2MW급 직접구동형 풍력발전기의 풍황 민감도 및 토크모드 스위칭 성능 해석

노주현(Joo-Hyun Rho) 대한전기학회 2014 전기학회논문지 Vol.63 No.10

Wind turbine generators were designed on general regulations of wind condition. At real situations, it could be different from the design conditions. There are many control methods and definitions of transient region, because an efficient wind turbine generator control logic is the important matter in generator performance and annual energy production at real conditions. In this document, the power generation sensitivity for wind speed and turbulence intensities was defined to know the sensitive transient region. Wind conditions are applied for the ranges of 7~10m/s mean wind speed and 14~20% turbulence intensity. The sensibility of HR-D86 wind generator was increased in transient region(8~10m/s) on power curve diagram through a torque control to a pitch control. And then GH-bladed simulations was performed for performance analysis of the torque mode switching in transient region on 2MW direct drive wind generator(HR-D86) which is designed IEC class II for onshore. Through the sensitivity and performance analysis, the sensitivity for real wind condition could be the performance index for an wind generator. And the torque mode switching in transient region can increase the mean power generation on HR-D86 wind turbine generator.

블레이드리스 풍력발전시스템용 원통형 리니어 발전기 개발에 관한 연구

정성인 대한전기학회 2024 전기학회논문지 Vol.73 No.7

This study focuses on the modeling and analysis of the cylindrical linear generator for a bladeless wind power generation to overcome the limitations and drawbacks of conventional wind turbines. A bladeless wind power generation system has the advantages of low land requirement for installation and maintenance cost compared to a blade wind power turbine. As a results, it is practicable to microgrid by installation on the roof of apartments and buildings, which can maximize unused efficiency. However, a comprehensive study of generator for bladeless wind power generation is still missing in terms of design process such as design and evaluation method. The goal of the research is to analyze the characteristics of cylindrical linear generator oscillating with back-iron and PM for bladeless wind power systems. The proposed generator will be analyzed using magnetic energy by two-dimensional equivalent magnetic circuit network method, and then it has been proved by finite element method and evaluated by manufacture and experiment. Finally, the results of this project will give elaborate information about new generator structures for wind power system and provide insights into the characteristics of bladeless wind power generation.

고출력 수직 듀얼 소형 풍력 발전기의 개발

박아현(Ah Hyun Park),백승재(Seungjae Baek),강용수(Yong Soo Kang),강현(Hyoun Kang) 한국산학기술학회 2022 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.23 No.10

본 논문에서는 해양 부이, 선박 조명 등 다양한 기기의 전력 공급을 위한 고출력 코어리스형 수직 듀얼 소형풍력 발전기를 개발한다. 소형 풍력 발전기는 저렴한 설치 비용 및 유지보수 용이성, 저소음과 같은 다양한 장점이 있지만, 기존의 소형 풍력 발전기는 유효출력 제공을 위해 강한 바람이 필요하다. 따라서, 본 논문에서 제안한 코어리스형 수직 축 구조를 채택함으로써 상대적으로 약한 바람에서도 높은 풍력 발전 효율을 얻을 수 있다. 또한, 풍향의 영향을 덜 받도록 수직 이중 축 구조를 설계하고 서로 다른 방향으로 회전하는 상하 분리된 팬 구조를 개발하여 기존 소형 풍력 발전기 대비 풍력 발전 효율 향상이 가능하다. 코어리스형 수직 듀얼 소형 풍력 발전기는 3D 프린팅, CNC 가공 및 회로 접속 과정을 통해 제작되었으며 성능 평가 결과, 기존 수직축 소형 풍력 발전기 대비 풍속 1 m/s에서 5 m/s 범위의 일반 도심 풍속에서 최대 150 %의 풍력 발전 효율이 향상됨을 확인하였다. In this study, we developed dual high-power coreless vertical small wind generators that can be used for power supply of various devices. Small wind-power generators have various advantages such as relatively low installation costs, easy maintenance, and low noise, but other small wind-power generators require strong winds to obtain effective power. However, by adopting a coreless vertical structure, high wind power generation efficiency can be provided with relatively weak winds. In addition, it is possible to improve the efficiency of wind-power generation compared to other small wind-power generators by designing a vertical dual-axis structure to be less affected by wind direction, as well as upper and lower separated fan structures that rotate in reverse directions. The proposed generator was manufactured using 3D printing, a computer numerical control (CNC) process, and circuit connection. As a result of a performance evaluation, the wind power generation efficiency was improved by up to 150% compared to an existing vertical generator at a general urban wind-speed range of 1 to 5 m/s.

다층형 블레이드를 적용한 소형 풍력발전기의 출력특성

이민구(Min-Gu Lee),박왈서(Wal-Seo Park) 한국산학기술학회 2017 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.18 No.11

최근 화석연료의 사용으로 인한 연료고갈 및 환경문제가 대두되고 있으며 이를 해결하기 위한 대체에너지 개발이 시급한 실정이다. 풍력에너지는 대체에너지 중 지속적으로 무제한 사용할 수 있고 공해물질 배출이 없는 청정에너지로 각광받고 있다. 풍력발전은 바람에너지가 로터 블레이드를 통해서 운동에너지로 변환되고 다시 발전기를 통해서 전기에너지를 발생시키는 에너지 변환기술이며, 풍력발전기의 중요부품인 블레이드의 설계 및 제작은 매우 중요한 요소이지만, 우리나라는 이에 대한 기초자료 및 핵심기술 등이 부족하여 아직도 중요부품들을 외국에서 수입하여 사용하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 저 풍속에서도 발전 가능한 다층형 구조의 블레이드를 소형풍력발전기에 적용하여 풍속 및 블레이드 개수에 따른 발전기의 출력특성을 분석하였다. 연구결과, 최대풍속 8m/s일 때 블레이드 3개를 적용하면 블레이드를 1개 및 2개를 적용했을 때보다 발전기 출력전압은 33% 및 18%로 증가되었고, 발전기 출력전류는 33% 및 15%로 증가되었으며 발전기 RPM은 23% 및 13%로 증가되었다. 본 연구에서 다층형 구조의 블레이드를 소형풍력발전기에 적용한 결과 발전기의 출력특성이 향상되었고 저 풍속에서도 전기에너지의 수집이 가능함을 확인하였다. Fuel depletion and environmental problems due to the use of fossil fuels have been worsening of late, and the development of alternative energy sources is urgently required to address these problems. Among the alternative energy sources, wind energy is attracting much attention as a clean energy source, because it can be used unlimitedly without any pollutant emissions. In wind power generation, wind energy is converted to kinetic energy through rotor blades and this kinetic energy is converted to electric energy through generators. The design and manufacturing of the blades, which are the major parts of wind power generators, are very important, but South Korea still lacks the requisite basic data and key technologies and, therefore, has to import the blades from overseas. In this study, multi-layered blades capable of generating power at low wind speeds were applied to a small wind power generator and the output characteristics of the generator according to the wind speed and the number of blades were analyzed. As a result, at the maximum wind speed of 8m/s, the application of three blades achieved up to 33% and 18% higher generator output voltage, up to 33% and 15% higher generator output current, and up to 23% and 13% higher generator RPM than the application of one or two blades, respectively. In this study, the application of multi-layered blades to a small wind power generator was shown to improve the output characteristics of the generator and make the collection of electric energy possible even at low wind speeds.

Optimizing the Electricity Price Revenue of Wind Power Generation Captures in the South Korean Electricity Market

Eamon Byrne(에먼 번),Kim Hyun-Goo(김현구),Kang Yong-Heack(강용혁),Yun Chang-Yeol(윤창열) 한국태양에너지학회 2016 한국태양에너지학회 논문집 Vol.36 No.1

How effectively a wind farm captures high market prices can greatly influence a wind farm’s viability. This research identifies and creates an understanding of the effects that result in various capture prices (average revenue earned per unit of generation) that can be seen among different wind farms, in the current and future competitive SMP (System Marginal Price) market in South Korea. Through the use of a neural network to simulate changes in SMP caused by increased renewables, based on the Korea Institute of Energy Research’s extensive wind resource database for South Korea, the variances in current and future capture prices are modelled and analyzed for both onshore and offshore wind power generation. Simulation results shows a spread in capture price of 5.5% for the year 2035 that depends on both a locations wind characteristics and the generations’ correlation with other wind power generation. Wind characteristics include the generations’ correlation with SMP price, diurnal profile shape, and capacity factor. The wind revenue cannibalization effect reduces the capture price obtained by wind power generation that is located close to a substantial amount of other wind power generation. In onshore locations wind characteristics can differ significantly/ Hence it is recommended that possible wind development sites have suitable diurnal profiles that effectively capture high SMP prices. Also, as increasing wind power capacity becomes installed in South Korea, it is recommended that wind power generation be located in regions far from the expected wind power generation ‘hotspots’ in the future. Hence, a suitable site along the east mountain ridges of South Korea is predicted to be extremely effective in attaining high SMP capture prices. Attention to these factors will increase the revenues obtained by wind power generation in a competitive electricity market.

환경-주민수용성을 고려한 재생에너지 보급 활성화 방안 연구

이상범,이영재,이병권 한국환경정책평가연구원 2019 기후환경정책연구 Vol.2019 No.-

본 연구는 태양광발전, 풍력발전 등 재생에너지 시설의 보급 활성화를 위해 주거환경영향범위를 토대로 주민보상·지원 및 이익공유 방안을 제안하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 정부 정책은 재생에너지의 확대·보급을 추진하고 있으나 발전사업 허가를 받은 후 실제 설치되어 운영 중인시설은 상당히 낮은 비율에 그치고 있다. 이는 주로 지역주민 반대 등으로 인해 공사 인·허가 절차 또는 착공이 지연되거나 공사가 중지되는 사례가 많기 때문이다. 환경영향평가 주민공람 및 주민의견 수렴에 나타난 지역주민의 반대 사유는 환경 훼손 및 주거환경영향에 대한 우려가 대부분이나 일부 보상 관련 의견도 나타나고 있다. 주거환경영향 중 육상풍력발전으로 인한 소음영향은 명확하게 알려져 있으나 육상태양광발전으로 인한 환경영향은 대부분 허위 사실로 확인되고 있다. 육상풍력발전으로 인한 소음은 1,030m 거리까지 야간소음 기준을 초과하는 것으로 조사되었으며 저주파의 영향범위 역시 1km를 초과하는 것으로 조사되어 풍력발전기로 인한 소음·저주파 영향범위가 1,000m 이상으로 확대될 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 하지만 육상풍력발전으로 인한 소음 등의 주거환경영향이 확인됨에도 불구하고 이와 관련된 보상이나 이익공유 등 지역주민과의 협의는 공식적인 기준이나 가이드라인 없이 개별 사업주체의 책임하에 진행되고 있어 일관성 있는 주민보상이 이루어지지 않고 있다. 이로 인하여 지역별, 풍력발전단지별로 각각 상이한 보상이 이루어짐에 따라 지역주민과 사업주체 간의 갈등과 불만이 크게 증가하고 있다. 독일과 영국 등 국외사례에서는 풍력발전단지 운영에 따른 부동산 가치 하락과 주거환경영향에 대한 보상으로 풍력발전단지 주변지역주민에게 전기요금 감면 등의 혜택을 제공하고 있다. 국내 풍력발전단지 보상 사례와 비교할 때 가장 큰 차이점은 풍력발전단지 운영에 따른 발전수익이 발생하기 이전에 지역주민에 대한 보상을 제공하지 않고, 풍력발전단지가 조성된 이후 발전수익이 발생하는 시점부터 인접지역 주민들과 이익공유을 공유한다는 점이다. 재생에너지 보급 활성화를 위해서는 재생에너지 개발로 인해 직접적인 주거환경영향을 받을 것으로 예상되는 지역주민에 대한 보상 및 이익공유 대책이 마련되어야 하나, 아직까지 국내에는 이와 관련된 법이나 가이드라인이 없어 사업주체와 주민 간 갈등의 요소로 작용하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이전 연구결과와 해외사례 등을 토대로 육상풍력발전으로 인한 소음·저주파와 그림자 깜빡임(shadow flicker)의 영향범위 안에 거주하는 주민에게는 사업주체가 발전수익 발생 이후에 주민과 이익을 공유하는 대책을 제공하고, 일부 일상적인 영향권 내에 거주하는 주민에 대해서는 이주대책을 마련하는 등의 직접보상방안 마련이 필요하다고 제안하였다. 이와 함께 육상풍력발전단지로 인한 간접적인 영향권역에 거주하는 주민에게는 주민참여 시 추가 인센티브를 제공하는 방안 그리고 개별사업자가 아닌 지역주민이 주도하는 육상태양광발전사업의 경우 추가 REC 인센티브를 제공하는 방안을 마련할 필요가 있다고 제안하였다. 특히 육상풍력발전의 간접영향권역이나 육상태양광발전 인접 지역에 거주하는 저소득층의 경우, 지분이나 펀드 투자 등을 통해 주민참여를 할 수 있는 투자 여력이 없어 재생에너지 발전수익을 공유하지 못하는 문제점이 발생하므로, 이를 보완하기 위한 마을발전기금이나 「발전소 주변지역 지원에 관한 법률」을 통해 이익을 공유하는 방안을 마련해야 할 것이다. 결론적으로 재생에너지 보급 활성화를 위한 주민수용성 강화를 위해서는 주무부처의 주도하에 재생에너지 발전시설로 인한 직·간접적인 주거환경영향에 대해 주민보상 및 이익공유를 위한 기준이나 가이드라인을 시급히 마련하고 이를 강력하게 집행할 필요가 있을 것이다. 특히 ‘재생에너지 주민보상·이익공유 가이드라인’을 마련함으로써 재생에너지 개발로 인한 주거환경영향이 객관적으로 입증되지 않는 지역의 주민이 과도한 보상을 요구하는 문제를 사전에 예방하고, 직·간접적으로 영향을 받는 주민이 재생에너지 발전수익에서 배제되지 않도록 제도적 개선이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 1. Background and Aims of Research ㅇ The purpose of this study is to propose a system of compensating and supporting local residents to promote the distribution of renewable energy facilities including solar and wind power generation, in part through a profit-sharing mechanism, based on the scale of residential environmental impact. ㅇ The government's policy is to expand the proportion of renewable energy, but only a small percentage of facilities have actually been installed and are currently in operation after permits for power generation projects were issued. This is mainly due to delays in construction permits, construction procedures, or delays due to opposition from local residents. 2. Cases of Local Residents’ Participation and Conflict in Renewable Energy Development ㅇ Most reasons for local resident’s opposition in the public disclosure and opinion gathering process of Environmental Impact Assessments are mostly about environmental destruction and residential environmental impact, but some have expressed a desire for compensation. ㅇ However, despite clear environmental impacts on residential areas, such as noise caused by inland wind power generation, consultations with local residents, such as compensation and profit sharing, are carried out under the responsibility of individual business entities without formal standards or guidelines. As a result, compensation differs depending on the region and farm, resulting in a significant increase in conflicts and complaints between local residents and wind power business entities. 3. Compensation Cases and Perceptions of Renewable Energy Development Abroad □ Compensation cases of renewable energy ㅇ United Kingdom - Reductions in real estate value and compensation for residential environmental impacts from wind farm operations are being provided to local residents a vinicity of the wind farms. ㅇ Germany - The sharing of profit from wind power generation with neighboring residents begins when the wind farm begins operation. Without the profits of wind farm operation, there is no compensation to local residents because they do not suffer from environmental impacts before the wind farm begins operation. ㅇ Australia - To minimize social conflicts of wind power generation, the Australian government adopted a measure to compensate local communities, based on the “Wind farm guide for host landholders.” □ Perceptions of renewable energy ㅇ Germany - According to an annual survey of the renewable energy acceptance rate, 89 to 95% of people agree to build renewable energy and they are also willing to accept the presence of renewable energy facilities around their residences. - Solar power farms have the highest acceptance rate, at 77 to 83%. 63% of respondents say they will accept any renewable energy facilities, noting that the more opportunities they have to come into contact with them, the higher the rate of their acceptance. 55% say they can accommodate wind farms in residential areas: this figure increases to 69% if there are facilities around them. 4. Scale and Scope of Residential Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy The noise impact of inland wind power on residential area is well known, but most of the controversial environmental effects of inland photovoltaic power generation are false. □ Inland wind power ㅇ The noise impact of inland wind power exceeded night noise standards up to 1,030m, and the low frequency influence range exceeded 1km, showing that the noise and low frequency influence range of wind power generators could extend more than 1,000m. □ Inland solar power ㅇ There is no evidence of residential environmental impacts from solar power generation. But for large-scale solar power facilities, the aesthetic impact on residents of such a transformation should be carefully evaluated. 5. Benefit-Sharing Measures of Renewable Energy based on Residential Environmental Impacts ㅇ In order to promote the supply of renewable energy, compensation and profit sharing measures should be prepared for local residents who are expected to be directly affected by the development of renewable energy, but, as there are no laws or guidelines in Korea, it becomes a major factor of social conflict. □ Inland wind power ㅇ Based on previous research results and overseas cases, wind power business entities are required to share profits with residents living within the range of noise and low frequency and shadow flickering caused by inland wind power generation once generation operations begin and revenue is produced. For residents living in some areas of ordinary influence, direct compensation measures, such as migration or monetary compensation, should be provided. In addition, residents indirectly affected by inland wind farms are provided opportunities to participate the wind and solar farm business through additional incentives. □ Inland solar power ㅇ In case of inland photovoltaic power generation, it is necessary to adopt measures that encourage local residents’ cooperatives lead solar power projects through the provision of additional REC incentives. In particular, low-income residents living in indirectly-affected areas by inland wind or photovoltaic power generation have problems in that they cannot share in renewable energy generation profits because they do not have the investment capacity to participate publicly through equity or fund investment. In order to supplement this, a measure for sharing profits should be prepared through the Local Village Development Fund or the Act on Supporting Areas around Power Plants. 6. Conclusions and Suggestions ㅇ In order to encourage residents’ acceptance of renewable energy, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy should lead in preparing standards and guidelines for compensation and profit-sharing for residents on the receiving end of direct and indirect environmental effects of renewable energy generation facilities. In particular, the Renewable Energy Residents' Compensation and Benefit Sharing Guideline should be designed to prevent problems that require excessive compensation for residents in areas where residential environment impacts due to renewable energy development are not objectively verified and directly or indirectly affect them. Institutional improvements should be made to ensure that local recipients are not excluded from renewable energy generation revenues.

풍력발전의 환경침해에 관한 법적검토

김남욱(Kim, Nam Wook) 한국국가법학회 2022 국가법연구 Vol.18 No.1

지구온난화에 따른 기후변화에 대응하고 파리기후협약을 이행하기 위하여 국회는 탄소중립기본법을 2021.9.24. 제정하였다. 탄소중립기본법에서는 2050 탄소중립사회이행과 녹색성장 기본원칙, 국가·지방자치단체·공공기관·사업자의 책무, 국가비전과 온실가스 감축목표, 국가 탄소중립 녹색성장 기본계획, 국가탄소중립녹색성장 위원회, 온실가스감축시책 등을 명시하고 있다. 정부는 원자력은 점진적으로 축소하고 화석연료는 대폭적으로 줄이며, 풍력·태양광·수소발전 등의 신재생에너지는 확대하고 하고 있다. 육상풍력발전이 백두대간 등 자연경관 및 생태계 파괴, 저주파 소음피해 등으로 인근 지역주민과 환경상 분쟁을 야기함에 따라 지방자치단체는 조례로 풍력발전건설의 과도한 이격거리등을 허가요건으로 규정함에 따라 풍력발전입지를 확대하는데 일정한 한계가 노정되어 있다. 정부는 풍력발전을 위한 원스톱 샵을 제도화하여 육상풍력발전보다 해상풍력발전을 더욱 확대할 방침의 경우에도 해상풍력발전에 따른 어업권 및 생태계 침해 등의 법적분쟁이 최소화 되도록 하는 법적 검토가 필요하다. 풍력발전의 공공성과 경제성을 확보하고 원활하게 신재생에너지를 확대하기 위하여 재생에너지법과 더불어 풍력발전특별법의 제정이 요구되고 있다, 국회에 계류 중인 풍력발전특별법은 국무총리 직속으로 풍력위원회를 설치하여 풍력발전사업시행승인까지 원스톱 샵 체제를 이루고 있으며, 인허가 의제 등을 도입하고 있다. 따라서 풍력발전건설의 전략적 계획과 지역계획 수립, 인허가의제도의 사전승인 후 협의제도 도입, 원스톱 샵의 도입과 지방자치단체의 역할 강화, 풍력발전건설의 이격거리 기준의 명문화, 풍력발전소의 전략적 환경영향평가와 종 보호, 풍력발전개발행위허가 취소에서의 원고적격문제에 관한 법적 쟁점을 검토한다. In order to respond to climate change caused by global warming and implement the Paris Agreement, the National Assembly passed the Carbon Neutrality Framework Act on September 24, 2021. enacted. In the Carbon Neutral Framework Act, 2050 carbon-neutral society implementation and basic principles of green growth, the responsibilities of the state, local governments, public institutions, and business operators, the national vision and greenhouse gas reduction goals, the national carbon-neutral green growth master plan, the national carbon-neutral green growth committee , and policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The government is gradually reducing nuclear power, drastically reducing fossil fuels, and expanding new and renewable energies such as wind power, solar power, and hydrogen power generation. As onshore wind power generation causes environmental disputes with local residents due to destruction of natural landscapes and ecosystems such as Baekdu-daegan, and damage to low-frequency noise, local governments stipulate excessive separation distances for wind power generation construction as permission requirements by ordinance. There are certain limits to the expansion of the power generation site. Even if the government plans to further expand offshore wind power generation rather than onshore wind power generation, legal review is necessary to minimize legal disputes such as infringement of fishing rights and ecosystems due to offshore wind power generation. Therefore, strategic planning and regional planning for wind power generation construction, introduction of a consultation system after prior approval of the licensing system, introduction of one-stop shop and strengthening of the role of local governments, stipulation of separation distance standards for wind power generation construction, strategic planning of wind power plants Legal issues related to environmental impact assessment and species protection, strengthening of residents’ acceptance of wind power generation, and legal issues related to the revocation of permits for wind power development activities will be reviewed.

Optimizing the wind power generation in low wind speed areas using an advanced hybrid RBF neural network coupled with the HGA-GSA optimization method

Ehsanolah Assareh,Iman Poultangari,Emad Tandis,Mojtaba Nedaei 대한기계학회 2016 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.30 No.10

Enhancing the energy production from wind power in low-wind areas has always been a fundamental subject of research in the field of wind energy industry. In the first phase of this research, an initial investigation was performed to evaluate the potential of wind in south west of Iran. The initial results indicate that the wind potential in the studied location is not sufficient enough and therefore the investigated region is identified as a low wind speed area. In the second part of this study, an advanced optimization model was presented to regulate the torque in the wind generators. For this primary purpose, the torque of wind turbine is adjusted using a Proportional and integral (PI) control system so that at lower speeds of the wind, the power generated by generator is enhanced significantly. The proposed model uses the RBF neural network to adjust the net obtained gains of the PI controller for the purpose of acquiring the utmost electricity which is produced through the generator. Furthermore, in order to edify and instruct the neural network, the optimal data set is obtained by a Hybrid genetic algorithm along with a gravitational search algorithm (HGA-GSA). The proposed method is evaluated by using a 5MW wind turbine manufactured by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Final results of this study are indicative of the satisfactory and successful performance of the proposed investigated model.

Operation Scheme for a Wind Farm to Mitigate Output Power Variation

이성은,원동준,정일엽 대한전기학회 2012 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.7 No.6

Because of the nature of wind, the output power of wind turbines fluctuates according to wind speed variation. Therefore, many countries have set up wind-turbine interconnection standards usually named as Grid-Code to regulate the output power of wind farms to improve power system reliability and power quality. This paper proposes three operation modes of wind farms such as maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mode, single wind turbine control mode and wind farm control mode to control the output power of wind turbines as well as overall wind farms. This paper also proposes an operation scheme of wind farm to alleviate power fluctuation of wind farm by choosing the appropriate control mode and coordinating multiple wind turbines in consideration of grid conditions. The performance of the proposed scheme is verified via simulation studies in PSCAD/EMTDC with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind turbine models.

Wind energy into the future: The challenge of deep-water wind farms

Francesco Ricciardelli,Carmela Maienza,Mustafa Vardaroglu,Alberto Maria Avossa 한국풍공학회 2021 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.32 No.4

In 2019, 5.6% of the total energy produced worldwide came from wind. Offshore wind generation is still a small portion of the total wind generation, yet its growth is exponential. Higher availability of sites, larger producibility and potentially lower environmental impacts make offshore wind generation attractive. On the other hand, as the water depth increases, fixed foundations are no more viable, and the new frontier is that of floating foundations. This paper brings an overview of why and how offshore wind energy should move deep water; it contains material from the Keynote Lecture given by the first author at the ACEM20/Structures20 Conference, held in Seoul in August 2020. The paper is organized into four sections: the first giving general concepts about wind generation especially offshore, the second and the third considering economic and technical aspects, respectively, of offshore deep-water wind generation, in the fourth, some challenges of floating offshore wind generation are presented and some conclusions are drawn.