경조사 부조금

조은성(Cho, Eunseong),변숙은(Byun, Sookeun) 한국문화산업학회 2014 문화산업연구 Vol.14 No.4

체면을 중시하는 한국 사회에서 부조금 지출이 가정 경제에 큰 부담이 되고 있으나, 부조금에 대한 학술적 조사는 거의 찾기 힘들다. 본 연구는 연령, 종교가, 소득, 자산, 학력, 직업, 주관적 사회지위, 자녀 결혼가능성, 체면민감성, 미혼자녀수가 부조금에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 연령대별(30, 40, 50, 60대) 및 성별에 따른 할당 표본추출을 실시하여 308명의 유효표본을 얻었다. 부조 횟수를 종속변수로 하는 회귀분석에서 직업, 자산, 자녀 결혼가능성, 주관적 사회지위가 유의하였다. 1회당 부조금에 연령, 연령제곱, 성별, 소득이 유의한 관계를 보였다. 부조금 총액에는 연령, 연령제곱, 직업, 자녀 결혼가능성, 주관적 사회지위가 유의하였다. 부조 횟수와 1회당 부조금에 영향을 미치는 요인은 서로 다르며, 부조 횟수와 1회당 부조금은 서로 상충 관계임을 제시하였다. 또한 흔히 알려진 것과는 달리 부의금보다 축의금 지출이 훨씬 더 많다는 것을 발견하였다. There has been little research efforts on spending behaviors of congratulatory or condolence money in Korea, despite its practical importance in the society. This study examined such spending behaviors by lifetime-event types (i.e., wedding, funeral, first-birthday party, and sixtieth-birthday party). This study is unique in that we examined the factors that are related to the frequency of giving congratulatory or condolence money, and the average amount of such spending per event, aswell as the total amount of such spending per year. Both positive and inverted-U relationships were hypothesized for the effects of age on the expenditure on congratulatory or condolence money. For the effects of the number of unmarried children, both positive and negative relationships were considered. Men were expected to give more money and give money more frequently for others" lifetime events, compared to women. Those who have a religion were expected to give money more frequently than those who do not have a religion. Income, asset, education level, occupation, subjective social position, the likelihood of their children’s wedding in the near future, and susceptibility for social face were also expected to have relationships with congratulatory or condolence money spending behavior. After excluding untrustworthy responses, 308 valid samples were obtained. We ran a series of regression analyses with three different dependent variables: the frequency of giving congratulatory or condolence money, and the average amount of such spending per event, as well as the total amount of the spending per year. Occupation, asset, and the likelihood of their children’s wedding in near future were significantly associated while subjective social position was marginally significant with the frequency of giving congratulatory or condolencemoney. Age, square of age, gender, and income were significantly related with the average amount of the spending per event. Age, square of age, occupation, and the likelihood of children’s wedding in near future were significantly associatedwith the total amount of the spending per year. Theoretical implications. Fist, the determinants of the frequency of giving congratulatory or condolence money are different from those of the average amount of spendingmoney per event. Second, there is a tradeoff between the frequency of giving congratulatory or condolencemoney and the average amount of spending per event. Third, people tend to spend more money for others" congratulatory events than condolence events. Lastly, more than half of the consumers seem to give less amount of money per event and give money less frequently than the fact known to everyone. 체면을 중시하는 한국 사회에서 부조금 지출이 가정 경제에 큰 부담이 되고 있으나, 부조금에 대한 학술적 조사는 거의 찾기 힘들다. 본 연구는 연령, 종교가, 소득, 자산, 학력, 직업, 주관적 사회지위, 자녀 결혼가능성, 체면민감성, 미혼자녀수가 부조금에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 연령대별(30, 40, 50, 60대) 및 성별에 따른 할당 표본추출을 실시하여 308명의 유효표본을 얻었다. 부조 횟수를 종속변수로 하는 회귀분석에서 직업, 자산, 자녀 결혼가능성, 주관적 사회지위가 유의하였다. 1회당 부조금에 연령, 연령제곱, 성별, 소득이 유의한 관계를 보였다. 부조금 총액에는 연령, 연령제곱, 직업, 자녀 결혼가능성, 주관적 사회지위가 유의하였다. 부조 횟수와 1회당 부조금에 영향을 미치는 요인은 서로 다르며, 부조 횟수와 1회당 부조금은 서로 상충 관계임을 제시하였다. 또한 흔히 알려진 것과는 달리 부의금보다 축의금 지출이 훨씬 더 많다는 것을 발견하였다. There has been little research efforts on spending behaviors of congratulatory or condolence money in Korea, despite its practical importance in the society. This study examined such spending behaviors by lifetime-event types (i.e., wedding, funeral, first-birthday party, and sixtieth-birthday party). This study is unique in that we examined the factors that are related to the frequency of giving congratulatory or condolence money, and the average amount of such spending per event, aswell as the total amount of such spending per year. Both positive and inverted-U relationships were hypothesized for the effects of age on the expenditure on congratulatory or condolence money. For the effects of the number of unmarried children, both positive and negative relationships were considered. Men were expected to give more money and give money more frequently for others" lifetime events, compared to women. Those who have a religion were expected to give money more frequently than those who do not have a religion. Income, asset, education level, occupation, subjective social position, the likelihood of their children’s wedding in the near future, and susceptibility for social face were also expected to have relationships with congratulatory or condolence money spending behavior. After excluding untrustworthy responses, 308 valid samples were obtained. We ran a series of regression analyses with three different dependent variables: the frequency of giving congratulatory or condolence money, and the average amount of such spending per event, as well as the total amount of the spending per year. Occupation, asset, and the likelihood of their children’s wedding in near future were significantly associated while subjective social position was marginally significant with the frequency of giving congratulatory or condolencemoney. Age, square of age, gender, and income were significantly related with the average amount of the spending per event. Age, square of age, occupation, and the likelihood of children’s wedding in near future were significantly associatedwith the total amount of the spending per year. Theoretical implications. Fist, the determinants of the frequency of giving congratulatory or condolence money are different from those of the average amount of spendingmoney per event. Second, there is a tradeoff between the frequency of giving congratulatory or condolencemoney and the average amount of spending per event. Third, people tend to spend more money for others" congratulatory events than condolence events. Lastly, more than half of the consumers seem to give less amount of money per event and give money less frequently than the fact known to everyone.

상록류(喪錄類) 문헌 자료의 존재 양상과 의미

전성운(Chun Sungwoon) 한국언어문학회 2010 한국언어문학 Vol.74 No.-

This thesis aims to This thesis aims to research the documents concerning funeral customs and ceremonies, especially its characteristics and its cultural meanings. It will be helpful for understanding the traditional funeral ceremony. The category of documents concerning funeral customs and ceremony comprise of the Gukjoohlyejyi, Jujagajye, Jipsabunjeonggi, Sinjongrok, Jogaekrok, Bujogi, Jangtaekji, and Bokcha etc. But some documents are lack of the value of research because of their formality and simplicity. For this reason, I study on sorts of Jogaekrok and Bujogi. These documents, Jogaekrok is the list of persons visited for condolence and Bujogi is the list of money and goods for condolence, tell us the phase of funeral processing. But still those documents are not collected and arranged. On this research, I verified serveral facts that these are mostly written from the 17th century to the early 20th century and those are more than 90 books. The title and consistence of these documents are diverse. Generally it called Jogaekrok but it also called Wimunrok, Aegamrok, Jomunrok, Jowirok etc. And the consistence of these are four kinds, for examples the list of name, the list of goods and money, the list of name, money and goods, and the manual of funeral ceremony, the list of name, goods and money. It means that the circumstance of each funeral make differ the name and consistence of funeral documents. These documents involves several cultural meaning. First, It could be concrete and specific data about traditional funeral ceremony. Second, it also be brought to the social-structure of traditional Korean society based on the list of name written in documents. Third, it could be possible to compare funeral customs and ceremonies with other rite of passages, marrage, the coming of age ceremony etc. Now, it just begins the research on the documents of funeral customs and ceremonies. So it should be continued studying on documents concerning funeral.

村落內部契約에 있어서 支給標準과 支給手段(1667-2000) : 靈巖 場巖里와 望湖里 洞契의 賻儀 支給品과 支給額을 중심으로 1667-2000

박이택 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 한국문학연구소 2003 民族文化硏究 Vol.38 No.-

본 연구는, 영암 장암리와 망호리 동계의 賻儀 약정 지급품과 지급액의 자료를 이용하여 17세기부터 20세기까지 촌락내부에서의 화폐경제의 역사적 전개과정을 고찰한 것이다. 그 결과를 간단히 요약하면, 1) 대동법이 시행되기 이전에는 촌락 내부에서 綿布가 지급표준으로 사용되었지만, 대동법 시행 이후에는 벼가 면포를 대신하게 되었다. 2) 상평통보가 유통되면서, 돈이 지급표준으로 사용되었지만, 벼도 여전히 지급표준으로 사용되어, 租錢 兩標準制의 시대로 파악할 수 있다. 3) 지급액의 조정은 계의 지급능력의 변동을 반영하여 이루어졌는바, 19세기 후반에는 미가의 급등에도 불구하고 화폐지급액이 증가되지 못하였는데, 이는 이 시기가 지급능력의 증대를 동반하지 않는 미가상승 즉 생산충격의 시기였음을 보여준다. 4) 1950년대 米穀 實物財政은 농촌에 돈 기근을 야기하여, 촌락 내부에서는 실물지급계약이 체결되었다. 5) 1990년대에는 벼를 지급표준으로 하고, 일반 벼 政府還穀二等價로 환산한 물환지폐를 지급하는 계약이 체결되었다. This article investigates the evolution of monetary economy between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries by analyzing, the data for condolence money and goods based on the mutual funds in two villages of Yeongam. The main findings are: (1) Daedongbeob replaced cotton cloth with unpolished rice as a standard of payment in contracts among villagers; (2) even after the circulation of coins the use of unpolished rice continued, constituting a double standard system; (3) the sharp rise in rice prices in the late nineteenth century did not accompany a corresponding increases in condolence money, indicating a probable production shock; (4) in the 1950s money famine in rural areas led to a wide adoption of in-kind contracts; (5) in the 1980s unpolished rice functioned as a standard of payment and flat money as a means of payment.

청탁금지법상 공직자가 음식물ㆍ경조사비ㆍ선물 등의 금품을 받을 수 있는 한계

정형근(Jung Hyung Keun) 경희법학연구소 2018 경희법학 Vol.53 No.2

Although the Improper Solicitation and Graft Acts prohibits a public official or relevant person from accepting financial or other advantages, there is an exceptional rule for allowing it. The prohibition of financial or other advantage describes that a public official or relevant person shall not accept, request, or promise tro receive, any financial or other advantage in excess of one million won at a time from the same person, regardless of the relationship between such offer and his or her duties. Accepting financial or other advantage which is not related with his or her duties shall be punished, which sets against the Criminal Act by which a public official will be punished for accepting bribe in connection with his or her duties. When a public official accepts financial or other advantages in connection with his or her duties, it should be examined whether such an act was given in exchange of any favors. In addition, a public official or relevant person shall not accept financial or other advantages in value of less than 100 million won in connection with his or her duties regardless of whether such offer if given in exchange of any favors. The violation of this rule shall be subject to a fine for negligence. In case it is in connection with his or her duties and in exchange of any favors as well, it violates both Criminal Act’s Acceptance of Bribe and The Improper Solicitation and Graft Act. However, in such a case, it is debatable which law is supposed to be applied. It is probable that the investigating authorities would consider it as accepting bribe, while the public institution would rather impose a fine for negligence. It is necessary to observe how this rule is going to be practiced. Although the Improper Solicitation and Graft Act prohibits the acceptance of financial or other advantages, there are exceptions when it is allowed to accept financial or other advantages. Among such exceptions, it is allowed to accept food and drink, congratulatory or condolence money, gifts, or other items that are offered to facilitate performance of duties or for social relationships, rituals, or assistance to festivities and funerals, the vale of which is within the limit provided by Presidential Decree. Of course, the amount is set by the enforcement ordinance of the Improper Solicitation and Graft Act. According to the updated the enforcement ordinance of the Improper Solicitation and Graft Act, it is allowed to offer up to 50,000 won for congratulatory or condolence money while the value of artifical flowers or flower bed up to 100,000 won. The value of give is limited to 50,000 won while the value of agricultural and marine products and the processed product of them is limited to 100,000 won. But requesting congratulatory or condolence money for a public official or relevent person’s assistance to festivities or funerals should be prohibited. Especially, when such request is in connection with a public official’s duties and it is in exchange of any favors. For example, a professor shall not request students to assist his or her festivities or funerals. It is also prohibited a professor from accepting birthday cake and a bouquet during school hours. In this case, because the professor is in the position to guide and evaluate students, it is considered being in connection with his or her duties and in exchange of any favors. If the professor is a public school employee, such an act can be considered as acceptance of bribe. Likewise, if the professor is a private school employee, such an act shall be considered as violating Criminal Act’s Receiving or Giving Bribe bvy Breach of Trust. Of course it also violates the Improper Solicitation and Graft Act. As a result, accepting financial or other advantages prohibited in the Improper Solicitation and Graft Act will lead to violating Criminal Act as well. 청탁금지법은 공직자등의 금품등의 수수를 금지하면서도 예외적으로 이를 허용하는 규정을 두고 있다. 금품등의 수수금지에 관한 내용을 보면, 공직자등의 직무 관련 여부에 관계없이 동일인으로부터 1회에 100만원을 초과하는 금품등을 받거나 요구 또는 약속할 수 없도록 한다. 직무 관련이 없는 상태에서 금품등을 받아도 처벌한다. 이 점이 직무와 관련하여 뇌물을 받으면 처벌하는 형법상 수뢰죄와 비교된다. 음식물이나 선물 그리고 경조사비라도 수수금지 금품등의 예외사유에 해당되지 않은 경우에는 이를 받거나 요구 또는 약속할 수 없다. 공직자가 직무와 관련하여 금품등을 받으면 당연히 대가성이 인정되는지도 검토해야 한다. 그리고 공직자등이 직무와 관련하여 대가성 여부를 불문하고 100만원 이하의 금품을 받을 수 없다. 이를 위반한 때는 과태료를 부과한다. 직무와 관련하여 대가성도 인정되는 경우도 있을 수 있는데, 이때는 형법상 수뢰죄와 청탁금지법 위반에 해당된다. 이 경우에 어느 법률을 적용해야 할 것인지가 문제된다. 수사기관에서는 뇌물죄로 의율 할 것으로 보이지만, 청탁금지법 위반으로 인정한 공공기관에서는 과태료를 부과하는 절차를 밟을 가능성이 있다. 이는 앞으로 실무의 추이를 지켜보아야 할 사항이다. 청탁금지법은 수수금지 금품등이라 할지라도 예외적으로 받을 수 있는 예외를 인정하고 있다. 그 중에서 “원활한 직무수행 또는 사교ㆍ의례 또는 부조의 목적으로 제공되는 음식물ㆍ경조사비ㆍ선물 등으로서 대통령령으로 정하는 가액 범위 안의 금품등”에 따라 음식물, 경조사비, 선물을 제공할 수 있다. 물론 그 가액에 대해서는 청탁금지법 시행령에서 정하고 있다. 2018. 1. 17. 개정된 청탁금지법 시행령에서는 경조사비에 대해서는 5만원으로 하면서도 조화, 화환은 10만원까지 가능하도록 했다. 그리고 선물에 대해서는 5만원으로 하되, 농수산물과 농수산가공품에 대해서는 10만원까지 허용하였다. 그렇지만 경조사를 당한 공직자등이 경조사비의 제공을 요구할 수 없다고 해야 한다. 그리고 공직자등과 수수금지 금품 제공자 사이에 직무관련성과 대가성이 있을 때는 허용될 수 없다. 예컨대 대학의 교원이 수업을 듣는 학생들에게 자신의 경조사에 참석하도록 강제하는 행위는 허용되지 않는다. 뿐만 아니라 생일을 맞은 교원이 수업 시간에 학생들이 제공한 케이크와 꽃다발을 받는 행위 역시 금지된다. 이 경우에 교원은 학생의 지도와 학점을 부여하는 지위에 있기 때문에 직무관련성과 대가성도 인정되기 때문이다. 만약 교원이 국립대학 교원으로 공무원이라면 뇌물죄에 해당될 수 있다. 그렇지 않고 사립대학 교원으로 부정한 청탁을 받고 금품을 받았다면 형법상 배임수재죄에 해당된다. 물론 청탁금지법도 위반한 것이 된다. 이처럼 청탁금지법의 수수금지 금품등을 받은 경우에는 형법 위반에도 해당되는 문제가 발생한다.