중국 소수민족지역의 형법변통 문제 연구

한상돈 한중법학회 2017 中國法硏究 Vol.31 No.-

중국 「형법」 제90조 제1항(款)은 자치구 혹은 성(省)의 인민대표대회가 그 민족의 정치, 경제, 문화의 특징과 본 법 규정의 기본원칙에 근거하여 ‘변통규정’을 제정할 수 있도록 규정하고 있다. ‘형법변통’은 범죄의 경중뿐만 아니라 죄와 비죄(非罪)에 있어서도 그 민족자치구역의 전통, 풍속, 관습형법, 형사정책 등을 고려하여 폭넓게 적용되고 있다. 소수민족지역의 관습형법은 그들의 전통과 풍습으로써 오랜 세월 동안 축적된 관습이기 때문에 ‘제거한다든지’, ‘타파한다든지’ 등의 강력하고 과감한 조치를 취할 수 없다. 반드시 그들의 관습형법을 존중해야 하는데, 이런 점에서 중국 「형법」에서 ‘형법변통’을 허용하고 있는 것은 매우 지혜롭고 적절한 조치라고 할 수 있다. 1979년에 제정된 「형법」에서부터 현행 「형법」에 이르기까지 자치구 혹은 성급 인민대표대회에 대해서 ‘형법변통’을 제정할 수 있도록 입법권을 부여해오고 있는데, 지금까지 어떤 성급 인민대표대회도 소수민족자치지역을 위한 ‘변통규정’을 제정한 적이 없다. 소수민족지역에서 실제 이루어지고 있는 ‘형법변통’의 법적 근거를 확실히 하기 위해서는 「형법」 제90조 제1항의 ‘自治区或者省的人民代表大会’를 ‘민족자치구역의 인민대표대회’로 개정해야 한다. 이와 같이 해야 현급 이상의 민족자치구역의 인민대표대회가 비로소 자치조례 혹은 단행조례에 ‘형법변통’을 규정할 수 있게 될 것이다. According to Article 90, Paragraph 1 of the Criminal Law of the Peoples’ Republic of China (“PRC”), the People’s congresses of the autonomous regions or provinces may formulate adaptive provisions based on the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the local ethnic groups and the basic principles stipulated in the Criminal Law. “Adaptive criminal laws” are widely applied not only in terms of the gravity of crimes but also in the context of determining crime and non-crime by considering the traditions, custom, customary criminal laws and criminal policies of the ethnic autonomous region concerned. Customary criminal laws in ethnic minority communities are not able to take strong and bold measures such as measures ‘to remove’ or ‘to get rid of’ because these laws consist of traditions and custom accumulated over many years. Such customary criminal laws must be respected and, in this regard, it is very wise and appropriate that the PRC Criminal Law allows formulation of “adaptive criminal laws”. From the 1979 PRC Criminal Law to the current Criminal Law, People's congresses of the autonomous regions or provinces have been granted legislative power to formulate “adaptive criminal laws”. Until now, however, none of the People’s congresses of the autonomous regions or provinces has ever enacted any “adaptive criminal laws” for ethnic minority autonomous regions. In order to ensure the legal basis of the “adaptive criminal laws” that are actually taking place in ethnic minority regions, it is necessary to amend the references to “the People’s congresses of the autonomous regions or provinces” in Article 90, Paragraph 1 of the PRC Criminal Law as “the People’s congresses of the ethnic autonomous regions”. Such amendment will enable the People’s congresses of the ethnic autonomous regions at or above the county level to formulate “adaptive criminal laws” in their autonomous regulations and special regulations.

中国少數民族區域的刑法变通硏究

韓相敦 한중법학회 2017 中國法硏究 Vol.31 No.-

중국 「형법」 제90조 제1항(款)은 자치구 혹은 성(省)의 인민대표대회가 그 민족의 정치, 경제, 문화의 특징과 본 법 규정의 기본원칙에 근거하여 ‘변통규 정’을 제정할 수 있도록 규정하고 있다. ‘형법변통’은 범죄의 경중뿐만 아니라 죄와 비죄(非罪)에 있어서도 그 민족자치구역의 전통, 풍속, 관습형법, 형사정 책 등을 고려하여 폭넓게 적용되고 있다. 소수민족지역의 관습형법은 그들의 전통과 풍습으로써 오랜 세월 동안 축적 된 관습이기 때문에 ‘제거한다든지’, ‘타파한다든지’ 등의 강력하고 과감한 조치 를 취할 수 없다. 반드시 그들의 관습형법을 존중해야 하는데, 이런 점에서 중 국 「형법」에서 ‘형법변통’을 허용하고 있는 것은 매우 지혜롭고 적절한 조치라 고 할 수 있다. 1979년에 제정된 「형법」에서부터 현행 「형법」에 이르기까지 자치구 혹은 성급 인민대표대회에 대해서 ‘형법변통’을 제정할 수 있도록 입법권을 부여해 오고 있는데, 지금까지 어떤 성급 인민대표대회도 소수민족자치지역을 위한 ‘변통규정’을 제정한 적이 없다. 소수민족지역에서 실제 이루어지고 있는 ‘형법 변통’의 법적 근거를 확실히 하기 위해서는 「형법」 제90조 제1항의 ‘自治区或 者省的人民代表大会’를 ‘민족자치구역의 인민대표대회’로 개정해야 한다. 이 와 같이 해야 현급 이상의 민족자치구역의 인민대표대회가 비로소 자치조례 혹은 단행조례에 ‘형법변통’을 규정할 수 있게 될 것이다. According to Article 90, Paragraph 1 of the Criminal Law of the Peoples’ Republic of China (“PRC”), the People's congresses of the autonomous regions or provinces may formulate adaptive provisions based on the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the local ethnic groups and the basic principles stipulated in the Criminal Law. “Adaptive criminal laws” are widely applied not only in terms of the gravity of crimes but also in the context of determining crime and non-crime by considering the traditions, custom, customary criminal laws and criminal policies of the ethnic autonomous region concerned. Customary criminal laws in ethnic minority communities are not able to take strong and bold measures such as measures 'to remove' or 'to get rid of' because these laws consist of traditions and custom accumulated over many years. Such customary criminal laws must be respected and, in this regard, it is very wise and appropriate that the PRC Criminal Law allows formulation of “adaptive criminal laws”. From the 1979 PRC Criminal Law to the current Criminal Law, People's congresses of the autonomous regions or provinces have been granted legislative power to formulate “adaptive criminal laws”. Until now, however, none of the People's congresses of the autonomous regions or provinces has ever enacted any “adaptive criminal laws” for ethnic minority autonomous regions. In order to ensure the legal basis of the “adaptive criminal laws” that are actually taking place in ethnic minority regions, it is necessary to amend the references to “the People’s congresses of the autonomous regions or provinces” in Article 90, Paragraph 1 of the PRC Criminal Law as “the People's congresses of the ethnic autonomous regions”. Such amendment will enable the People’s congresses of the ethnic autonomous regions at or above the county level to formulate “adaptive criminal laws” in their autonomous regulations and special regulations.

기후변화적응과 재난재해 법제의 통합을 위한 소고 ―국제적 논의를 중심으로―

박시원 ( Siwon Park ) 한국환경법학회 2016 환경법연구 Vol.38 No.1

There are various ways to improve climate change adaptation related laws. First is to amend the current Framework Act on Low Carbon Green Growth, which heavily focuses on mitigation only. Second is to enact a new law which will replace the current law to balance mitigation and adaptation. The decision would depend how much political will is there to enact a new law replaceing the current system. If there is not enough political will to enact a new law under the current political situation, there is an alternative way to improve the adaptation agenda through improving the current disaster management laws. Disaster management is part of adaptation, disaster management shares the same goal with adaptation which is to enhance resilience of ecosystem and human community. To amend disaster management legal system to address climate change adaptation, it is a creative way to improve adaptation capacity. It would include to clarity definitions of disaster in various laws, to address adaptation capacity building in various disaster management laws, and to clarify the relationship between adaptation and disaster management. In addition, improving risk management for disasters due to climate change impact in the National Basic Plan for Safety Management would be another good way to engage and link climate change adaptation and risk management.

신탁의 준거법이 규율하는 사항의 범위

이필복 한국국제사법학회 2024 國際私法硏究 Vol.30 No.2

최근 영연합왕국 대법원에서는 신탁의 준거법과 충돌하는 신탁재산의 소재지법에 의하여 보통법상 신탁의 핵심적 효과라고 할 수 있는 수익자의 형평법상 소유권이 소멸한 사례를 다룬 바 있었다(2017년 Akers 사건과 2023년 Byers 사건 판결). 이는 국제사법 경로를 통해서도 신탁의 효력이 제한 또는 변형될 수 있다는 것을 보여준다. 이처럼 신탁의 준거법이 그와 교차하는 다른 법률관계의 준거법을 만나는 경우에는, 신탁의 준거법이 규율하는 사항의 범위가 축소될 수 있다. 그 근거는 적응 내지 조정(이하 ‘적응’이라 한다)에 의하여 설명할 수 있다. 신탁의 준거법과 관련된 법률관계의 준거법 사이의 충돌을 적응에 의해 해소함에 있어서, 헤이그 신탁협약의 접근방식과 해석론은 우리 국제사법의 해석론으로서도 유의미하게 채택될 수 있다. 즉 신탁협약 제4조, 제15조 제1항에서 정한 법률관계의 목록들에 대해서는 저촉법적 적응의 단계에서 위 법률관계의 준거법들을 신탁의 준거법에 대하여 우위에 둘 수 있다. 이에 더하여 보충적으로 실질법적 적응을 통해 위탁자의 의사를 최대한 실현할 수 있을 것이다. 필자는 신탁협약의 위 조항들을 기초로 그 구체적인 목록들을 검토하였다. 위와 같은 적응의 결과 신탁의 준거법이 규율하는 사항의 범위는 정당하게 축소되는데, 준거법의 충돌에 대한 적응이라는 맥락에서 신탁의 준거법이 규율하는 대상과 범위를 명확히 하는 작업은 앞으로도 문제되는 개별 사안이나 쟁점이 나올 때마다 계속되어야 할 과제이다. 입법론적으로는 신탁협약에 가입, 비준함으로써 신탁의 준거법과 관련한 법적 불확실성을 해소할 필요가 있다. Recently, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom dealt with cases where the equitable ownership of the beneficiary, which is a core effect of a trust under common law, was extinguished or overridden by the law governing the situs of the trust property(lex situs), in conflict with the applicable law of the trust (the 2017 Akers case and the 2023 Byers case). This shows that the effect of a trust can be restricted or altered through private international law pathways. When the applicable law of a trust converge with the applicable law of the other related legal relationships, the scope of matters governed by the applicable law of the trust may be contracted. This can be explained through the concept of adaptation or adjustment(hereinafter 'adaptation'). In resolving conflicts between the applicable law of the trust and the applicable law of the other related legal relationships, the approaches and interpretations of the ‘Hague Trust Convention’ can be meaningfully adopted as the interpretative framework of our Private International Law Act. Specifically, regarding the list of legal relationships stipulated in Articles 4 and 15(1) of the Trust Convention, the applicable laws of those relationships can be given priority over the applicable law of the trust during the ‘conflict of laws adaptation’ stage. Additionally, supplementary ‘substantive law adaptation’ can be used to maximize the realization of the settlor's intentions. The author has reviewed the specific lists based on these provisions of the Hague Trust Convention. As a result of such adaptation, the scope of the matters governed by the applicable law of the trust is justifiably contracted. In the context of adaptation, the task of clarifying the subjects and scope of matters governed by the applicable law of the trust should continue whenever individual legal cases or issues arise. From a legislative perspective, there is a need to resolve legal uncertainties related to the governing law of trusts by joining and ratifying the Hague Trust Convention.

현대문학 : 식민지 조선의 번역/번안의 위치 -1910년대 저작권법을 중심으로-

권정희 ( Jung Hee Kwon ) 반교어문학회 2010 반교어문연구 Vol.0 No.28

This paper attempts to examine the division of translation and adaptation with respect to the copyright law, which is linked with cultural identity in the 1910s in colonial Korea, In 1908, the Japanese authorities applied the Japanese copyright law to Korean publications. The process interceding and controling the law is exposed clearly in the imprint of two Korean works, Cho Chunghwan`s Bullyogwi and Son Uil`s Dugyonsong, which translated or adapted respectively the same Japanese text, Tokutomi Roka`s Hototogis. While in translation, the translator was required to get permission from the orignal writer, in adaptation the adapter was able to make a recreation based on the original work. Thus, while the translator`s legal position was tied to the original work, the adapter`s legal position was transferred to that of creative author. That is to say, translation was clearly discriminated from creation, but the adaptation came to have a characteristic making much of an original because of a vague border with the creation. Therefore, this article has verified the difference of the position about translation / adaptation, which was linked with institutionalization. In metropole Japan, translation or adaptation of foreign works meant that was referred to the national language (i. e., Japanese). However, in colonial Korea a majority of adapted works tinged the aspect that translation and colonialism were piled up in the process of readapting the Japanese translation regarding the Western original. Through it, Koreans were subordinated as colonized citizens under the Japanese empire, which leaded to recognition over the importance of an original again. As a result, most adapted works called pseudo-creation were not registered in the copyright law and this was related to the formation of the subject in colonial Korea in the 1910s.

태아의 생명보호에 관한 헌법적 고찰

표명환(Pyo, Myoung-Hwan) 한국토지공법학회 2010 土地公法硏究 Vol.51 No.-

본고는 태아의 생명보호에 관한 헌법적 제문제를 중심으로 전개하였다. 헌법상 보장된 권리로서 생명권은 헌법상 예정하고 있는 모든 인간의 권리로서 인정되고 있다. 나아가 인간형성의 발전단계에 있는 태아의 주체성 또한 일반적으로 인정하고 있다. 따라서 헌법 제10조 제2문에 따라 국가는 태아의 생명권을 보호할 의무를 진다. 생명권의 주체로서 태아 의 보호와 관련하여 형법은 낙태를 원칙적으로 금지하는 규정을 두고 있다. 형법의 낙태에 관한 죄의 규정은 태아의 생명보호를 보호법익으로 하고 임신부의 자기결정권을 부차적인 것으로 하는 태아를 위한 보호입법으로서의 성질을 가진다. 그러한 점에서 형법의 낙태죄 규정은 기본권제한측면에서가 아니라 기본권보호입법의 관점에서 헌법적 정당성이 심사된다. 이와 달리 모자보건법 제14조의 인공임신중절허용의 한계 규정은 임신부의 보호규정으로서의 의미 뿐만 아니라 다른 한편 태아의 생명보호라는 의미를 가진다. 그러나 모자보건법 제14조의 인공임신중절의 허용사유는 태아의 생명권을 제한하는 성질을 더욱 강하게 내포하고 있다. 그러한 점에서 모자보건법 제14조의 헌법적 심사는 기본권제한법률의 심사기준으로서 과잉금지의 원칙 및 명확성의 원칙 등이 적용된다. 본고에서는 생명의 차등적 취급을 규정하고 있는 보호입법으로서 형법의 낙태죄규정에 관하여는 기본권보호의무이론 및 인간형성 단계에서의 생명가치에 대한 차별적 취급의 헌법적 가능성을 제시하면서 헌법적 정당성을 도출하였다. 그러나 모자보건법 제14조의 인공임신중절의 허용한계규정과 관련한 적응사유에 대하여는 명확성의 원칙 및 과잉금지의 원칙 등을 적용하여 그 문제점을 제시하고 새로운 입법방향을 제시하였다. 또한 본고에서는 기한사유를 규정하고 있는 모자보건법 시행령 제15조와 관련한 태아의 생명보호에 대한 헌법적 문제를 제시하면서 적응사유별로 다른 기한사유를 규정할 것을 제시하였다. This paper described laying stress on constitutional several problems about the protection of an unborn child's life protection. The right to life as constitutional right is acknowledging as the right of all humans. Furthermore, the basic right to life of an unborn chid, who is in development stage of formation of human, is admitted. Therefore, the state takes duty to protect the right to life of an unborn chid according to sentence 2 of Art. 10 of Constitutional law. In concerning of the protection of an unborn child, who is the subject of the right to life, Criminal law keeps a regulation that prohibits abortion in principle. Regulation of crime about abortion has characters which are as benefit and protection of an unborn child's life and legislative protection law for an unborn child in pregnant's secondary self-determination. So, regulation of illegal abortion on criminal is judged from not viewpoint of restriction of nature right but the legislative protection law of nature right. In contrast, regulation of restricted permission of induced abortion on Art. 14 of Mother and Child Health Law has meanings which are as a pregnant's protective regulation as well as protection of unborn child's life. However, the reason of regulation of permission of induced abortion on Art . 14 of Mother and Child Health Law involves character restricting of right to an unborn child's life more strongly. On that score, examination of constitutional justice on Art. 14 of Mother and Child Health Law is applied the anti-overrestriction principle and the principle of definiteness as a screening of restrictive act of nature rights. In this paper, I have drawn constitutional justice with showing constitutional possibility of discriminative treatment about life's value on stage of forming human and theory of protection of required nature rights on regulation of criminal abortion on Criminal law as a legislative protection law enacting graded treatment of life. But, about regulation of restricted permission of induced abortion on Art. 14 of Mother and Child Health Law, this paper showed that problem and presented direction of new legislation, applying the antioverrestriction principle and the principle of definiteness. Also, this paper suggested regulating another reason of deadline showing constitutional problems about protection of an unborn child's life related to Art. 15 of Mother and Child Health Law which enacts the reason of deadline.

Adaptive Backstepping Control of Wheeled Inverted Pendulum with Velocity Estimator

Yuji Maruki,Kohei Kawano,Haruo Suemitsu,Takami Matsuo 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2014 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.12 No.5

In this paper, we introduce a backstepping control design of a wheeled inverted pendulum. Based on a second-order motion equation of the body angle, an adaptive integral backstepping controller is designed to stabilize the body angle. It is shown that the σ-modification rule in the adaptive update law guarantees the boundedness of the errors in estimating the time-varying signal that is an output of a linear system with every bounded input signal. Then, the stabilizing controller for the wheel angle is constructed by a PD-type positive feedback. The derived controller requires the full-state measurements. In the output feedback case, the K filter or the observer backstepping is needed. How-ever, the structure of the controller becomes complicated. We propose a non-model-based differentiator based on the adaptive update law. Since the non-model-based differentiator does not require any knowledge of the dynamic structure of the signal, we can use it as a velocity estimator for unknown nonlinear systems. Therefore, we replaced the velocity measurement with the estimates by the non-model-based differentiator. Finally, simulation results for the proposed controller are presented.

국제장기상거래계약에서의 재협상 및 계약변경에 관한 연구: 원계약 상 관련 조항이 포함되지 않은 계약을 중심으로

윤주영(Joo?Young Yoon) 한국무역학회 2020 무역학회지 Vol.45 No.5

In case of international long-term transactions, there are various risks of economic change of circumstances including skyrocketing price increase and shortage of raw material, as well as force majeure in a general sense. Nevertheless, pretty many of international long-term commercial contracts do not include the provisions of renegotiation and adaptation of the contract. In this case, possibility of renegotiation and adaptation depends mainly on the applicable law. Namely, it may be possible or not, according to choice of law. The reason is that national laws have nuances each other, and most of national courts are traditionally reluctant to accept hardship. and also, provisions of international uniform law (CISG) has ambiguity and inflexibility in relation to the problems of change of circumstances. Accordingly, this paper analyzes comparatively the doctrines and provisions related to renegotiation and adaptation of contracts of the most representative countries such as England, U.S.A., France, Germany as well as provisions CISG and soft law such as PICC. By doing so, the author makes clear which laws of instruments is more flexible or acceptable in allowing renegotiation and adaptation of long-term commercial contracts, and emphasizes on the importance of inclusion of express terms by using other alternative supplementing clauses, as a best solution for settling the problems of legal uncertainty of contract in relation to renegotiation and adaptation.

Discrete-time Sliding Mode Control with Adaptive Reaching Law via Implicit Euler Method

Cong Wang,Hongwei Xia,Yanmin Wang,Shunqing Ren 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2023 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.21 No.1

In this paper, a novel adaptive reaching law-based discrete-time sliding mode control scheme is designed and analyzed for nonlinear disturbed systems. The higher-order sliding mode surface is used to obtain the homogeneous asymptotic accuracy of system states. The implicit Euler method is applied to the design of discrete reaching law for the first time, further to completely eliminate numerical chattering. Meanwhile, with the help of a highorder disturbance compensator, the widths of the quasi sliding mode band and attractiveness region are reduced to an adjustable order. The designed adaptive gain functions in the reaching law are able to decrease the reaching time without affecting the accuracy of sliding mode, and the finite number of steps for any initial state to enter the quasi sliding mode band is acquired. Simulation results on magnetic suspension systems are presented to validate the developed method.

Adaptive Nonsingular Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Guidance Law with Impact Angle Constraints

Shen-Min Song,Junhong Song,Huibo Zhou 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2016 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.14 No.1

This paper considers the terminal guidance problem of missiles intercepting maneuvering targets withimpact angle constraints. Based on an advanced nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode control scheme and adaptivecontrol, an adaptive nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode guidance law is proposed in the presence of the targetacceleration as an unknown bounded external disturbance. In the design procedure, an adaptive law is presentedto estimate the unknown upper bound of the external disturbance. Theoretical analysis shows that the proposedguidance law can guarantee the finite-time convergence in both the reaching phase and the sliding phase by applyinga Lyapunov-based approach. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposedguidance law. Although the proposed guidance law is developed for the constant speed missiles, by the extensivenumerical simulations with a realistic missile model, the performance is shown to be equally good for the varyingspeed missiles.