중등 지리교과서의 학습용어 분석 -과목별, 교과서별, 단원별 비교를 중심으로-

조성욱 ( Sung Wook Cho ) 한국지리환경교육학회 2014 한국지리환경교육학회지 Vol.22 No.3

새로운 교육과정에 의해 2014년도에 발행된 중학교 사회(지리 단원), 한국지리, 세계지리 교과서의 학습 용어를 분석하였다. ‘학습용어’는 상위 개념을 이해하기 위한 하위 개념 및 용어를 의미하는 것으로 정의했다. 학습용어 수의 과목별 차이, 교과서별 차이, 단원별 차이 그리고 공통 학습용어의 특징을 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구를 통해서 밝혀진 내용은 첫째, 교과서별 평균 학습용어 수는 한국지리가 가장 많았고, 공통 학습용어의 비율은 세계지리가 가장 높았다. 둘째, 교과서별 차이는 중학교가 가장 많았고, 공통 학습용어에서는 3과목이 비슷하게 나타났다. 셋째, 단원별 비교에서 중학교와 세계지리는 인문지리의 비중이 높은데 비하여, 한국지리는 자연지리와 인문지리의 비중이 비슷했다. 단원별 평균 학습용어 수는 세계지리가 가장 많지만, 각 과목의 단원수가 다르다는 점을 고려한다면 각 단원별 학습용어 수는 비슷한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 단원별 학습용어 수의 차이는 세계지리가 가장 심하게 나타났고, 학습용어 수가 가장 많은 단원은 모두 자연지리 단원이라는 공통점이 있다. 공통 학습용어의 단원별 차이는 한국지리가 가장 높게 나타났다. This study analyzed the Social Studies(Geography unit) of Middle School, Korea Geography, World Geography textbook published in 2014 by learning term. “Learning term” is defined to mean a sub-concepts and terms for understanding the high level concept in this study. And analyzed the characteristics of subject difference, textbook difference, unit difference, common learning term difference by the number of learning terms. In summary found in this study, first, Korea Geography is the highest in the number of mean learning term, World Geography is the highest in the ratio of common learning term. Second, Social Studies(Geography unit) is the highest in the difference of each textbook, and three subject are similar in common learning term. Third, Social Studies(Geography unit) and World Geography are high proportion in human geography, but Korea Geography is similar to the proportion in physical and human geography on the comparison of each unit. World Geography is the highest in the number of mean learning term, but considering the difference in the unit number of each subject, the number of learning term are similar. World Geography is the most severe difference each unit in the number of learning term, and the highest number unit is physical geography unit which is common point. And Korea Geography is the highest in difference of each unit on common learning term.

노인장기요양보험제도가 노인진료비에 미치는 영향

한남경 ( Nam Kyung Han ),정우진 ( Woo Jin Chung ),김노을 ( Ro Eul Kim ),임승지 ( Seung Ji Lim ),박종연 ( Chong Yon Park ) 한국보건행정학회 2013 보건행정학회지 Vol.23 No.2

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the medical expense change and influencing factors after introducing long­term care insurance system. The study period was 2 years before and after introduction of the system. Methods: We analyzed data collected from two divided group lived in Incheon. Four hundred and eighty-five elderly who received long-term care wage for one year were selected for experimental group. For control group, 1,940 elderly were selected by gender and age stratified random sampling. Difference-In-difference analyses was used for evaluating policy effectiveness. Also multiple re­gression analyses were conducted to identify the factors associated with total medical expenditures. The control variables were de­mographic variables, economic status, diseases, and medical examination variables. Results: Difference-in-difference analyses showed that total average medical expenses among long-term patients has decreased by 61.85%. Of these, the hospitalization expenses have decreased by 91 .63% and the drug expenses have increased by 3 1 .85%. Multi­ple regression analyses results showed that total average medical expenses among long-term patients have significantly decreased by 46.5% after introducing the long-term care insurance. The hospitalization expenses have significantly decreased by 148.5%, whereas the drug expenses have increased by 53.60/0. And outpatient expenses have increased by 10.40/0, but the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The results showed that total medical expenses and hospitalization expenses have decreased after introducing the long-term care insurance. These results could support the opinion that the health insurance spending among long-term patients will be reduced gradually by long-term care insurance through changing medical demand.

노인장기요양보험제도가 가족관계의 변화에 미치는 영향에 대한 이중차이모델 분석

민기채(Min, Kichae) 한국노년학회 2011 한국노년학 Vol.31 No.4

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of long-term care insurance(macro-system) on family relationship(micro-system)s' change based on ecosystems theory. Data come from the second(2007) and the fourth(2009) Korean Welfare Panel Study(KWPS). Experimental group is the beneficiary using long-term care insurance and the member of household in their households, and control group is the non-beneficiary not using long-term care insurance and the member of household in their households. The main findings of difference-in-difference model analysis are as follows. First, the ecosystems theory is a theory examining the correlation between long-term care insurance and family relationship. Second, the effects of long-term care insurance is not income effect but independent effect. This result shows that the meaning of family has faded away and family relationship has been weaken and that long-term care insurance has not complete characteristics as a social insurance. Thus, system reforms of long-term care insurance is highly needed for system comprehensiveness, coverage, adequacy, and service accessibility and is changed into family-friendly social policy. 본 연구의 목적은 생태체계이론을 적용하여 노인장기요양보험제도라는 거시체계가 가족관계라는 미시체계에 미치는 영향을 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위해 『한국복지패널(KWPS: Korean Welfare Panel Study)』 2차년도(2007년)와 4차년도(2009년) 데이터를 활용하여 노인장기요양보험제도의 이용자 및 그 가구원(실험집단)과 비이용자 및 그 가구원(통제집단)으로 구분한 후, 노인장기요양보험제도 이용 전후의 가족관계의 변화를 살펴보았다. 이중차이모델(difference-in-difference model) 분석결과, 생태체계이론은 노인장기요양보험제도와 가족관계를 설명하는 이론이라고 할 수 있다. 주목할만하며 새로운 발견은 우리나라의 노인장기요양보험제도가 소득효과(income effect)가 아닌 독립효과(independent effect)를 갖는다는 것이다. 이러한 결과는 무엇보다도 점점 더 가족의 의미가 퇴색되어 가족관계가 약화되고 있기 때문이다. 또한 한국의 노인장기요양보험제도가 사회보험으로서의 특징을 온전히 갖추지 못하였기 때문으로 추정된다. 노인장기요양보험은 제도의 포괄성, 급여대상의 보편성, 급여의 적절성, 서비스 접근성 측면에서의 제도개선이 필요하며, 가족친화적 사회복지제도로의 변모가 절실히 요청된다.

노인장기요양보험제도가 노인진료비에 미치는 영향: 일개 농촌지역을 중심으로

한남경(Han, Nam-Kyung) 대한고령친화산업학회 2019 대한고령친화산업학회지 Vol.11 No.2

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 일개 농촌지역의 노인장기요양보험제도 도입 전후 노인진료비 지출의 변화와 영향요인을 분석하여, 노인장기요양보험과 건강보험의 재정적 관련성을 분석하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 일개 농촌 지역의 전체 노인 중 장기요양 급여 이용자 53명의 성별과 연령을 1:4로 매칭하여 무작위로 추출한 급여 미이용군 212명의 노인장기요양보험제도 도입 전후 각 1년간의 노인진료비와 영향요인을 이중차이분석방법(Difference-In-Difference method)과 다중회귀분석을 통해 비교 분석하였다. 연구결과 : 노인장기요양보험제도 도입 이후 일개 농촌지역 장기요양 급여 이용군의 연간 총 노인진료비는 미이용군에 비해 45.12% 감소한 것으로 나타났고 총 노인진료비 중 입원진료비가 88.61%로 가장 큰 폭으로 감소하였으며 이어서 약제비가 45.12% 감소하였다. 반면에 외래진료비는 10.10%로 증가한것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구결과는 노인장기요양보험 제도 도입이 노인진료비에 미치는 정책효과를 분석함으로써 건강보험 및 의료급여와 장기요양보험의 재정적 관련성을 예측하여 향후 지속가능한 제도 운영에 참고하기 위한 기초자료로 활용 가능할 것이다. Objective : This study aimed to analyze the financial relevance to the Long-term Care Insurance and National Health Insurance by analyzing the changes in expenditure on elderly care before and after the introduction of the long-term care insurance system in rural areas. Methods : Analyzing data collected from two divided group lived in Yangpyeong-gun. One group was 53 elderly people have received long-term care health wage for one year and control group was 212 people chosen by gender and age stratified random sampling. The data of total medical expending was analyzed by Difference-In-Difference method and also conducted multiple regression for variables of socio-demographic, economic, disease characteristics. Results : The average total medical expense of group receiving long-term health insurance decreased by 45.12% compared to control group as a result of Difference-in-Difference analysis. In the cost segmentation, the hospitalization expense decreased by 88.61% and the medicine cost decreased by 45.12%. Multiple regression Analysis results showed that the average medical expense of people using long-term health insurance decreased by 15.4% after introducing this insurance system, but its difference was not statistically significant. The hospitalization expense increased by 2.5% and the medicine cost increased by 5.9% And the outpatient service cost increased by 5.9%, but its difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion : The results of this study could be used as a basic data for predicting the financial relevance of National Health Insurance and Long-term Care Insurance and referring to the efficient operation of future finances.

자유학기제가 진로성숙도에 미치는 단기・장기효과 분석

김리나,엄문영 한국교육학회 2024 敎育學硏究 Vol.62 No.1

본 연구는 자유학기제가 진로성숙도에 미치는 단기효과 및 장기효과를 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 한국교육종단연구(KELS) 2차년도부터 8차년도 데이터를 바탕으로 기술통계 분석과 함께 고정효과모형 및 이중차분모형 분석을 수행하였다. 기술통계 분석 결과, 초등학교 시기에는 자유학기제 미경험 집단의 진로성숙도가 높은 편이었으나 중학교 1학년부터 자유학기제 경험 집단의 진로성숙도가 높아지는 경향성을 보였다. 하지만 고등학교부터 두 집단 간의 진로성숙도 차이는 줄어드는 추세를 보였다. 고정효과모형 및 이중차분모형 분석 결과, 중학교 시기에는 자유학기제가 진로성숙도에 미치는 효과가 유의하였으나 고등학교 시기에는 유의한 효과를 보이지 않았다. 이를 통해 자유학기제의 단기효과는 긍정적이지만 장기효과는 미미함을 확인하였다. 이상의 연구 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구는 자유학기제 시행 시기의 재고려 혹은 고등학교 시기 추가적인 진로 프로그램 시행의 필요성을 제언하였다. This study aimed to analyze the short-term and long-term effects of the free-semester program on career maturity. For this purpose, this study conducted fixed-effects and difference-in-differences analyses along with descriptive analyses using second- through eighth-wave data from the Korean Education Longitudinal Study (KELS). The results of the descriptive statistics analysis showed that in elementary school, the career maturity of the group who had not experienced a free-semester program was higher. However, from the first year of middle school, the career maturity of the group who had experienced a free-semester program tended to increase. The difference between the two groups, however, decreased in high school. The fixed-effects and the difference-in-differences analyses showed that the effect of the free-semester program on career maturity was significant in middle school but not in high school. This confirms that the short-term effect of the free-semester program is positive, but the long-term effect is insignificant. Based on the above findings, this study recommends reconsidering the timing of the free-semester program or implementing additional career programs in high school.

차별시정에 관한 법률이 기업들의 차별시정 노력에 미친 영향

최형재 ( Hyung Jai Choi ) 한국노동경제학회 2011 勞動經濟論集 Vol.34 No.3

본 연구는 2007년 7월부터 도입되었던 비정규직법 중 비정규직 근로자에 대한 차별적인 처우를 금지하는 규정이 기업들의 차별시정 노력에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지를 분석하였다. 차별시정법이 기업 규모에 따라 단계적으로 적용되었다는 점에 착안하여 이중차분법을 적용하여 추정한 결과, 임금은 물론 퇴직금제도나 연차휴가 제도 또는 4대 보험 등 다양한 복리후생 분야에서 유의한 차별시정법의 효과를 발견할 수 없었다. 차별시정법이 소기의 목적을 달성하기 위해서는 기업들의 차별시정 노력이 미친한 원인에 대한 분석과 보완책이 바련되어야 할 것이다. This study examined how firms responeded to the articles regarding the prohibition or correction of discrimination against fixed-term workers in the ``fixed-term worker protection law``, which has been effective since July of 2007 in Korea. Data used cone from the Korean Workplace Survery, and a difference-in-differences method was employed for the identification of the causal effect, noting that the ``discrimination prohibition law`` has been applied to firms over stages based on their sizes. The empirical results show no strong evidence that the law played a positive role in reducing differentials between permanent workers and fixed-term workers in the areas of wage and various employee benefits, including the provision of severance pay, annual leave, and 4 major social insurances for fixed-term workers. A more thorough future analysis on the causes of the insignificant impact of the law in some employee welfare benefits, along with supplemental policies, is needed to have the law achieve the desired goal of removing discrimination at the workplace.

확정조건 「と」 「たら」의 습득 연구

김선영(Sun Young Kim) 언어과학회 2012 언어과학연구 Vol.61 No.-

The purpose of this study is to perform a few grammar tests to know the progress of learning about the conclusive terms TO, TARA for Korean learners of Japanese. The results are as follows: First, all the average marks of 40.35% suggested that it is difficult for Korean learners to understand Japanese terms. Second, I tested t-approvals to know the learning of the conclusive terms in the process of Japanese learning. As a result, I found that there was some significant difference of the figures of marks between the first level learners and the second level learners, and the progress of learning kept slowing down from the basic level to the second level, and gradually, there has been a little progress in the process of the learning from the second level to the first level. Third, according to the usage, the rates of correct answers were in descending order as follows: TARA>TO·TARA- impossibility>TO>TO·TARA-possibility the learners realized the usage of TO and TARA on the conclusive terms was used, and I came to know that it is not easy to make a clear distinction between TO and TARA because the rates of correct answers are low.

연령층별 민요 부르기의 일생 의례적 성격

이윤선(Lee YoonSun) 비교민속학회 2009 비교민속학 Vol.0 No.39

본고는 오늘날 민속학이 맞닥뜨린 생태민속학적 전망과 지평에 부응하여 그 의미를 민요학과 연결지어보자는 취지에서 시도되었다. 연령층별 구연종류가 다르다는 것은 이미 선학들에 의해서 고구된 바 있기 때문에 본고에서는 이를 민요 분류의 중요한 전거로 삼기로 하였다. 연령층별로 부르는 민요가 다르기 민요는 각각의 시기별 구연의 정서를 반영하고 있다고 보았다. 민요가 연령층의 일정한 이해를 수반하고 있다고 볼 수 있다는 뜻인데, 이는 그간의 반영론이나 거울론으로는 풀 수 없는 까닭에 보다 적극적인 대응론으로 해명되어야 한다고 보았다. 개체요를 분류하고 선택하는 접근 방식에 대해서 살펴보았다. 한국의 민요는 노동요, 유희요, 의례요(의식요) 등의 기능적 분류를 수용해왔다고 볼 수 있으며, 후대에 오면서 동요가 민요의 범주 안에 포함되었음을 살펴보았다. 이를 1기, 2기, 3기로 나누어 각각 민족민요학, 현장민요학, 생태민요학으로 나누어 보았다. 생태민요학은 다시 응용민요학과 생태민요학으로 나눌 수 있는데, 응용민요학을 문화콘텐츠와 교육 등의 활용측면에서 접근하는 것이라면, 생태 민요학은 적층순환성을 기반으로 하는 민요의 일생의례적 성격에서 찾을 수 있다고 보았다. 따라서 어떻게 민요가 친환경적이고 친자연적인 그래서 순환적인 저엔트로피적 삶을 영위하는 데 일조할 수 있겠는가 하는 측면을 생태민속학의 접근방향에 비추어 해석해보고자 하였다. 특히 본고의 갈무리라고 할 수 있는 제3기적 맥락의 민요연구는 교육 및 활용 등으로 그 피드백을 이어가야 한다고 보았다. 민요의 활용 특히 교육적 활용이나 응용에 관해서는 현행교과서에 게재되어 있는 제재곡과 참고곡 등의 민요교육을 포함하여, 음악치료학에서 있어서 민요의 활용, 지역문화산업 등에서의 민요의 활용, 나아가서는 지역사람들이 민요를 다시 부르거나 민요적 심성을 회복하는 프로그래밍 등으로 이어가야 할 것이기 때문이다. 이것이 생태민요학 혹은 생태민속학이 마땅히 지향해야 할 접근일 것이며, 그 일환으로 시도된 것이, 민요가 가진 일생의례적 성격 즉, 적층순환의 정보를 드러내는 의미였다고 보았다. This study attempts to look at today’s folklore?which has to meet the outlook and horizon of the ecological folklore?and connect its meaning with folk songs. Many scholars have already studied that the types of oral narrations are different for each age group; therefore, in this paper, they will be used as important evidences for classifying the folk songs. The folk songs sung by each age group are different; it reflects the sentiments of the oral narrations for each group. This means that the folk songs help us understand somewhat the different age groups; it should be explained using the correspondence theory?which is more aggressive?since it cannot be explained with the reflection theory or the mirror theory. The approach method used for the classification and selection of the individual folk songs were examined. The Korean folk songs have been classified according to its functions like work songs, play songs and funeral songs (ritual songs); the nursery songs were incorporated into the category of folk songs for the future generations. The ethnic folk songs, the performance folk songs and the ecological folk songs were divided according to the first term, the second term and the third term. The ecological folk songs can again be divided into the applied folk songs and the ecological folk songs : the applied folk songs take the approach from the perspective of applications like culture contents and education; and the ecological folk songs have the life ritual of character which is based on the layered circularity. Therefore, the paper attempts to look at how the folk songs are environmentally-friendly and pro-nature and helps lead a circular and low entropy life by taking the approach of an ecological folklore. Especially the last part of this paper?the research on the folk songs of the third term?should be used as feedback in education and application. The application of the folk songs such as the educational application and adaptation should include the following : the folk song education like sanction music and reference music published in the current text books; the application of the folk songs in music therapy and regional culture industry; which leads to programs that brings local people to sing the folk songs again or recover the minds of folk songs. This is the rightful direction in which the ecological folk songs or the ecological folklore should head towards; and as part of this attempt, the folk songs showed the life ritual of character which provides the information of layered circularity.

한 · 중 조세조약상 수익적 소유자

안경봉(Ahn Kyeong Bong),장월하(Zhang Yuexia) 국민대학교 법학연구소 2011 법학논총 Vol.23 No.2

UN 모델조약과 OECD모델조약에 따라 1994년 체결된 한·중 조세조약에서는 조세조약 남용을 방지하기 위한 수익적 소유자 개념이 도입되었다. 즉, 수익적 소유자에 한하여 한·중 조세조약 제10조 배당, 제11조 이자 및 제12조 사용료 조항상의 원천지국 제한세율을 향유할 수 있다. 현재는 조세조약을 남용함으로써 양도소득의 원천지국 면세 혜택을 받은 사건이 점점 많아지고 있다. 따라서 수익적 소유자 규정은 배당, 이자, 사용료 조항 이외의 양도소득 조항에도 적용될 수 있는지 검토할 필요가 있다. 한편, 한 · 중조세조약에서는 UN 모델조약과 OECD모델조약처럼 수익적 소유자를 정의하지 않기 때문에 수익적 소유자의 해석이 문제가 된다. 정의하지 않는 용어에 대해 한·중조세조약 제3조 제2항에서 해석 규칙을 규정하고 있지만 이 조항에 따라 수익적 소유자를 해석할 수 없다. 이런 경우에는 조약법에 관한 비엔나 협약에서 규정하는 해석규칙에 의하여 수익적 소유자를 해석하여야 한다. 그러나 비엔나 협약에 따라 수익적 소유자를 해석하는 것은 여전히 어렵다. 다만 수익적 소유자에 대하여 한 · 중 양국내에서 행정규칙을 통한 행정해석 및 판례를 통한 사법해석을 많이 시도하고 있으나 양국간 불일치가 발생할 수 있다. 양국의 해석상 일치하지 않는 불균형을 제거하기 위해서 양국이 각각 행정해석이나 사법해석의 수정을 통해 통일된 해석을 한다든가, 양국간 수익적 소유자의 해석에 있어서 각국에서 발한 행정해석이나 사법해석을 우선적으로 적용할 수 있다는 협의를 할 필요가 있다. The term ‘beneficial owner’ was accepted by the Korea­China tax treaty, which was concluded in 1994, to against treaty shopping, one kind of tax avoidances. That means only beneficial owners who received the income of dividends (Article 10), interests (Article 11) and royalties (Article 12) can enjoy the limited source taxations in the Source State. However, since there have been many cases happened using the term ‘beneficial owner’ to against treaty shopping in other kinds, such as the tax treaty benefit that the Source States could not tax the capital gains, whether the term ‘beneficial owner’ can be introduced into the Korea­China tax treaty to against the treaty shopping that abusing such other tax treaty benefits has become an urgent problem. Although the term ‘beneficial owner’ was introduced into the Korea-China tax treaty, the treaty did not define it. So if two States want to apply the ‘beneficial owner’ rule effectively, they had to interpret it first. The Paragraph 2 of Article 3 in Korea­China tax treaty provides the regulations on how to interpret undefined terms. Unfortunately, because there are no domestic laws of two States involving the term ‘beneficial owner’, it still can be interpreted according to the Paragraph 2 of Article 3. In such cases, the interpretation rules of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) shall be complied. Unfortunately again, it is difficult to interpret the ‘beneficial owner’ according to the VCLT as well. Contrary to the unclear interpretation rules of the VCLT, there are many detailed interpretations made by Korea and China’s tax authorities and courts. What the effectiveness of these interpretations? Shall taxpayers obey such interpretations? And since the interpretations are not totally identical, they will result in imbalance to the taxpayers, what shall two States do to eliminate such unbalanced situation? This paper will give answers to the questions.

노인장기요양보험제도가 제도이용자 가구의 노동공급에 미치는 효과

이현주 ( Hyun Joo Lee ) 한국사회보장학회 2015 사회보장연구 Vol.31 No.2

This study suggests alternative program groups and control groups based on work ability family members of Long-Term Care Insurance beneficiary households. Using wave3 and wave7 data of the Korean Welfare Panel Survey, this study estimated the effects of the LTCI implementation on employment, work days and work hours. A difference-in-difference model approach was applied to these alternative program and control groups. This study found that the implementation of LTCI have statistically significant effects on work days but did not have any statistically significant effects on employment an work hours. It is too early to conclude from this result that LTCI system does not induce any labor supply effect tofamily members of Long-Term Care Insurance beneficiary households. Rather, the findings suggest this result as reflecting that the LTCI``s In Home-service system was too limited on the beneficiaries and this study was focused on In Home-service users. Future research needs to explore better program and control groups and investigate long-term effects of LTCI system.