while the work related role conflict and the parenting conflict had significant effect on the wife’s quality of life. Several ecosystemic variables such as role conflict, depression, spousal support, job satisfaction, and social support are significant predictors of the quality of life of dual-earner parents. 본 연구는 자녀를 둔 맞벌이부부의 역할갈등을 분석하고, 나아가 이러한 역할갈등이 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 정도를 파악하며, 역할갈등 상황에 있는 맞벌이 부부의 삶의 질에 영향을 주는 변인들을 검증하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 이를 위하여 충북 청주의 맞벌이 부부 250쌍(500명)을 대상으로 자기보고식 설문조사를 통하여 얻은 자료를 분석하였다. 분석결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 맞벌이부부의 역할갈등정도는 아내가 남편보다 높기는 하지만 통계적으로 유의지 않아 남편과 아내가 비슷한 역할갈등을 경험하는 것으로 나타났다. 역할갈등 영역별로 보면, 남편은 ‘직장역할갈등’이 아내보다 상대적으로 높았던 반면, 아내는 ‘가정역할갈등’과 ‘부모역할갈등’이 남편보다 높아 차이를 보였다. 둘째, 맞벌이부부 전체를 보았을 때 ‘직장역할갈등’과 ‘부모역할갈등’이 삶의 질에 영향을 주는 것으로 조사되었다. 이를 성별로 보면 맞벌이남편의 경우 ‘부모역할갈등’이 삶의 질에 영향을 주었고, 맞벌이아내의 경우는 ‘직장역할갈등’과 ‘부모역할갈등’ 두 가지가 삶의 질에 영향을 주었다. 셋째, 역할갈등, 우울, 배우자지지, 직업만족, 사회적지지가 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 이 결과는 성별에서도 차이가 거의 없게 나타났다. 이러한 분석결과를 통하여 맞벌이부부의 특성이해와 삶의 질 향상을 위한 개입전략이 제안되었다.

첫 자녀의 연령에 따른 맞벌이 부부의 가족 내 행위별 사용시간비율 및 관련 요인

김소영 한국생애학회 2019 생애학회지 Vol.9 No.2

This study analyzed the share of husband's time in dual-earner couple's total time spent on sleep, personal care, leisure, and household unpaid labor (including childcare and housework), and what factors were associated with the change in husband's time share by taking a family life cycle perspective. In doing so, a total of 1,722 time diaries written by 1,407 matched couples on weekdays were extracted from the 2014 Korean Time Use Survey data. The sample was categorized by the age of the eldest child into four age groups of 0-6, 7-12, 13-18, and 19-29. Analytic results showed that, first, husband's share in couple's total time spent on sleep, leisure, and household labor differed depending on children's age groups, with husband's share increasing in sleep and leisure time, whereas decreasing in household labor time as children grew. Second, different factors were associated with the increase in husband's time share not only among sleep, personal care, leisure and household labor, but also with the growing of the child. These findings reflect the time redistribution strategies taken by dual-earner couples in order to respond to the changing time demands in households as the family developed, and supported the arguments suggesting more active role of wives than husbands in redistribution of time to household labor from other spheres within the family.

맞벌이 부부의 통근시간과 통근수단 비교

문보배,이윤석 지역사회학회 2023 지역사회학 Vol.24 No.2

In this study, we compare the commuting times and means of wives and husbands in dual-earner couples using the data from the Korean Time Use Survey in 2019. Frist, we find that commuting time is shorter for wives than for husbands, and more pronounced differences were revealed in couples with children. Second, the proportions of using the car is higher for husbands, suggesting that husbands have better mobility resources than wives. Third, regression results indicate that wives with their own or spouses’ income levels higher, or with preschool child and long working hours, have less commuting time. Our findings propose that the household responsibility hypothesis is still valid. This study suggests that it is necessary to consider the vehicle system for couples along with the establishment of a dense public transportation network. In order to guarantee high-quality employment opportunities for married women, households and childcare policies for dual-earner couples must precede above all else.

맞벌이 부부의 통근시간 관련 요인: 첫 자녀의 연령에 따른 집단별 비교

김소영 ( Soyoung Kim ) 대한가정학회 2020 Human Ecology Research(HER) Vol.58 No.2

This study observed and investigated the commute time of dual-earner couples from a family developmental perspective. It tested whether the household responsibility hypothesis was effective in explaining the gender gap in the commute time for these couples. I extracted 2,103 time diaries written by 1,266 matched couples from the 2014 Korean Time Use Survey data for this study. The sample was categorized by the age of the eldest child into four age groups of 0-6, 7-12, 13-18, and 19-29. Analytic results from ANOVA, Scheffé test, and OLS regression are as follows. First, husbands traveled longer hours to work than wives in all age groups, while the commute time of couples tended to increase along with the child’ age. However, couples in the child group aged 7 to 12 had the shortest commute time. Second, domestic labor time of wives were negatively associated with the commute time, which appeared to support the household responsibility hypothesis. Third, in the child group aged 7 to 12, wives spent more time for work commute as their income increased; however, wives with traditional gender role attitudes had a shorter commute time in the child group aged 0 to 6. Forth, neither the wives’ nor husbands’ work characteristics were related to the wives’ commute time; however, both wives’ and husbands’ work characteristics were related to the husbands’ commute time. The findings suggest the possibility of spatial entrapment by working wives throughout the family life cycle due to household responsibilities, which provides implications for policy intervention in consideration of the gender gap in commute time for dual-earner couples.

아내 소득기여도가 맞벌이 부부의 가사노동시간에 미치는 효과: 조사시기와의 상호작용효과를 중심으로

주익현 한국가족자원경영학회 2022 가족자원경영과 정책 Vol.26 No.1

The first purpose of this paper was to investigate whether wives' income contributions affect the time spent on housework by dual-earner couples. The second purpose was to investigate period interaction effects on the effect of wives' income contributions. For this, Korean Time Use Survey data 2004-2019 was analyzed. The analysis target was dual-earner couple aged 20-59 years. The dependent variable was time spent on housework, and the analysis method was tobit regression. According to the results, there were three findings: First, there was a U-shaped relation between wives' income contributions and wives' housework time. Second, this relationship became stronger as time progressed. Third, although wives' income contributions positively affected husband housework time, husband housework time was actually zero before 2019. These results demonstrated that not economic perspective, but gender perspective, is more useful for understanding dual-earner couples' division of housework. 본 연구의 첫 번째 목적은 아내 소득기여도가 맞벌이 부부의 가사시간이 영향을 미치는지 확인하는 것이다. 두 번째 목적은 아내 소득기여도 효과에 대한 조사시기 조절효과를 살피는 것이다. 이를 위해서 2004년부터 2019년까지의 통계청 생활시간조사를 분석하였다. 분석대상은 20세 이상 60세 미만 맞벌이 부부이다. 종속변수는 맞벌이 부부의 가사시간이며, 분석방법은 토빗 분석이다. 분석 결과 세 가지 사실들을 발견하였다. 첫째, 아내 소득기여도와 아내 가사시간 사이에는 U자형 관계가 있었다. 둘째, 시간이 흐르면서 아내 소득기여도와 아내 가사시간 사이의 U자형 관계는 점점 더 강해지고 있었다. 셋째, 아내 소득기여도가 증가할수록 남편 가사시간은 증가하지만 2019년 이전까지 남편의 가사시간은 사실상 0에 가까웠다. 이상의 결과들은 맞벌이 부부의 가사분업을 이해하기 위해서는 경제학적 관점이 아닌 젠더적 관점이 더 유용함을 보여준다.

한국의 성별 가사노동시간 배분 양상 변화에 대한 실증분석: 2007, 2016년 맞벌이 부부를 대상으로

장인수 한국보건사회연구원 2020 保健社會硏究 Vol.40 No.2

In Korea, the increasing female labor market participation and the asymmetric distribution of housework hours by gender mixed across. In this paradoxical situation, securing the effectiveness of the work-family reconciliation policy is potentially important. Against this background, this study investigates the changing patterns of allocation of housework hours by gender. Also, we examined in depth how factors that influenced the labor market participation of dual-earner couples also affected these changes. To improve the asymmetrical pattern of housework hours of dual-earner couples, it is necessary to increase husbands’ housework hours, the results of this study indicate that an increase in the wife’s earned income is likely to lead to more hours of housework for the husband.