조영제 급성 유해반응에 관한 연구

김태은(Tae Eun Kim),정용환(Yong Hwan Jung),김서현(Seo Hyun Kim),박관중(Gwan Jung Park),권순안(Sun Ahn Gwon),민관홍(Kwan Hong Min) 대한CT영상기술학회 2015 대한CT영상기술학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to find the way to minimize the acute adverse reaction to contrast media by analyzing acute adverse reactions of the patients examined the contrastenhanced CT scan through the acute adverse reaction process. Materials and Methods : The subjects of the experiment are 471,692 patients examined by using contrast media out of 621, 181 who examined the CT scan in June 2007 to December 2014. The number of the patients with acute adverse reactions is presented 4589 (0.99%). Depending on the application of the acute adverse reaction process, rate of the acute adverse reaction was analyzed monthly. The acute adverse reaction process in this study is as follows. In the case of the new patient, they were injected to intravascular fluid. mixed Contrast media with Normal Saline (1:50) by using 10cc syringe. If there was no adverse reactions. examination was progressing. If adverse reactions are found, the patient needs a treatment in Allergy and clinical immunology. We examined the contrast-enhanced CT scan after pre-medication for each condition. Among previous-visited patient those who were found acute adverse reaction may be examined the contrast-enhanced CT scan after pre-medication for each condition. Patients who are taking diabetes medicine such as Metformin should be checked renal function before the contrast-enhanced CT scan. Since 2012, only one Contrast media has been used for the minimization of acute adverse reactions instead of using a variety of Contrast media for each CT scan and the other kinds of Contrast media may be used for the previous-visited patients who were found the acute adverse reaction such as symptom 3. The acute adverse reaction to contrast media can be classified as 3 steps, such as Symptom 1, Symptom 2, Symptom 3 and Analyzing was performed monthly. Results : During the period, the number of contrast-enhanced CT scan for each month increased approximately 44% from 4050 to 5834 in 2007, 2014 respectively. However. in the case of the number of acute adverse reaction, it decreased about 45% from 47 to 26 in 2007, 2014 respectively. Mild cases of acute adverse reactions decreased about 42% from 42 to 23 from 2007 to 2014. Moderate cases of acute adverse reactions decreased about 33% from 4.6 to 3.1 in 2007, 2014 respectively. Severe cases of acute adverse reactions decreased about 25% from 0.4 to 0.3 in 2007, 2014 respectively. Results by dividing the number of contrast-enhanced CT scan into the acute adverse reaction shows the incidence of acute adverse reactions monthly were 47 cases out of average 4050 cases in 2007 (1.17%). in 2014 the cases decreased by approximately 62%, 26 out of 5834 compared to 2007 (0.45%). Conclusions : According to Food and Drug treatment department, as the CT scan is steadily increasing, adverse reactions to contrast media increase annually. However, the results came out conversely in the study of our hospital. Regardless of the antihistamine and corticosteroid IV injection, this applies to prevent adverse reactions to contrast media in many hospitals, if patients have a history of acute adverse reactions, undiluted contrast media tests are performed after pre-medication. And we applied the process in accordance with the GFR (glomerular filtration rate. less than GFR) to prevent the lactic acidosis. which mortality rate shows about 50% when diabetic patients examined the contrast-enhanced CT scan. In addition. put together a variety of contrast media in only one contrast media. Also when severe patients examine the contrast-enhanced CT scan. the other kinds of contrast media was used. As a result. Acute adverse reactions monthly divided by the number of contrast-enhanced CT scan monthly, called Acute adverse reactions incidence, showed a 62% reduction results. It means these processes that applied in our hospital contribute to minimize the acute adverse reaction to contrast media. 목적 : 조영증강 CT 검사를 한 환자를 대상으로 유해반응을 분석하여 본원에서 시행하는 급성 유해반응 process를 통해 조영제 급성 유해반응을 최소화하는 방법을 알아 보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2007년 6월부터 2014년 12월까지 내원하여 CT 검사를 한 621,181 명 중 조영제를 사용해 검사한 환자 471,692 명을 대상으로 하였다. 이 중 급성 유해반응이 나타난 환자는 총 4,589명 (0.99%)이었고 본원에서 시행한 급성 유해반응 process의 적용에 따라 월별로 급성 유해반응의 발현 정도를 분석하였다. 본원에서 시행하는 급성 유해반응 process 는 다음과 같다. 신규 환자는 조영제와 Normal saline을 1:50 으로 mixing 한 용액 10cc를 IV Test injection 후 유해반응이 나타나지 않으면 조영증강 CT 검사를 진행하였고, 유해반응이 나타나면 알레르기 내과에서 진료를 보며, 증상의 정도에 따른 전 처치 후 조영증강 CT 검사를 진행하였다. 재진 환자 중 과거력이 있었던 환자의 경우 증상의 정도에 따른 전 처치 후 조영증강 CT 검사를 진행하였다. Metformin 계열의 당뇨약을 복용 중인 환자는 조영증강 CT 검사 전 반드시 신기능을 확인하였다. 또한 2012년 이후로 급성 유해반응을 최소화하기 위해 검사 별로 여러 가지 조영제를 사용하던 것을 한 가지로 통일하여 사용하였고, 이전에 급성 유해반응 중증 반응이 나타났던 환자의 재검사시 기존과 다른 조영제를 사용하였다. 조영제 급성 유해반응은 3가지 증상(symptom 1, symptom 2, symptom 3)으로 분류하여 월 별로 분석하였다. 결과 : 대상 기간 동안 월 별 조영증강 CT 건수는 2007년에는 월 평균 4,050 건에서 2014년에는 월 평균 5,834 건으로 약 44% 증가하였으나, 월 별 급성 유해반응 건수는 오히려 2007년에는 월 평균 47건, 2014년에는 월 평균 26건으로 약 45% 감소하였다. 급성 유해반응 중경증에서는 2007년 월 평균 42건에서 2014년 월 평균 23건g로 약 42% 감소하였고, 중등증에서는 2007년 월 평균 4.6건에서 2014년 월 평균 3.1 건으로 약 33% 감소하였으며, 중증에서는 2007년 월 평균 0.4건에서 2014년 월 평균 0.3건으로 약 25% 감소하였다. 월 별 조영제 급성 유해반응을 월 별 조영증강 CT 건수로 나누어 조영제 급성 유해반응 발현율을 나타낸 결과, 2007년에는 월 평균 4,050건 중 47건 (1.17%) 였으며, 2014년에는 월 평균 5,834건 중 26건 (0.45%)로 2007년에 비해 약 62% 감소하였다. 결론 : 매년 CT 검사가 꾸준히 증가함에 따라 조영제 유해반응도 증가하였다는 식품의약품 안전처의 보고와는 달리 본원에서는 CT 검사가 증가하였지만 조영제 유해반응은 전체적으로 감소하는 추세를 보였다. 본원은 여러 병원에서 조영제 유해반응을 예방하고자 적용하고 있는 항히스타민제와 코르티코스테로이드제 IV injection 처방을 떠나서 급성 유해반응 과거력이 있는 환자의 전 처치 후 다시 한번 조영제 원액 반응 검사를 하였고, 당뇨 환자의 조영 증강 검사 시 치사율이 50%에 이르는 유산산증(lactic acidosis)을 막고자 사구체 여과율(glomerular filtration rate, 이하 GFR)에 따른 검사 process를 적용하였으며, 검사에 쓰이는 여러 가지 조영제를 한 가지로 통일하여 검사하였고, 중증 환자의 재검사 시 기존과 다른 조영제로 검사하도록 하였다. 그 결과 월별 급성 유해반응 건수를 월별 조영증강 CT 건수로 나눈 급성 유해반응 발현율이 62% 감소하는 결과를 보였다. 이는 본원에서 적용하는 여러 가지 process 가조영제 급성 유해반응을 최소화하는데 기여했기 때문이라고 사료된다.

A Focus Account for Contrastive Reduplication: Prototypicality and Contrastivity

( Bin Na Lee ),( Chung Min Lee ) 한국언어정보학회 2007 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2007 No.-

This paper sets forth the phenomenon of Contrastive Reduplication (CR) in English relevant to the notion of contrastive focus (CF). CF differs from other reduplicative patterns in that rather than the general intensive function, denotation of a more prototypical and default meaning of a lexical item appears from the reduplicated form resulting as a semantic contrast with the meaning of the non-reduplicated word. Thus, CR is in concordance with CF under the concept of contrastivity. However, much of the previous works on CF associated contrastivity with a manufacture of a set of alternatives taking a semantic approach. We claim that a recent discourse-pragmatic account takes advantage of explaining the vague contrast in informativeness of CR. Zimmermann``s (2006) Contrastive Focus Hypothesis characterizes contrastivity in the sense of speaker``s assumptions about the hearer``s expectation of the focused element. This approach makes possible adaptation to CR and recovers the possible subsets of meaning of a reduplicated form in a more refined way showing contrastivity in informativeness. Additionally, CR in other languages along with similar set-limiting phenomenon in various languages will be introduced in general.

Overt subject NPs as a contrast marker in Korean discourse

Narah Lee 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2021 언어연구 Vol.38 No.2

Contrast has been regarded as one of the major functions for the understanding of the overt subject in pro-drop languages like Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, and Spanish, in which null subject is more frequent than overt subject in discourse. The literature in Korean linguistics commonly addresses contrast as a significant aspect of an expressed subject, but the research can be further developed with empirical data analysis and re-definition of the notion of contrast. The present study, analysing TV drama scripts, claims how contrast may be differently identified in relation to the recognition of contrastive candidates in discourse. I find that contrast in the data is in various types and that overt subject NPs are used in marking contrast either in a single utterance or over several utterances as the discourse develops. By providing an extended analysis of overt subject NPs as a contrast marker, this study seeks to broaden the understanding of subject expression in Korean discourse.

Contrast 향상을 위한 가중치 맵 기반의 Retinex 알고리즘

이상원(SangWon Lee),송창영(ChangYoung Song),조성수(SeongSoo Cho),김성일(SeongIhl Kim),이원석(WonSeok Lee),강준길(JuneGill Kang) 大韓電子工學會 2009 電子工學會論文誌 IE (Industry electronics) Vol.46 No.4

최근에 널리 보급되고 있는 디지털 카메라는 제한된 크기의 Dynamic Range를 갖는 이미지 센서의 한계로 인하여 Dynamic Range가 넓은 환경에서 영상을 획득하면 인간의 눈으로 보는 것과는 달리 밝게 포화된 영상 또는 노출이 적은 어두운 영상을 얻게 된다. 입력 영상의 Dynamic Range를 압축하고 Contrast를 개선하기 위한 여러 가지 디지털 영상 처리 방법들 중에서 인간의 시각모델을 기반으로 한 Retinex 알고리즘은 Contrast 향상 및 컬러 재현성에 있어서 매우 효과적인 방법으로 알려져 있다. 하지만, Retinex 알고리즘은 Dynamic Range가 넓은 환경에서 획득한 영상의 경우에 전역적인 Contrast는 증가하나 국부적인 Contrast가 오히려 감소하는 Contrast 불균형이 발생하는 문제가 있다. 이러한 문제를 개선하기 위해 본 논문에서는 Retinex 영상에서 에지 정보와 노출 정보를 추출하여 가중치 맵을 구성하고 이를 영상 합성과정에 적용하여 Contrast의 불균형을 개선하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 실험 결과 영상의 비교와 수치 분석을 통해 제안된 알고리즘이 기존의 알고리즘에 비해 Contrast 향상 성능이 더 우수한 방법임을 확인하였다. The Image sensor of digital still camera has a limited dynamic range. In high dynamic range scenes, a picture often turns out to be underexposed or overexposed. Retinex algorithm based on the theory of the human visual perception is known to be effective contrast enhancement technique. However, it happens the unbalanced contrast enhancement which is the global contrast increased, and the local contrast decreased in the high dynamic range scenes. In this paper, to enhance the both global and local contrast, we propose the weight mapping retinex algorithm. Weight map is composed of the edge and exposure data which are extracted in the each retinex image, and merged with the retinex images in the fusion processing. According to the output picture comparing and numerical analysis, the proposed algorithm gives the better output image with the increased global and local contrast.

조영증강 복부 CT 검사에서 조영제 사용량 감소에 관한 연구: 인공지능 기반 조영 증강 부스트 기술

양민재,한현석,이성주,이민수,조명주 대한CT영상기술학회 2024 대한CT영상기술학회지 Vol.26 No.1

본원에서는 일부 조영증강 복부 CT 검사 시 이중-선원 이중 에너지 CT의 저 에너지 가상 단색 영상(Virtual Monochromatic Image; VMI)을 이용하여 조영제 사용량 감소(체중×1.2 mL)를 임상 검사에 적용하고 있다. 이에, 최근 도입된 CE-Boost 기술을 적용해 표준 조영제 사용량(체중×1.6 mL) 120 kV 단일-선원 조영증강 복부 CT 영상과 비교 평가하여 표준 조영제 사용량을 사용하는 조영증강 복부 CT검사에서도 조영제 사용량 감소를 적용할 수 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 2023년 1월부터 조영제사용량 감소를 적용한 실험군(A), 실험군+CE-Boost(B), 표준 조영제 사용량을 적용한 대조군(C)의 62명을 대상으로 후향적 연구를 진행하였다. 정량적인 평가를 위해 주문맥이 가장 넓게 보이는 영상에서 동맥기의 복부대동맥과 우측 척주기립근, 문맥기의 주문맥과 간실질, 우측 척주기립근에 관심영역(Region of Interest; ROI)을 설정하여 CT Number(HU), 신호 대 잡음비(Signal to Noise Ratio; SNR), 대조도 대 잡음비(Contrast to Noise Ratio; CNR)를 산출하였다. 정성적 평가는 10명의 영상을 표본으로 설정하여 조영증강 정도와 전반적인 영상의 질 평가 항목으로 숙련된 방사선사 5명이 독립적으로 평가하였다. HU 값은 CE-Boost 기술을 적용한 (B) 그룹이 가장 높은 값을 나타내었고,(P<.05) CE-Boost 기술이 적용되지 않은 (A)-(C) 그룹은 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다.(P>.05) SNR에서는 CE-Boost가 적용된 (B)그룹이 가장 높은 값을 나타냈으나,(P<.05) 간실질 부위 평가에서 CE-Boost 기술이 없는 (C)그룹과 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다.(P>.05) CNR에서도 CE-Boost 기술이 적용된 (B)그룹이 가장 높은 값을 나타냈으나,(P<.05) (B)-(C) 그룹 간에 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다.(P>.05) 정성적 평가에서도 CE-Boost가 적용된 (B)그룹이 평가 항목 2문항에서 가장 우수한 것으로 평가되었다.(P<.05) 조영증강 복부 CT 검사 시 인공지능기반의 CE-Boost 기술을 이용한다면 이중-선원 이중 에너지 CT가 아닌 단일-선원 120kV CT 검사에서도 영상의 질을 유지하면서 표준 조영제 사용량의 약 25% 감소를 적용할 수 있어 환자에게 더 안전한 의료 서비스를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. In our hospital, we implement a reduction in contrast media dose (calculated as body weight × 1.2 mL) for clinical examinations conducted with dual-source dual-energy CT during contrast-enhanced abdominal CT examinations. Therefore, by applying the CE-Boost technique, the degree of contrast enhancement of blood vessels and tissues was compared with standard contrast media dose (body weight × 1.6 mL) in 120 kV single-source computed tomography images. In contrast-enhanced abdominal CT using the standard contrast media dose, the CE-Boost technique was applied to investigate the feasibility of reducing the contrast media dose. From January 2023, a retrospective study was conducted on 62 subjects. The study included an experimental group (A) that received a reduced contrast media dose, an experimental group + CE-Boost (B), and a control group (C) that received the standard contrast media dose. For quantitative evaluation, in the image where the Main Portal Vein (MPV) is the widest, CT number (HU), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and Contrast-to-Noise Ratio (CNR) were calculated. Qualitative evaluation was independently assessed by five experienced radiotechnologists, who evaluated 10 samples as the assessment items for contrast enhancement and overall image quality. In the HU values, the (B) group with CE-Boost technique showed the highest value (P < .05), while the (A)-(C) group without CE-Boost technique showed no statistically significant difference. In the SNR, the group (B) that received the CE-Boost technique exhibited the highest value,(P<.05) but there was no significant difference compared to the group (C) that did not receive the CE-Boost technique in the evaluation of liver parenchyma.(P>.05) In CNR, the (B) group utilizing the CE-Boost technique showed the highest value (P<.05), but there was no statistically significant difference between (B) and (C). In the qualitative evaluation, the group (B) to which CE-Boost was applied was rated the highest in two evaluation items. If an AI-based CE-Boost technique is used for contrast-enhanced abdominal CT, it is believed that safe medical services can be provided to patients by implementing a 25% reduction in the standard contrast media dose while still maintaining image quality, even in a single-source 120kV CT.

FLORAL DESIGN에서 나타난 CONTRAST 표현 연구

김영주 ( Young Ju Kim ),조문수 ( Moon Soo Cho ),김태연 ( Tae Yeon Kim ) 한국화예디자인학회 2011 한국화예디자인학 연구 Vol.25 No.-

Nowadays, floral design is developing as plastic art reflecting culture and sociality of the age on physical creation such as the material, expressional method and style. Today, the essence of beauty is changing its concept from objective to subjective, from systematic to free, from satisfying to provoking. We could find the properties of beauty as below by defining the contract and categorizing the type of various expressions. In typical contrast, the contrast of similar forms are easily presented its harmony but the effect of contrast is less, whereas the forms with different shapes can show the strong contrast and control of the level of the contrast is required. Dimensional contrast is a method to present transition and unification and bigger entity becomes major part and the smaller one is subsidiary part. The big difference of the size brings strong visual contrast to the art. The contrast in color is separated as contrast of hue and brightness. When it comes to a visual resistance, complementary color to be used, and visual clearness requires a contrast of brightness. The contrast of texture strongly provokes the visual interest by appealing the exterior character of material. The expression of plastic contrast that designers should realize can be varied by the personality and environmental situation, the most important thing is to realize the exact intention by controlling the level contrast. I selected 20 pieces of art that contrast is well presented. 10 pieces is chosen from famous florists and 10 from one of the authors. Kim. From this study, we found contrast brings visual activeness and creativeness into the floral art and we would like to extend the world of floral design and build a foundation of in depth research of floral design by expanding the coverage of contrast use.

대비도에 따른 우세안과 비우세안의 시력 비교

박정은,최현수,박성종,이석주 대한시과학회 2019 대한시과학회지 Vol.21 No.2

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare the difference in the visual acuity of dominant eye and non-dominant eye according to the degree of contrast. Methods : The dominant eye of 60 adults (22.4±2.2 years) who had no ophthalmologic disease was determined using the Hole-in-the-card method. The differences between dominant eye and nondominant eye were compared with high contrast visual acuity and low contrast visual acuity. Results : The mean of high-contrast visual acuity (contrast ratio 100%) of the subject was 0.07±0.05 logMAR, 0.11±0.13 logMAR, and the mean of low contrast visual acuity (contrast ratio 10%) was 0.31±0.09 logMAR, and 0.27±0.08 logMAR (p=0.049), respectively. The dominant eye was measured greater than non-dominant eye in high-contrast visual acuity and non-dominant eye was measured greater than dominant eye in low-contrast visual acuity (p=0.003). The visual acuity difference of 0.16±0.23 logMAR when the visual acuity in the same direction is excellently measured in the high contrast chart and the low contrast chart, and the difference in visual acuity of 0.05±0.00 logMAR when the visual acuity in the change direction. Conclusion : The dominant eye greater than non-dominant eye in high contrast visual acuity but low contrast visual acuity can be effected by the difference of binocular visual acuity in high contrast. Therefore, it should be considered according to the purpose of environment and vision life at the correction. 목적 : 본 연구에서는 우세안 검사법 중 하나인 Hole-in-the-card법을 이용하여 우세안을 검출하고 대비도에 따른 우세안 및 비우세안의 시력을 비교해 보고자 하였다. 방법 : 안과적 질환이 없는 20대 성인 남녀 60명을 대상으로 Hole-in-the-card법을 시행하였고, 100% 고대비시표와 10% 저대비시표를 이용하여 각 대비도에서의 시력을 측정하여 비교하였다. 결과 : 대상자의 우세안과 비우세안의 평균 고대비시력(대비도 100%)은 각각 0.07±0.05 logMAR, 0.11±0.13 logMAR이며, 평균 저대비시력(대비도 10%)는 평균 저대비시력의 각각 0.31±0.09 logMAR, 0.27±0.08 logMAR 로 고대비시력은 우세안이 비우세안에 비해 우수하게 측정되었고(p=0.049), 저대비시력은 비우세안이 우세안에 비해 더 우수하게 측정되었다(p=0.003). 고대비시표와 저대비시표에서 같은 방향의 눈의 시력이 우수하게 측정된 경우의 양안의 시력 차는 0.16±0.23 logMAR였고, 고대비시표와 저대비시표에서 우수하게 측정 된 눈의 방향이달라진 경우의 양안의 시력 차는 0.05±0.00 logMAR로 나타났다. 결론 : 우세안은 비우세안에 비해 고대비시력이 우수하게 측정되었지만 고대비에서 양안의 시력 차이는 저대비 시력에 영향을 줄 수 있으므로 교정 시 환경 및 시생활의 목적에 따라 반드시 고려해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

Safety of Administering Intravenous CT Contrast Agents Repeatedly or Using Both CT and MRI Contrast Agents on the Same Day: An Animal Study

Bae Heejin,Oh Hyewon,Park Ga Bin,Chung Yong Eun 대한영상의학회 2024 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.25 No.3

Objective: To investigate molecular and functional consequences of additional exposures to iodine- or gadolinium-based contrast agents within 24 hours from the initial intravenous administration of iodine-based contrast agents through an animal study. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six Sprague–Dawley male rats were equally divided into eight groups: negative control, positive control (PC) with single-dose administration of CT contrast agent, and additional administration of either CT or MR contrast agents 2, 4, or 24 hours from initial CT contrast agent injection. A 12 μL/g of iodinated contrast agent or a 0.47 μL/g of gadoliniumbased contrast agent were injected into the tail vein. Serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cystatin C (Cys C), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. mRNA and protein levels of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin (NGAL) were evaluated. Results: Levels of serum creatinine (SCr) were significantly higher in repeated CT contrast agent injection groups than in PC (0.21 ± 0.02 mg/dL for PC; 0.40 ± 0.02, 0.34 ± 0.03, and 0.41 ± 0.10 mg/dL for 2-, 4-, and 24-hour interval groups, respectively; P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the average Cys C and MDA levels between PC and repeated CT contrast agent injection groups (Cys C, P = 0.256–0.362; MDA, P > 0.99). Additional doses of MR contrast agent did not make significant changes compared to PC in SCr (P > 0.99), Cys C (P = 0.262), and MDA (P = 0.139–0.771) levels. mRNA and protein levels of KIM-1 and NGAL were not significantly different among additional CT or MR contrast agent groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: A sufficient time interval, probably more than 24 hours, between repeated contrast-enhanced CT examinations may be necessary to avoid deterioration in renal function. However, conducting contrast-enhanced MRI on the same day as contrast-enhanced CT may not induce clinically significant kidney injury.

현대중국어 ‘可’의 대조 의미에 관한 소고

JINHONGSHI 한국중국문화학회 2022 中國學論叢 Vol.- No.75

This paper is a study that examines"ke"from a pragmatic point of view, Based on the meaning of "contrast" in the context of a specific discourse. Chapter 1 is the introduction section, and we looked at the problem-raising and previous studies. In Chapter 2, based on the sentence components that ''ke' for the meaning of speech, there are five categories: “actor” contrast, “target” contrast, “time” contrast, “place” contrast, and “action or state” contrast. Next, how each of these contrasts with the corresponding components in specific discourse was examined. In particular, when the contrast item did not appear in the speech, the implicit contrast component could be estimated in the context of the discourse. In Chapter 3, based on the phenomenon in which "ke" corresponds to "eun/neun" in Korean, we briefly examine what ingredients "eun/neun" has contrast meaning in the context. Through this, the commonalities and differences between Chinese “ke” and Korean “eun/neun” were found. In Chapter 4, the expansion path was assumed based on existing synchronic studies on how “ke” came to have a contrast meaning in Modern Chinese. As a result, it was found that “ke” had contrast meaning in modern Chinese through diachronic and synchronic changes in the original meaning of a verb. 본고는 ‘可’가 구체적인 담화맥락에서 ‘대조’ 의미를 보이는 현상을 발견하고 이에 대해 화용론적 관점에서 입각하여 고찰한 연구이다. 1장은 서론부분으로 문제 제기와 함께 기존 논의에 대해 살펴보았다. 2장에서는 ‘可’가 발화에서 의미 지향하는 성분에 따라 ‘행위자’ 대조, ‘대상’ 대조, ‘시간’ 대조, ‘장소’ 대조, ‘동작이나 상태’ 대조 등 5가지 구문으로 분류를 진행하고 이들이 각각 구체적인 발화에서 어떻게 자매항들과 대조를 이루는지에 대해 살펴보았으며 또 대조항이 발화에 출현하지 않는 경우에는 담화맥락 속에서 함축적인 자매항을 상정해볼 수 있었다. 3장에서는 ‘可’가 한국어의 ‘은/는’에 대응되는 현상을 바탕으로 한국어에서 ‘은/는’이 문맥에서 어떠한 성분들에 대해 대조의미를 가지는지에 대해 간략하게 살펴봄으로써 중국어 ‘可’와의 공통점과 차이점에 대해서도 고찰하였다. 마지막으로 4장에서는 현대중국어에서 ‘可’가 어떻게 대조의미를 획득하게 되었는지에 대해 기존의 통시적인 연구를 바탕으로 확장경로를 상정해보았다. 그 결과 ‘可’는 동사 ‘허락하다’라는 원형의미에서 통시적인 변화(문법화)와 공시적인 변화(의미 확장)를 통해 현대중국어에서는 대조의미를 포함한 여러 문법적 기능을 지닌 부사로 쓰이고 있음을 추정해볼 수 있었다.

현대 니트웨어에 나타난 질감대비에 관한 연구 I

이지은,김정혜 한국니트디자인학회 2013 패션과 니트 Vol.11 No.2

The purpose of this study is to classify and analyze the texture contrast of modern knitwear. Knitwear can be used to display two or more texture, can easily be mixed with other materials, and can be used to emphasize tactile texture by adding decoration technique and finishing treatment. Thus knitwear , as a type of visual art, showing various texture contrast effect by two or more different visualized textures, has become more popular in a sensitive period of the 21st century. In order to study texture contrast of modern knitwear, 966 pieces were selected from 55 ready-to-wear collections from New York, London, Milano and Paris. Texture contrast of modern knitwear were divided in five categories by flexibility(limp/firm), softness(soft/hard), transparency(transparent/opaque), sheen(glossy/matte) and surface(flat/rough) contrasts. Five results for texture contrast of knitwears were derived by this study. First, texture contrast in knitwear were significantly higher in basic yarn than in decorative yarn for all categories of texture contrasts. Second, texture contrast were significantly higher in basic knitting structure than in varied knitting structure for all categories of texture contrasts. Third, flexibility contrast and sheen contrast were significantly high when mixing with other materials. Fourth, sheen contrast and surface contrast were significantly high when utilizing decoration technique. Fifth, texture contrast were significantly higher in solid colored than in multi colored knitwear.