음식쓰레기 퇴비화시 bulking agent 의 적정 첨가량 결정메 관한 연구

신항식(Hang-Sik Shin),황응주(Eung-Ju Hwang),정연구(Yeon-Koo Jeong) 유기성자원학회 1994 유기물자원화 Vol.2 No.1

우리나라에서 발생되는 음식쓰레기는 퇴비화 처리시 높은 수분함량과 낮은 C/N비를 적정 수준으로 조절하기 위해 bulking agent를 첨가함이 필수적이며 그의 정확한 첨가량을 계산하는 것은 퇴비화에 소요되는비용을 결정하는데 중요한 요소로 작용하게 된다 (Hay et a1., 1988). 그러나 bulkíng agent의 첨가량을 계산하기 위한 기준지표 중의 하나인 C/N비의 경우 혼합되는 bulking agent 의 분해정도가 고려되지 않은 총 탄소와 질소의 비에 기준하여 적정 첨가비율이 정해지고 있기 때문에 실제 요구되는 탄소와 질소의 양을 초과 또는 미달하는 경우가 발생될 수 있으며, 이는 곧 bulking agent의 과다첨가 또는 반응속도 저하로 인한 처리비용의 상승과 직결될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 음식쓰레기의 퇴비화를 위한 bulking agent의 정확한 첨가량을 정량적으로 제시하기 위하여 bulking agent의 첨가로 인한 반응향상 여부와 그 원인을 분석하여 이를 바탕으로 적정 첨가량 결정법을 제안하였다. 그 결과 실질적으로 분해가능한 탄소원을 포함하고 있는 쌀밥의 첨가는 C/N비가 낮은 음식쓰레기의 퇴비화반응을 향상시킬 수 있으나, 분해가 쉽지 않은 톱밥을 bulking agent로 첨가할 경우는 음식쓰레기에 탄소원을 제공함으로써 반응을 향상시킨다기 보다는 음식쓰레기의 통기성을 개선하여 줌으로써 활발한 퇴비화 반응을 유도한다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서, bulking agen t는 그 첨가량을 많이 할수록 퇴비화반응에 유리하며, 일반적인 적정 C/N 비값 이상의 첨가율에서도 반응 향상이 가능한 것으로 예상된다. 또한 bulking agent 첨가량의 증가로 인한 통기성의 향상효과는 해당 조건하에서의 적정 수분함량값 증가요소로 작용하는 것으로 나타나 이를 종합적으로 고려한 bulking agent첨가량 결정이 필요함을 알 수 있었 다. 이상과 같은 실험적 분석의 결과를 종합할 때, 음식쓰레기 100g당 78g 의 톱밥을 첨가하여 C/N비를 25수분함량을 56%로 각각 조절하는 것이 본 연구에서 다루어진 음식쓰레기의 활발한 퇴비화를 위해서는 적절하며, 이러한 첨가량의 계산법은 실제 퇴비화시설의 적정 운전을 위해서 적용함이 바람직한 것으로 판단되었다. Garbage composting was studied in a controlled batch reactor with the addition of cooked rice as a biodegradable carbon source to find the effect of C/N ratio control on composting. And composting of bulking agents such as sawdust and wheat straw were tested with the addition of ammonium sulfate as a nitrogen source. As expected, biodegradation of the garbage having low C/N ratio was improved to some extent when foreign carbon was added. But bulking agents used in this study exerted slightly biodegradable carbon potential, indicating that the estimation of the dose of additional carbon considering desirable C/N ratio was not reasonable when lignocellulosic bulking material was added to garbage. It was found that the optimum moisture content increased with sawdust addition meaning the C/N ratio increment. Considering the above results, it was suggested that 78g sawdust per lOOg garbage should be mixed to make C/N ratio to 25 and moisture content to 56% for effective composting of the garbage studied in this paper.

대두조직단백질 및 호화 쌀 분말을 이용한 어육 및 축육 가공품용 증량제의 개발

조학래 동의공업대학 2001 論文集 Vol.27 No.1

Application of the powders of pre-gelatinated rice and textured soybean protein with the bulking agent using for fish and meat processing foods was attempted and the following results were acquired. The powders of glutinous rice, non-glutinous rice and textured soybean protein were added to increase the quantity of fish paste. The elastic gel strength of the fish paste was decreased with increasing of the amounts of added powders. But adding to the product with the glutinous rice 2.0%, the non-glutinous rice 3.0%, the textured soybean protein 3.0% were revealed that these concentration were not appreciably decreased the elastic gel strength of the fish paste. The fish paste containing the glutinous rice or the non-glutinous rice retained relatively high elasticity after freezed and thawed treatment, but the elasticity of the product didn't contain rice powder was decreased greatly by the same treatment. Guar gum was selected as the most suitable mucopolysaccharide as the binding agent adding for the textured soybean protein and pre-gelatinated rice bulking agent. It was decided that the mixing ratio of textured soybean protein 1,000g, non-glutinous rice 400g and guar gum 100g was suitable for the bulking agent using for fish and meat processing foods. The quality of the fish paste containing the bulking agent were revealed good state in taste, elastic gel strength and shelf-life.

퇴비화 첨가제의 공기투과성에 대한 분석

김병태 유기성자원학회 2012 유기물자원화 Vol.20 No.3

국내에서 퇴비화 첨가제로 주로 사용되는 재료로는 톱밥과 목편(woodchip)으로서, 이들 첨가제는 주로 적정 수분함량 및 C/N비의 조절에 주안점을 주고 사용되고 있다. 하지만 톱밥과 목편(woodchip)은 서로 상이한 물리적 특성을 나타내고 있으며, 첨가제의 공기투과성에 대한 연구는 활발히 이루어지지 못하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 퇴비화 첨가제로 주로 사용되고 있는 톱밥과 목편(woodchip)의 혼합비율에 따라 용적밀도, 수분함량, 공기공극, 입자크기, 공기유속 등이 공기투과성에 미치는 영향을 파악하였다. 모든 첨가제에서 수분함량이 증가함에 따라 공기공극율은 감소하고 입자크기는 증가하였으며, 특히 목편의 혼합비율이 높아짐에 따라 이러한 효과는 더욱 증대되는 경향을 나타내었다. 공기공극율과 수분함량은 선형의 관계로서 공기투과성에 미치는 영향은 매우 유사하게 나타났다. 건조수분함량 0.25∼0.43(d.b.)(습윤수분함량으로는 20∼30%) 이후의 구간에서는 공기공극율이 낮아짐에도 불구하고 압력손실이 감소함으로써 공기투과성이 개선되는 현상을 보이고 있다. 특히 입자크기가 5 mm로 커질 때까지 압력손실은 지수적으로 감소하여 공기투과성이 현저히 개선되고 있다. 이는 수분함량 증가에 따라 미세입자가 입단화됨으로써 대공극이 증가하고 이에 따라 공기이동성이 원활해 졌기 때문으로 여겨진다. 따라서 첨가제의 입자크기가 공기공극율이나 수분함량에 비하여 공기투과성에 미치는 영향이 매우 높았으며, 퇴비화시에는 초기 입자크기를 5 mm 이상으로 조절하는 것이 적합하다. Common bulking agents in composting system include woody materials such as sawdust and woodchips. These bulking agents are mainly used for the purpose of the proper control of C/N ratio and moisture content in the composting. The topic for the effect on air permeability of bulking agents has far received relatively little attention in the composting field. This study investigated the effect of bulk density, moisture content, air-filled porosity, particle size and air flow rate on air permeability of several mixture ratios of sawdust and woodchip bulking agent. Increasing the moisture contents, the air-filled porosity was decreased and the particle size was increased for all kinds of bulking agent mixtures. Especially, with the increasing of mixing ratio of woodchip, these effects were sharply magnified. The air permeability respond to air-filled porosity was very similar to that for moisture content which was anticipated the linear relationship between air-filled porosity and moisture content. Above the region of moisture content 0.25 or 0.43(d.b.)(20 or 30% w.b.), the pressure drop decreased even though air-filled pore spaces were filling with water. Especially, to the particle size of 5 mm the pressure drop was decreased exponentially, so the air permeability was dramatically improved. By the water had the role of binding of the small particles, the macropores less resistances to air flow were created in the matrix. The effect of particle size on air permeability was much stronger than that of air-filled porosity or moisture content. And it is needed the preparing of initial particle size above 5 mm for efficient composting.

石炭灰(Coal fly ash)의 義腦義尿盛理 型懶林 代馨利用에 關한 硏究

정희식(Hee-Sik Chung),서정윤(Jeoung-Yoon Seo) 유기성자원학회 1999 유기물자원화 Vol.7 No.1

본 연구는 축산분뇨 퇴비화시 부자재인 톱밥을 석탄회로 대체하기 위하여 수행하였다. 축산분뇨와 톱밥의 흔합비율을 부피비 1:1로 고정하고 이때 톱밥을 어느 정도 석탄회로 대체 가능한지를 조사하였다. 각 혼합비율에 대해 조사된 톱밥과 석탄회의 혼합비율은 부피비로 40:10.35:15.30:20.25:25.20:30. 15:35. 10:40이었다. 축사에서 스크레퍼 방식과 슬러리 방식에 의하여 배출되는 축산분뇨,톱밥과 석탄회를 앞에서와 같은 혼합비율로 섞은 부자재를 부피비 1:1로 흔합하여 퇴비화하면서 온도, 수분.pH. 유기물,질소 및 유기물/질소비 등을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 온도의 변화는 슬러리 방식보다 스크레파 방식에서 톱밥비율이 높을수록 빨리 최고온도(63.5.C) 에 도달하였다. 수분 함량의 변화는 스크레파 방식 및 슬러리 방식 공히 톱밥과 석탄회를 부피비로 동일비율 (1: 1) 혼합하였을 때 42 %와 54 % 범위의 수분함량으로 발효에 비교적 좋은 조건을 유지하였다.pH는 분뇨,룹밥,석탄회 비율 50:25:25 투입시 전체적으로 pH 7-10으로 약알카리성 내지 알카리성이었다. 유기물함량은 톱밥 혼입량이 석탄회보다 많을수록 증가되나 퇴비화가 진행됨에 따라 별다른 변화는 보이지 않았다. 질소함량은 톱밥 혼입량 증가에 따라 늘어났으나, 발효과정 진행에 따라서는 일정한 경향을 나타내지 않았다. 유기물/질소 비는 톱밥 흔입량이 증가할수록 증가하였지만,발효과정 중 큰 변화는 볼 수 없었다. This study was carried out to investigate how much coal f1y ash could be substituted for sawdust as a bulking agent for livestock waste composting, The mixtures of coal f1y ash and sawdust in the weight ratio of 8 to 2. 7 to 3. 6 to 4. 5 to 5. 4 to 6. 3 to 7 and 2 to 8 were added to livestock waste as the bulking agent. The same amount of the bulking agents and livestock waste was mixed and composted during 21 days. Following effects were ana1yzed during composting experiment the variation of temperature. pH 하ld various compound contents. The results were summarized as follows: The more the sawdust was added. the higher the maximum temperature in slurry type livestock farm but faster it reached in scrapper type. Water content was maintained under good condition by adding the bulking agent mixed of the same amount of coal fly ash and sawdust. pH was in the range of 7-10 by adding the bulking agent mixed of the same amount of coal fly ash and sawdust. The more the sawdust was added. the higher organic matter content was measured. Nitrogen content with increasing the amount of sawdust added but it was higher did not showed any tendency Organic matter!Nitrogen ratio reduced during the composting period in scrapper type but it showed contrary tendency in slurry type with that of scrapper type.

목편을 이용한 돈분 퇴비화에 관한 연구

김형호,박치호,김태일,정광화,최희철,이덕수,한정대 한국축산시설환경학회 1997 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.3 No.1

This study was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of composting of swine manure with wood chips as a bulking agent. To evaluate the optimum blending ratio of wood chip to swine manure three levels of wood chip such as 100, 150, and 200% were blended on a volume basis with 100% of swine manure was used to determine the effect of wood chip compared with sawdust as a bulking agent on composting. The maximum temperature reached during composting was 70, 58, 48, 72$^{\circ}C$ at blending ratio of 100, 150, 200, and 50WC+50SD%, respectively. The bulk density of compost was increased extremely with increasing the blending level of wood chip. The C/N ratio of final compost ranged from 18.25 to 19.82 . Heavy metal contents in the final compost were in the range of 0.05∼0.16 mg/kg, 5,86∼10.95 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, and 295∼440 mg/kg for Cd, Hg, and Cu, respectively. It was concluded that the blending ratio of 200:100 of wood chip and manure by volume was satisfactory for swine manure composting.

규산질다공체를 이용한 돈분 퇴비화에 관한 연구

전병수,곽정훈,박치호,평봉삼,김태일,유용희,김형호,한정대,최롱 한국축산시설환경학회 1998 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.4 No.1

Sawdust is commonly used as a bulking agent for livestock manure composting. Nowadays, demand of sawdust for composting is increasing, so its price is very high and not easy to obtain. In this study in order to examine the effect of autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC, one of the industrial wastes) on composting of swine manure, ALC (each size of 2, 4, an 8mm) was used as a bulking agent. Swine manure was mixed with each of sawdust and 8mm of ALC in a 1:1 ratio by volume and 2, 4mm of ALC was mixed in a 2:1 ratio by volume. The total period lasted 50 days and was divided into two periods. After mixing bulking agent with swine manure, they were left undisturbed to compost with aeration for an initial period of 20 days. At the end of this period, they were decomposed and mixed to effect a homogenization and then a second period of composting (without aeration) was conducted for 30 days. Temperature during the initial period of swine manure composting were above 70$^{\circ}C$ in all piles and maintained above 55$^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. Temperatures during the second period were relatively lower than the initial period. pH of the compost was increased during the initial period and after 50 days it reached 9.08 in sawdust pile and 9.03 in ALC pile ( 2mm). In nitrogen content of final compost, sawdust pile was higher than ALC piles by 21∼29%.

지렁이를 이용한 음식물쓰레기 처리시 분변토 재활용 방안 연구

김종오(Jong-Oh Kim),이창호(Chang-Ho Lee),홍석일(Seak-ll Hong),김영권(Yong-Kywon Kim),김종인(Jeong-In Kim) 유기성자원학회 2000 유기물자원화 Vol.8 No.2

지렁 이를 이 용하여 음식물쓰레기를 처리할 때 음식물쓰레기 전처리 공정 에 서 분변토의 Bulking Agent로 활용가능성과 분변토에 토착 기생하는 미생물을 조사하여 지렁이를 이용한 음식물쓰레 기 처리의 기초자료로 활용하고자 본 실험을 수행 하였다. 실험에 사용된 음식물쓰레기는 낮은 pH(4.52)와 높은 수분(87.3%) 및 유기 물함량(86 . 2)으로 직접 지렁이 먹이로 활용이 불가능 하였으나 분변토와 혼합하였을때 지렁이의 먹이 조건과 생육환경에 적합한 pH 5.92, 수분 58.6% 유기물함량 60.6%를 나타내어 음식물쓰레기의 Bulking Agent로 분변토의 활용 가능성을 나타내었다. 분변토의 미생물학적 조시에서 균종별 밀도는 세균의 밀도가 가장 높았으며, 세균의 밀도는 고온성보다 중온성이, 혐기성보다 호기성일때 별도가 높았다. 또한 염분농도에 따른 세균의 밀도는 염분의 농도가 낮을수록 밀도가 높게 나타났다. 분변토를 수분조절제로 활용하기 위해 건조시킬때 건조방법(자연건조,강제건조)에 따라 미생물의 영향은 없는 것으로 나타났으며,효소의 활성도는 분변토의 건조전이 건조후 보다 높게 나타났다. This srudy was performed to investigate whether the earthworm cast could be reused as bulking agent in the whole procζssing of the food wasres using the earthworm, In addirion, the growrh condirions of microorganism lived upon earthworm casrs was invesrigared, Because the raw food wasres used in rhis experiment had low pH, and high moisrure and organic matter contents, ir was unsuirable to use as direct feeds to earthworm, Howevεr, when the food wastes were mixed with somε earthworm cast, the mixtures were suitable to the feed condirion and rhe growrh environment of the earthworm. Therefo rε, it shows the possibility that the earthworm cast be reused as bulking agent for food wasres. In the microbiological investigarion on earthworm cast, the bacreria showed most high density among the microbial species. And the microbial density showed higher under the mid-remperarure than under high-temperature, and higher under the anaerobic than the aerobic condition. The drying methods of earthworm cast for the moisture adjusting, has no effecr on microorganism growth wherther natural or artifìcial dlying. And the aαivity of enzyme presented more highly before the dlying than after the drying.

Dispersion control of Ag nanoparticles in bulk-heterojunction for efficient organic photovoltaic devices

Woo, Y.J.,Park, K.H.,Park, O.O.,Wang, D.H. Elsevier Science 2015 ORGANIC ELECTRONICS Vol.16 No.-

This research focuses on the effect of different capping agents on Ag nanoparticles (NPs), for the improved efficiency of organic photovoltaic cells. Ag NPs were produced by solution chemistry of the polyol process, and then successfully capped with oleylamine (OA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), or thiol terminated polystyrene (PS-SH), as proven by FT-IR spectra. These Ag NPs with different capping agents were finally embedded in the photoactive layer of poly(3-hexylthiophene):6,6-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) bulk heterojunction solar cells. Because of the presence of a suitable capping agent that prevents aggregation, the dispersity of the Ag NPs in organic solvent was significantly improved, in the sequence of OA, PVP, and PS-SH. The photovoltaic cells exhibit increased performance from 3.11% to 3.49%, at an optimized blend ratio of Ag NPs (2.5wt%) capped with PS-SH. This enhancement is mainly attributed to the improved short circuit current (increased from 8.49mA/cm<SUP>2</SUP> to 9.29mA/cm<SUP>2</SUP>) and extinction with effective light scattering, caused by improved dispersion of the Ag NPs in BHJ films, through reducing unwanted particle aggregation.

양이온성 지방산아민 벌키화제를 이용한 저밀도 종이 제조 (4)

남윤석(Yun-Seok Nam),최경화(Kyoung-Hwa Choi),김해란(Hai-Lan Jin),조준형(Jun-Hyung Cho) 한국펄프·종이공학회 2017 펄프.종이기술 Vol.49 No.3

The effects of a strength agent on the properties of handsheets have been investigated during the manufacturing of low density paper (high bulk paper) with cationic fatty acid bulky promotor. Paper strength was improved by the addition of strength agents while properties of handsheets including bulk, opacity, and light scattering coefficient were decreased, in the order of cationic starch, high molecular cationic polyacrylamide, and low molecular polyacrylamide. Namely, the change in mechanical and optical properties of paper by the addition of cationic starch was greater than that of cationic polyacrylamide. Moreover, high molecular cationic polyacrylamide made more effect on the change of paper properties than low molecular cationic polyacrylamide. However it was found that the concentration of strength agents showed almost no relation to the change of paper properties by the addition of strength agent.

감귤박의 고액분리 특성 연구

김소현,신명석,김정은,권순화,성용주 한국펄프·종이공학회 2023 펄프.종이기술 Vol.55 No.5

The high water content of citrus pomace and the high contents of fine particles and soluble materials result in the limited usability of the citrus pomace such as the low-value feed for cow. In order to use citrus pomace as a valuable organic material for various industrial applications, the proper liquid-solid separation process is necessarily required. In this study, the efficient solid-liquid separation methods to solve this problem were investigated. The compression press device and the centrifugal device showed lower separation efficiency than that of the screw press device. The low separation yield of the screw press device was increased by the addition of biomass particles as bulking agents. Fibrous biomass bulking agents made with BKP, ONP, and OCC resulted in the higher efficiency of the solid-liquid separation and lower concentration of the liquid extract. Some flocculants were applied to increase the separation efficiency of the fine solid particles from the liquid extract. The addition of cationic PAM resulted in the coagulation of fine particles and the effective removal of fines in the liquid extract.