An Analysis of the Korean Competition Law Regarding Collective Dominance

Yo Sop Choi(최요섭) 전북대학교 법학연구소 2016 法學硏究 Vol.49 No.-

경쟁법(competition law)의 중요한 목적은 시장에서의 반경쟁적 행위, 예를 들어 가격의 고착 혹은 생산량 조절에 대한 사업자 간의 합의(카르텔) 혹은 독점사업자의 가격남용을 금지하여 후생을 증진하는 것이다. 따라서 카르텔 혹은 시장지배적 지위 남용을 발생시킬 수 있는 과점시장에서의 반경쟁적 제한하기 위해 각국의 경쟁법은 경쟁법의 내용을 발전시켜 왔다. 특히, 유럽경쟁법(EU competitition law)의 내용과 유사한 경쟁조항을 가지고 있는 경우, 공동의 시장지배적 지위(collective dominance)에 대한 조항을 포함하고 있으며, 우리나라 공정거래법도 관련 규정을 포함한다. 유럽연합에서는 공동의 시장지배적 지위 남용과 관련하여 1990년대 이후부터 판례법이 발전되어 현재에 이르고 있다. 관련 규정 및 판례의 내용은 과점시장의 상황에서 경쟁당국이 선택적으로 반경쟁적 합의 혹은 카르텔금지의 내용으로 또는 공동의 시장지배적 지위의 남용의 내용으로 경쟁법을 적용한다. 그러나 유럽연합의 경우와는 상이하게 우리나라에서는 2005년 대법원의 비씨카드 판결 이후, 공동의 시장지배적 지위에 대한 내용이 다루어지지 않고 있다. 무엇보다 경쟁당국인 공정거래위원회는 비씨카드 사건에서 패소한 이후에 공동의 시장지배적 지위의 남용금지규정보다는 카르텔금지조항을 중심으로 과점시장에서의 반경쟁적 행위를 규제하고 있는 것으로 보인다. 그러나 우리나라 공정거래법이 유럽경쟁법과 유사하게 공동의 시장지배적 지위에 관한 규정이 있음에도 불구하고 비씨카드 사건이후에 관련 심결과 판례가 부재한 것은 공정거래법집행의 발전에 부정적인 영향을 줄 수 있다. 따라서 최근 유럽에서의 공동의 시장지배적 지위남용 금지의 내용과 심사기준을 살펴봄으로써, 우리나라 공정거래법의 관련 규정 및 집행의 발전을 고려해 볼 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 공동의 시장지배적 지위에 관하여 국내에서 이루어진 기존연구를 포함하여 과점시장에서의 경쟁법의 집행을 의미를 알아보고, 2005년 비씨사건 대법원 판결의 내용을 검토한다. 이를 바탕으로 유럽경쟁법의 공동의 시장지배적 지위내용을 비교·연구하고 향후 발전방향에 대해서 제언을 하는 것을 연구의 목적으로 한다. One of the important objectives of competition law is to prevent anti-competitive effects arising from agreements or abusive conducts by monopolies or oligopolies. In some jurisdictions, a competition rule regarding collective dominance is a useful legal technique to counteract the abuse of oligopolistic market dominance; such a rule is relatively popular in the EU. Legal provisions regarding collective dominance which are, in effect, similar to the EU rule on collective dominance also exist in Korea. In contrast to the EU, the relevant case law addressing collective dominance has not developed significantly in Korea. One of the main reasons for the lack of case law in Korea was the failure of the first collective dominance case, the so-called BC Card judgment in 2005. Since the courts’ judgments on collective dominance, there has been no challenge against abuses by oligopolistic or collectively dominant undertakings, although the Korean competition act provides a relevant provision. Therefore, this article aims to discuss the Korean legal provision regarding collective dominance through a comparative study. In addition, it suggests proposals for further development of the implementation of the Korean competition act to address collective dominance. In effect, there are a number of Korean works on this issue; however, it is time for another review of the overall problem with the relevant case law and for improvement in the application of the law. In conclusion, although there have been a number of failures in the courtroom in important competition law cases, the Korean competition agency needs to enthusiastically implement competition law by developing the necessary criteria and tests for scrutiny, which will eventually be tested in the courts and settled as the assessment standards.

우위안 강도에 따른 원거리 시력과 대비감도에 관한 연구

정수아(Su A Jung),김현정(Hyun Jung Kim) 한국안광학회 2017 한국안광학회지 Vol.22 No.4

Purpose: This study was to analyze the correlation between distance visual acuity and contrast sensitivity according to degree of eye dominance. Methods: 40 male and female adults in twenties (average age 22.78±1.90 years) were participated Degree of non-dominant and dominant eye was compared by measuring degree of eye dominance with line of sight and card movement. After measuring uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity and contrast sensitivity (Hamilton-Veale Contrast Sensitivity Test, Hamilton-Veale, USA), correlation with degree of eye dominance by card movement standard was analyzed. Results: Degree of eye dominance in dominant eye was significantly stronger than in non-dominant eye in both methods (line of sight, card movement). For both distance visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, there was a positive correlation with the increase in degree of eye dominance in non-dominant eye, but negative correlation with the increase in degree of eye dominance in dominant eye. Especially, there was statistically significant correlation between degree of eye dominance and uncorrected visual acuity in dominant eye, degree of eye dominance and contrast sensitivity in non-dominant eye. Conclusions: Degree of eye dominance was correlated with distance visual acuity and contrast sensitivity and a balanced use of both eyes is recommended in daily life because visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were superior when both eyes were used in a balanced manner.

Testing the Monday Effect in U.S. Stock Return: A Spatial Dominance Approach 1

Sungro Lee,Chang Sik Kim,In-Moo Kim 한국계량경제학회 2008 한국계량경제학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.-

This paper presents tests of Monday effect in U.S. stock market using the concept of spatial dominance that was developed in Park (2007). The spatial dominance provides a new tool to test the distributional dominance of one process over the other even under nonstationarity. Extending the notion of well-developed stochastic dominance into the nonstationary time series whose distributions are time varying, the existence of the Monday effect in U.S. stock market is investigated. Test procedures in the previous literature including stochastic dominance compare expected utilities only at a specific time, usually market closing time. Spatial dominance, however, enables us to analyze the expected sum of instantaneous utilities during trading time. We, therefore, can consider intraday patterns of returns using high frequency data for the testing of the Monday effect. When we apply spatial dominance approach to S&P 500 return over the period 1988-2004, significant Monday effect is not found whereas Cho, Y.-H. et al. (2007) reports inconclusive results for the same period with stochastic dominance. Furthermore, we find dominance relationships among groups different weekdays. The group consists of Tuesday and Wednesday returns spatially dominates the other groups with three other weekdays. We also find that returns on Wednesday also spatially dominates returns on Friday. Our results are consistent with recent findings that Monday effect in U.S. stock market has been disappeared since 1987.

뇌반구(腦半球) 우세성과 학교교육간의 관계

김남일 충남대학교 교육발전연구소 2005 교육연구논총 Vol.26 No.2

본 연구는 뇌반구 이론에 입각해 우리의 교육을 재조명하기 위한 목적으로 문헌연구와 선행연구 결과들을 근거로 하여 뇌반구 우세성과 학교교육간에 관련성이 있는가를 살펴보기 위한 것이다. 연구대상은 대전광역시 소재 중·고대학교 1개교씩의 2학년 학생들로, 중학생 186명, 고등학생 457명(인문계, 189명, 실업계, 103명, 과학고, 56명, 예술고, 109명), 대학생 199명으로 총 842명이었다. 본 연구에서 사용한 측정도구는 뇌반구 우세검사였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면, 첫째, 학교 급별에 따라 뇌반우세 유형에 차이가 있다. 우뇌형의 변화는 없고 주로 전뇌형이 좌뇌화 되었다. 둘째, 고등학교 학교 유형간에 뇌반구 우세 유형 비율에 차이가 있다. 과학고는 좌뇌형의 비율이 높고, 인문계고와 예술고는 전뇌형의 비율이 그리고 실업계고는 우뇌형의 비율이 높다. The purpose of this study is to reexamine Korean education on the ground of the theory of brain hemisphere. The questions of this study, based on the results of reviews of literature and precedent researches, are as follows. First, Are there any differences among middle school, high school and college students in the ratios of brain dominance? Second, Are there any differences in the ratios of brain dominance among academic high school, science high school, vocational high school and art high school students? The subjects for the study are 842students. They consisted of 186 middle school students, 457 high school students and 199 college students. The instrements for collecting data of the study was Brain Dominance Test. The major results of this study are as follows. First, the ratio distrbutions of brain dominance type show significant shifts from middle school to college. College students show a lower ratio on whole-brain dominance but a higher on left-brain dominance as compared to middle or high school students. Second, significant differences are found among types of high school in the ratio of brain dominance. The students of science high school show a higher ratio on left-brain dominance and a lower ratios on whole- and right-brain dominance than the students of other types of high school. Academic high school students are not different from art high school students in the ratio distribution. The students of vocational high school show a lower ratio on left-brain dominance and a higher ratio on right-brain dominance as compared to other types of high school students.

유전의 우성과 열성에 대한 중-고등학생과 교사의 오개념 분석

박시호,권영식,이길재 韓國敎員大學校 敎育硏究院 2009 敎員敎育 Vol.25 No.3

본 연구는 제7차 교육과정이 적용되고 있는 중학교 3학년,고등학교 3학년 그리고 교사를 대상으로 우성과 열성,불완전 우성,완전 우성,공우성에 대한 개념에서 나타나는 오개념을 알아보고자 하였다. 중학교 3학년 264명,고등학교 자연계열 3학년 학생 103명,생물 교사 53명의 응답을 분석하였다. 이 연구의 결과에 따르면,특히,학생과 교사 모두 우성은 '열성을 억제하고 표현되는 형질이다.' 열성에 대해 학생들은 '부모로부터 유전자를 전달받지 못하여 나타난다.’라는 오개념 비율이 높게 나타났다. 둘째,중학생의 24.4%, 고등학생의 19.4%가 '교배 결과 많이 출현하는 형질이 우성이다.’라는 오개념을 가지고 있었다. 셋째,중학생의 48.1%. 고등학생의 36.9%가 '열성은 생활에 불리하거나 우성이 우수한 형질이다.’라는 오개념을 가지고 있었다. 넷째,완전 우성,불완전 우성,공우성에 대해 교사와 학생 모두 높은 비율의 오개념을 가지고 있었다. 이 연구를 통해 교사는 교육을 실행하는 동안 '우성이 열성을 지배한다’ '억제한다’ '누른다’ 등의 표현은 사용하지 않는 것이 타당할 것으로 생각된다. 또한 개체 수준의 전달 유전과 분자 수준의 형질 발현과정을 통합하는 수업전략이 필요함을 알 수 있었다. The purpose of this study was to analyze the misconceptions of definition of dominance and recessive traits, law of dominance, incomplete dominance and codominance which middle and high school students and teachers have. For this purpose, we analyzed a questionnaire of 103 natural science students in the third grade and 264 middle school students in the third grade and 53 biology teachers. According to the results of analyzing the questionnaires, most of the students and teachers had various misconceptions on the concepts of dominance. Expecially, They had the misconception that 'dominance is controls completely recessive and then it is expressed' and the students about recessive characteristic shows because of gene isn't handed down from parents to progeny. Second, 24.4% of middle school students and 19.4% of high school students had the misconceptions many expressed trait is dominance. Third, 48.1% of middle school students and 36.9% of high school students had the misconceptions the recessive characteristic have a disadvantage in life or the dominance is predominance characteristics. Fourth, most of the students and teachers had very high misconceptions on complete dominance, incomplete dominance and codominance. According to this study, such expressions as 'dominant characteristics governs, controls, or suppresses recessive characteristics,' don't have to use in lessons of gene. Lessons for middle and high school students need to integrate transmission heredity at the object level and the process of characteristics expression at the molecular level.

Eye Dominance and Reading Speed

Ai-Hong Chen 한국안광학회 2011 한국안광학회지 Vol.16 No.3

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate eye dominance and reading performance based on eye movements and reading speed. Methods: The eye dominance of 30 subjects was determined using the sighting test (hole formed by hands). The subjects were asked to read the numerical reading material aloud in English from left to right and from right to left at random. The number of saccades, regressions, and inter-fixations per minute was calculated using Visual-Oculography (VOG) and the reading speed was recorded as number of characters per minute using stopwatch. Results: No significant differences in reading speed among right and left eye dominant subjects as they read from left to right and right to left directions (p>0.05). However, left eye dominant subjects were found to read significantly faster compared to right eye dominant subjects in both directions of reading (p<0.05). In term of eye movement patterns, no significant differences in saccades, regressions, and inter-fixations per minute were found between subjects with right eye dominance and left eye dominance for both reading directions (p>0.05). Conclusions: Reading performance in term of eye movement and speed was not affected by eye dominance, but subjects with left eye dominance read faster than subjects with right eye dominance.

위험감수 행태 하에서의 포트폴리오 우위와 위험자산에 대한 수요

류수열 ( Su Yeol Ryu ),윤성민 ( Seong Min Yoon ) 한국금융공학회 2013 금융공학연구 Vol.12 No.2

경제 환경의 불확실성 하에서 중요한 문제는 확률변수의 분포 변화가 의사결정자가 선택한 선택변수의 최적 수준에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지를 분석하는 것이다. 본 논문은 표준 포트폴리오모형에 대해 두 종류의 포트폴리오 우위 변화인 ‘strong portfolio dominance’ (SPD)와 ‘relatively strong portfolio dominance’ (RSPD)를 제안한다. 두 개념의 차이는 주어진 영역 안에 있는 점r의 왼쪽 부분에 대해 두 확률 밀도함수의 교차 횟수이다. SPD의 경우에 두 확률밀도함수는 단 한 번 교차하나, RSPD의 경우에는 두 확률밀도함수가 여러 번 교차하는 것을 허용한다. 이들 사이의 관계는 SPD는 RSPD의 부분집합이 된다는 것을 보여준다. 이들 분포에 대한 비교정태분석 결과는 누적분포함수 (또는 확률분포함수)의 변화를 나타내는 집합과 효용함수로 표현된 의사결정자들의 집합 간에는 상반관계가 있다는 것을 의미한다. An important question under uncertainty concerning the economic environment is how the change in distribution of the random variable affects the optimal level of the decision variable chosen by a decision maker. This paper proposes two types of portfolio dominance orders for the standard portfolio model, a ``strong portfolio dominance`` (SPD) and a ``relatively strong portfolio dominance`` (RSPD). The difference between these two concepts is the number of crossing times of two PDFs for the left?side of the point r. While two probability density functions (PDFs) cross only once in the case of the SPD order, the RSPD order allows two PDFs to cross many times. The relationship between them shows that the SPD shift is a subset of the RSPD one. The comparative statics results for these two shifts imply that there is a trade?off between the restrictions on the set of changes in cumulative distribution function (CDF) (or PDF) and the set of the decision makers expressed as the shape of utility function. That is, compared with the result for the SPD order, the comparative statics result for the RSPD one includes a larger set of FSD changes and a smaller set of the decision makers.

주시(Eye Dominance)에 관한 조사 및 인간공학적 분석

정화식 대한안전경영과학회 2004 대한안전경영과학회지 Vol.6 No.2

It is known that most people have a dominant eye, even though each of their two eyes in isolation may provide equal vision. In this study, 600 Korean male and female subjects aging from 11 to 78 were selected to investigate the various statistics about eye dominance( whether the left or right eye is dominant} in Korean and their employment characteristics of preferred eye in sighting diverse things. A simple sighting test was applied such that subjects are requested to aim a distance target through small hole in B4 sized paper with both eyes open. The dominant eye was determined by alternate occlusion: when viewing with the dominant eye into the hole is aligned with the target, whereas when viewing with the other eye into the hole appears offset to one side. The descriptive statistics showed that 83.7% and 16.3% were right and left eye dominant respectively. Moreover, various statistical analysis revealed that general tendency of eye dominance was varied by age, gender, hand dominance and visual acuity. It was thus found from these results that people sighting their eyes differently depending on the eye dominance when they sight things.

Eye Dominance and Reading Speed

Chen, Ai-Hong,Mustapha, Nurfazliha,Rahman, Muhamad Irwan The Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society 2011 한국안광학회지 Vol.16 No.3

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate eye dominance and reading performance based on eye movements and reading speed. Methods: The eye dominance of 30 subjects was determined using the sighting test (hole formed by hands). The subjects were asked to read the numerical reading material aloud in English from left to right and from right to left at random. The number of saccades, regressions, and inter-fixations per minute was calculated using Visual-Oculography (VOG) and the reading speed was recorded as number of characters per minute using stopwatch. Results: No significant differences in reading speed among right and left eye dominant subjects as they read from left to right and right to left directions (p>0.05). However, left eye dominant subjects were found to read significantly faster compared to right eye dominant subjects in both directions of reading (p<0.05). In term of eye movement patterns, no significant differences in saccades, regressions, and inter-fixations per minute were found between subjects with right eye dominance and left eye dominance for both reading directions (p>0.05). Conclusions: Reading performance in term of eye movement and speed was not affected by eye dominance, but subjects with left eye dominance read faster than subjects with right eye dominance.

Ergonomics Approach for Intervening Occupational Therapy in accordance with the Cerebral Dominance

Hwa Shik Jung 대한인간공학회 2011 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.10

Objective: This paper presents the statistical results of cerebral hemisphere laterality to analyze the types of hand, foot, eye and ear dominance and recommend the appropriate devices and facilities when using them in accordance with their dominant body parts. Background: It is known that the human brain is divided into left and right domains and functions accordingly. Studies report that human hands, feet, eyes and ears differ in size between left and right ones and one is preferred or used more often over the other. Therefore, the two symmetrical body parts may look the same but their roles seem to be different. Methods: In this study, 400 Korean male and female subjects aging from 5 to 79 were selected to investigate the various statistics about hands, feet, eyes and ears dominance and their employment characteristics of preferred side in using them. Results: The descriptive statistics showed that 78.5%, 80.0%, 51.8% and 59.8% were right hand, foot, eye and ear dominant respectively. Moreover, various statistical analysis revealed that general tendency of each dominant part was somewhat varied by age, gender and hand dominance. There were strong tendency that right-handed people use more right body parts and vise versa when take action. Conclusion & Application: It was thus found people prefer using their dominant parts differently depending on the hand and foot dominance when they handle things, hence this should be considered in designing various display and control devices.