Effects of Three Feeding Systems on Production Performance, Rumen Fermentation and Rumen Digesta Particle Structure of Beef Cattle

Liu, Y.F.,Sun, F.F.,Wan, F.C.,Zhao, H.B.,Liu, X.M.,You, W.,Cheng, H.J.,Liu, G.F.,Tan, X.W.,Song, E.L. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2016 Animal Bioscience Vol.29 No.5

The effects of three different feeding systems on beef cattle production performance, rumen fermentation, and rumen digesta particle structure were investigated by using 18 Limousin (steers) with a similar body weight ($575{\pm}10kg$) in a 80-d experiment. The animals were equally and randomly divided into three treatment groups, namely, total mixed ration group (cattle fed TMR), SI1 group (cattle fed concentrate firstly then roughage), and SI2 group (cattle fed roughage firstly then concentrate). The results showed that the average daily gain was significantly higher in cattle receiving TMR than in those receiving SI1 and SI2 (p<0.05). Consumption per kg weight gain of concentrate, silage, and combined net energy (NEmf) were significantly decreased when cattle received TMR, unlike when they received SI1 and SI2 (p<0.05), indicating that the feed efficiency of TMR was the highest. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was significantly decreased when cattle received TMR compared with that in cattle receiving SI1 (p<0.05), whereas there was no difference compared with that in cattle receiving SI2. Ammonia nitrogen concentration was significantly lower in cattle receiving TMR than in those receiving SI1 and SI2 (p<0.05). The rumen area of cattle that received TMR was significantly larger than that of cattle receiving SI1 (p<0.05), but there was no difference compared with that of cattle receiving SI2. Although there was no significant difference among the three feeding systems in rumen digesta particle distribution, the TMR group trended to have fewer large- and medium-sized particles and more small-sized particles than those in the SI1 and SI2 groups. In conclusion, cattle with dietary TMR showed increased weight gain and ruminal development and decreased BUN. This indicated that TMR feeding was more conducive toward improving the production performance and rumen fermentation of beef cattle.

한우의 체외수정란으로 생산된 육우의 경제성

이준영(Jun Young Lee),정연길(Yun Gil Jung),김수진(Su Jin Kim),서병부(Byoung Boo Seo) 한국동물보건학회 2023 한국동물보건학회지 Vol.2 No.4

This study seeks to compare the economic feasibility and slaughter weight of beef cattle produced based on in vitro embryo. To this end, the study compared and investigated the grade rate of carcasses based on embryo transfer and artificial insemination; slaughter weight, carcass grading results, meat quality and quantity. With respect to the meat grades of carcass based on embryo transfer and artificial insemination; 50.0% (5/10) of embryo transfer-based carcasses were graded with 1++; and 50.0% (5/10), 1+, indicating that 100% (10/10) received at least 1+ grade. On the other hand, artificial insemination-based castrated cattle had no 1++ grade while 30.0% (6/20) received 1+; 60.0% (12/20), 1; and 10.0% (2/20) 2. This finding showed that embryo-based castrated cattle had higher grades than artificial insemination-based cattle as 100% of the former were graded with 1+ or higher. This study also investigated 10 embryo transfer-based castrated cattle and 20 artificial insemination-based cattle to compare their dressed weight, back fat thickness, sirloin cross section, and meat quantity indication. As a result, the embryo transfer-based castrated cattle showed slaughter weight of 488.4kg on average, heavier by 40.6kg than 447.8kg of artificial insemination-based cattle. Back fat thickness was 15.6㎝ on average in embryo transfer-based cases, 0.9㎝ thinner than 16.5㎝ of artificial insemination-based cases. Sirloin cross section of embryo transfer-based cattle was 99.6㎠ on average, 9.8㎠ wider than 89.8㎠ of artificial insemination cases. Meat quantity indication was found 2.1% higher in the embryo transfer cases (62.8%) than artificial insemination cases (64.9%). With respect to meat quantity grade, 10.0% (2/20) of the artificial insemination cases had Grade A; 50.0% (10/20), Grade B; and 40.0% (8/20), Grade C. Embryo transfer-based cattle showed no Grade A among the 10 carcasses; Grade B in 60.0% (6/10); and Grade C in 40.0% (4/10). Comparing the results of economic profitability in terms of carcass auction prices, the embryo transfer-based castrated cattle was KRW 1,119,453 higher than artificial insemination-based castrated case. Per-head economic gain of embryo transfer-based castrated cattle was KRW 2,282,602, higher than KRW 1,567,149 of artificial insemination-based cattle. Based on the findings, this study examined embryo transfer-based castrated cattle and artificial insemination-based cattle to compare their carcass grade rate, dressed weight, grading result and economic feasibility. Consequentially, this study found that in vitro embryo transfer-based castrated cattle had higher meat quality grade, slaughter weight and economic feasibility. Based on information on pedigree, attribute, and carcass data of individual with blood tie which indicate such meat productivity; high grade cattle genetic resources would be secured to contribute to quality meat production. Subsequent study will need to research industrialization based on in vitro embryo transfer.

Korean Cattle and Colonial Modernization in the Japanese Empire: <i>From “Cattle of the Peninsula” to “Cattle of the Empire"</i>

임채성 한국학중앙연구원 한국학중앙연구원 2015 Korea Journal Vol.55 No.2

The Japanese Empire mobilized various resources ranging from livestock to human resources from its colonies. After the Meiji Restoration, Japan introduced a Western lifestyle for cultural modernization. This change affected the Japanese traditional diet, and a large number of people started consuming beef. Soon this consumption led the country to a chronic cattle shortage, especially considering the number of cattle that were slaughtered. For this reason, demands for Korean cattle went up. The Korean export of cattle to Japan grew about 60,000 every year and further expanded with the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War. “Cattle of the Peninsula” had become “Cattle of the Empire.” Systems of quarantine and disease prevention were established. However, because of the rapid growth of cattle exports to Japan, the height and weight of Korean cattle became inferior, and this deficiency marked the birth of “healthy” yet undersized Korean cattle. Consequently, it can be said that Korean cattle were merely used as a source of supply to propagate Japanese cattle. The case study on colonial cattle indicates that the imperial economic integration might give rise to a contradiction between the empire and the colony.

The Impact of Crossbred Cattle (Red Sindhi×Yellow Local) on Smallholder Households in the Mountainous and Lowland Zones of Quang Ngai, Vietnam

Phung, L.D.,Koops, W.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.9

This research investigates the use of crossbreed cattle (Red Sindhi${\times}$Yellow Local cattle) at household level in the lowland and mountainous zones in Quang Ngai province, Vietnam. The internal and external inputs and outputs of mixed farming systems were analysed to quantify the productivity and efficiency of the use of the crossbred and yellow local cattle. In the mountainous zone, households with crossbred cattle had a lower crop and farm efficiency rate than households without crossbred cattle, but in terms of crop, livestock and farm productivity they did not differ. In the lowland zone, households with crossbred cattle had a higher crop, livestock and farm productivity and crop efficiency rate than households without crossbred cattle, but did not differ in terms of farm efficiency rate. The lowland zone had higher off-farm income, crop and household productivity, but lower livestock productivity, livestock and farm efficiency rate than the mountainous zone. Households with crossbred cattle had lower off-farm income than households without crossbred cattle. The results suggest that interactions between zone and kind of household occur at the households and show that the yellow local cattle is a better breed in the mountainous zone and more or less comparable with crossbred cattle in the lowland zone. The extrapolation of the use of crossbred cattle should be carefully considered in line with feeding practice and management.

호남지역의 양축농가에 있어서 UR에 대처한 가축의 생산성 향상에 관한 연구

이주묵,권오덕,채준석,김명철,김흥섭,이성재,이후식,노수일,김길수,Lee, Joo-mook,Kwon, Oh-deog,Chae, Joon-seok,Kim, Myeong-chul,Kim, Heung-seob,Lee, Sung-jae,Lee, Hoo-sik,Roh, Soo-il,Kim, Kil-soo 대한수의학회 1994 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.34 No.1

For the purpose to increase productivities of livestock the present investigations were undertaken in order to clarify the clinical and suclinical status of Korean native cattle, dairy cattle(holstein) and Korean native goat. Blood, feces and urine samples were collected from 247 Korean native cattle(222 adult and 25 calf), 224 dairy cattle(211 adult and 13 calf) and 142 Korean native goat rearing at Chonbuk area and analyzed for clinical, serum chemical, hematological and urinary findings. In addition, we were examined the infection rate of theileriosis, internal parasite and ring worm. The mean value for each component was calculated by statistical analysis using Excel computer program. From these investigations the following results were obtained. The mean values for RBC, PCV and etc in 433 adult cow(Korean native cattle and dairy cattle) were similar with other reports. But the mean values for MCHC of all species were lower than normal. Adult Korean native cattle and adult dairy cattle which showed hematologically normal levels were only 9.01% and 9.48%, respectively. Abnormally high values for PCV, RBC and Hb were recorded in 7.66% of adult Korean native cattle, 20% of korean native calf, 15.38% of dairy calf and 13.36% of Korean native goat. Adult Korean native cattle and adult dairy cattle which showed hematologically anemia were 4.95% and 19.43% respectively, but Korean native calf and dairy calf showed normal. Adult Korean native cattle, adult dairy cattle, Korean native calf and dairy calf which showed normal serum protein level 84.0%, 90.8%, 50% and 44.4%, respectively. In present investigations, 50% of Korean native calf and 55.6% of dairy calf were decreased serum protein values under range. These abnormally decreased serum protein values mean the shortage of antibody, and these have a possibility to occurs to pneumonia and diarrhea. From these results, the economical loss caused by pneumonia was calculated as 124,038,833 won in the KNC and 742,703,430 won in the dairy calf rearing in Chonbuk area. Calculated economical loss caused by enteritis was 56,658,690 won in Korean native cattle, 476,775,799 won in dairy calf, and the total loss amount of 533,434,488 won in Chonbuk area. Abnormally high values$(21.7{\pm}4.0mg/dl)$ for serum calcium were recorded 49.6% in dairy cattle. The mean values for serum total cholesterol were $170.8{\pm}99.8mg/dl$ in Korean native cattle, $196.0{\pm}40.6mg/dl$ in Korean native calf, $202.9{\pm}86.0mg/dl$ in adult dairy cattle and $289.4{\pm}97.5mg/dl$ in dairy calf. The infection rate of internal parsite were as follows; adult Korean native cattle: 21.2%, Korean native calf: 8.0%, adult dairy cattle: 67.8% and Korean native goat: 81.5%. The estimated economical loss caused by internal parasites infection were 1,120,855,837 won in Korean native calf, 4,994,959,405 won in adult Korean native cattle, 3,334,751,066 won in adult holstein, and the total loss amount to 9,450,566,308 won. The infection rate of theileriosis were 1.4% in Korean native cattle and 6.6% in dairy cattle. The presumed economical loss by T. sergenti infection were 154,408,482 won in Korean native cattle and 171,577,237 won in dairy cattle rearing at Chonbuk area. The infection rate of ringworm were 0.5% in Korean native cattle, 0.9% adult dairy cattle and 7.7% in dairy calf. The presumed economical loss by dermatomycophyte were 12,061,532 won in Korean native cattle, 16,895,403 won in dairy cattle, and the total estimated loss amount to 28,955,935 won a year in Chonbuk area.

Breeding Values for Carcass Traits at Calf Markets as Determinant of Feeding Length in Japanese Black Cattle: an Exploratory Study

Ogino, A.,Kaku, K.,Fujita, T.,Kitamura, C.,Shimada, K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.5

Japanese Black cattle (Wagyu) are fed for a long period to produce high quality beef, however, extended feeding often causes inefficiency and greater environmental load mainly derived from their manure. The objectives of this study were to analyze changes in feeding length by listing breeding values (BVs) at calf markets and the relationships between BVs and carcass characteristics of 4,052 Japanese Black cattle, and to examine the feasibility of optimizing feeding length by referring to listed BVs. BV classes A, B, and C were defined based on BVs of cows in Shimane Prefecture as follows: an upper quarter of BVs was classified as A, a second quarter as B, and under the average as C. For cattle sold at calf markets in the first term of 1996, just before the start of BV listing, the feeding length of cattle with class B BVs for the beef marbling standard (BMS) was longer (p>0.05) than that of class A cattle. However, in the second term of 1996, just after the start of BV listing, the feeding length of class B cattle became shorter (p<0.001) than that of class A cattle. Then, the feeding lengths of both classes showed no significant differences. Feeding lengths of both class A and B BVs for carcass weight (CW) changed similarly to the corresponding BV classes for BMS. The analysis of the relationships among the listed BV classes and the actual carcass characteristics showed that class A cattle had a higher (p<0.001) BMS than class B cattle, and that the higher-class cattle had a heavier CW (p<0.05). On the basis of previous reports, the cattle, particularly those with lower genetic marbling ability, seem to only increase marbling at markedly low efficiency for a few months before slaughter. Therefore, the finding that carcass characteristics corresponded to their class of BVs suggests that an optimum feeding length based on listed BVs not only increases the efficiency of beef production, but also reduces the environmental load.

Genetic characteristics of Korean Jeju Black cattle with high density single nucleotide polymorphisms

Alam, M. Zahangir,Lee, Yun-Mi,Son, Hyo-Jung,Hanna, Lauren H.,Riley, David G.,Mannen, Hideyuki,Sasazaki, Shinji,Park, Se Pill,Kim, Jong-Joo Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2021 Animal Bioscience Vol.34 No.5

Objective: Conservation and genetic improvement of cattle breeds require information about genetic diversity and population structure of the cattle. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of the three cattle breeds in the Korean peninsula. Methods: Jeju Black, Hanwoo, Holstein cattle in Korea, together with six foreign breeds were examined. Genetic diversity within the cattle breeds was analyzed with minor allele frequency (MAF), observed and expected heterozygosity (HO and HE), inbreeding coefficient (FIS) and past effective population size. Molecular variance and population structure between the nine breeds were analyzed using a model-based clustering method. Genetic distances between breeds were evaluated with Nei's genetic distance and Weir and Cockerham's FST. Results: Our results revealed that Jeju Black cattle had lowest level of heterozygosity (HE = 0.21) among the studied taurine breeds, and an average MAF of 0.16. The level of inbreeding was -0.076 for Jeju Black, while -0.018 to -0.118 for the other breeds. Principle component analysis and neighbor-joining tree showed a clear separation of Jeju Black cattle from other local (Hanwoo and Japanese cattle) and taurine/indicine cattle breeds in evolutionary process, and a distinct pattern of admixture of Jeju Black cattle having no clustering with other studied populations. The FST value between Jeju Black cattle and Hanwoo was 0.106, which was lowest across the pair of breeds ranging from 0.161 to 0.274, indicating some degree of genetic closeness of Jeju Black cattle with Hanwoo. The past effective population size of Jeju Black cattle was very small, i.e. 38 in 13 generation ago, whereas 209 for Hanwoo. Conclusion: This study indicates genetic uniqueness of Jeju Black cattle. However, a small effective population size of Jeju Black cattle indicates the requirement for an implementation of a sustainable breeding policy to increase the population for genetic improvement and future conservation.

16~18세기 우역 치료방과 방역 시스템의 발전

김동진 ( Kim Dong-jin ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 의학사연구소 2016 연세의사학 Vol.19 No.2

Since the first occurrence of cattle-plague(rinderpest) in the mid 16th century, cattle-plague prescriptions of Gwanchan and Sachan were printed to develop the protection system to cope with a periodic prevalence of cattle-plague. Especially, in 1636, as variations of cattle-plague broke out, cattle-plague medication increased its prescriptions and rearranged them focused on experienced prescriptions with approved effect. Also, along with the prevalence of cattle-plague, Joseon started to understand concepts of epidemics protection and to gradually establish them as a system. Joseon that had a centralized power of medicine and administration system corresponded systemically to the outbreak and prevalence of cattle-plague, to proceed to develop a system in the 18th century that was identical to that of the 20th century protection system. Nation`s immediate personal measures and all other measures such as isolation of infected cattle, immunosuppressive serum injections, flesh disposal (burial, incineration and disinfection), suspension of movement and transaction were adopted as a cattle-plague protection system in Joseon in the early 20th century. Changed measures from those of the cattle-plague prescriptions and protection system established between the 16th and the 18th century are confined to immune serum injection instead of cattle-plague prescriptions based on traditional Korean medicine and additional incineration and disinfection for which there used to be a simple burial. Contrary to what modern veterinary medicine scholars in the 20th century have asserted, it can be said that the cattle-plague protection system established by modern veterinary medicine that was originated from the western civilization has deeply had exchanges with Korean traditional veterinary medicine and managed to succeed to the pulse of its development.

소의 질병감염이 생산성에 미치는 영향

이성재,이후식,노수일,김길수,이주묵 한국동물위생학회 1994 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.17 No.3

Present investigations were undertaken in order to clarify the clinical status of Korean native cattle and dairy cattle(holstein). Blood, Feces and urine samples were collected from 247 Korean native cattle(222 adult and 25 calf), 224 dairy cattle(211 adult and 13 calf) at Chonbuk area and analyzed for clinical, serum chemical, hematological and urinary findings. In addition, we were examined the infection rate of Theileriosis, internal patasite and ring worm. The mean value for each component was calculated by statistical analysis using Excel computer program. From these investigations the following results were obtained. The mean values for RBC, PCV and etc in 433 adult cow(Korean native cattle and dairy cattle) were similar with other reports. But the mean values for MCHC of all species were lower than normal. Adult Korean native cattle and adult dairy cattle which showed hematologically normal levels were only 9.01% and 9.48%, respectively. Ahnormally high values for PCV, RBC and Hb were recorded in 7.66% of adult Korean native cattle, 20% of Korean native calf, 15.38% of dairy calf. Adult Korean native cattle and adult dairy cattle which showed hematologically anemia were 4.95% and 19.43% respectively, but all in Korean native calf and dairy calf showed normal values. Adult Korean native cattle, adult dairy cattle, Korean native calf and dairy calf which showed normal serum protein level were 84.0%, 90.8%, 50% and 44.4%, respectively. In present investigations, 50% of Korean native calf and 55.6% of dairy calf were decreased serum protein values under normal range. These abnormally decreased serum protein values mean the shortage of antibody, and these have a possibility to occrus to pneumonia and diarrhea. From these results, the economical loss caused by pneumonia was calculated as 124, 038, 833 won in the KNC and 742, 703, 430 won in the dairy calf rearing in Chonbuk area. Calculated economical loss caused by enteritis was 56, 658, 690 won in Korean native cattle. 476, 775, 799 won in dairy calf and the total loss amount to 533, 434, 488 won in Chonbuk area. Abnormally high values($21.7{\pm}4.0mg/dl) for serum calcium were recorded 49.6% in dairy cattle. The mean values of serum total cholesterol were $170.8{\pm}99.8mg/dl in Korean native cattle, $196.0{\pm}40.6mg/dl$ in Korean native calf, $202.9{\pm}86.0mg/dl$ in adult dairy cattle and $289.4{\pm}97.5mg/dl$ in dairy calf. The infection rate of internal parasite were as follows; adult Korean native cattle:21.2%, Korean native calf:80%, adult dairy cattle:67.8%. The estimated economical loss caused by internal parasites infection were 1, 120, 855, 837 won in Korean native calf, 4, 994, 959, 405 won in adult Korean native cattle, 3, 334, 751, 066 won in adult holstein, and the total loss amount to 9, 450, 566, 308 won. The infection rate of theileriosis were 1.4% in Korean native cattle and 6.6% in dairy cattle. The presumed Economical loss by T. sergenti infection were 154, 408, 482 won in Korean native cattle and 171, 577, 237 won in dairy cattle rearing at Chonbuk area. The infection rat of ringworm were 0.5% in Korean native cattle, 0.9% in adult dairy cattle and 7.7% in dairy calf. The presumed economical loss by dermatomycophyte were 12, 061, 532 won in Korean native cattle, 16, 895, 403 won in dairy cattle, and the total estimated loss amount to 28, 955, 935 won a year in Chonbuk area. The infection rate of ringworm were 0. 5% in Korean native cattle, 0.9% in adult dairy cattle and 7.7% in dairy calf. The presumed economical loss by dermatomycophyte were 12, 061, 532 won in Korean native cattle, 16, 895, 403 won in dairy cattle, and the total estimated loss amount to 28, 955, 935 won a year in Chonbuk area.

한우와 돼지에서 간의 약물 대사효소의 활성 비교

이관복,윤효인,박승춘,김민규,이내경,조준형,이동우,Lee, Gwan-bok,Yun, Hyo-in,Park, Seung-chun,Kim, Min-kyu,Lee, Rae-kyung,Cho, Joon-hyung,Lee, Dong-woo 대한수의학회 1998 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.38 No.1

Drug-metabolizing activities of Korean native cattle and swine were investigated from viewpoints of the cytochrome P-450's level, their dependent mixed function oxidase activities, the reactive oxygen species formation and cytosolic enzyme acitivities from each liver homogenates. Level of cytochrome P-450 in the liver microsome of Korean native cattle was $0.28{\pm}0.05nmole/mg$ and that in pigs $0.35{\pm}0.03nmole/mg$. Level of cytochrome $b_5$ of Korean native cattle was $0.24{\pm}0.06nmole/mg$, and that of pigs $0.2{\pm}0.05nmole/mg$, showing no difference between two species. NADPH P-450 reductase were higher in Korean native cattle ($58.3{\pm}5.3nmole/mg/min$) than in pigs ($29.9{\pm}3.8nmole/mg/min$)(p<0.01). The activities of cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenases such as ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (cattle, $96.5{\pm}12.5nmole/mg/min$ ; pigs, $13.6{\pm}2.1nmole/mg/min$), N-benzphetamine N-demethylase (cattle, $5.23{\pm}0.82nmole/mg/min$ ; pigs, $0.76{\pm}0.3nmole/mg/min$) and aniline hydroxylase (cattle, $0.95{\pm}0.1nmole/mg/min$ ; pigs, $0.33{\pm}0.08nmole/mg/min$) were much higher in Korean native cattle than in swine(p<0.01). However, the activity of testosterone $7{\alpha}$-hydroxylase was higher in swine ($90.4{\pm}1.2nmole/mg/min$) than cattle (cattle, $32.8{\pm}1.2nmole/mg/min$). Interestingly, testosterone $16{\alpha}$-hydroxylase, a marker enzyme for P-450 IIA was not detected in both animal species. These results suggest that Korean native cattle and pigs have high contents of P-450 IA1 and P-450 IIIA. Total sulfhydryl compound (cattle, $10.3{\pm}1.1nmole/mg$ ; Pigs, $14.5{\pm}1.8nmole/mg$) and glutathione related enzymes except glutathione reductase (cattle, $38.1{\pm}7.9nmole/mg/min$; swine, $22{\pm}3.6nmole/mg/min$) showed higher levels in swine than in Korean native cattle. Superoxide dismutase (cattle, $7.64{\pm}0.84nmole/mg/min$ ; pigs, $4.47{\pm}0.94nmole/mg/min$) and catalase (cattle, $30.4{\pm}3.7nmole/mg/min$ ; pigs, $17.2{\pm}1.8nmole/mg/min$) were remarkably higher in Korean native cattle than in swine (p<0.05).