청동기시대 성립 전후의 지역 관계망 형성과 변화

천선행 한국고고학회 2020 한국고고학보 Vol.0 No.116

The purpose of this study is to review the transformations that took place in the local network from the later and final phases of the Neolithic Age to the Bronze Age as a result of exchange or interaction by focusing on the parallel relationship between the Korean Peninsula and surroundings regions. First, the boundaries of ‘wide cultural areas’ were redefined by including the Tumen River and Maritime Province regions, and the wide parallel relationship was then re-examined. Then, the Far East Agriculture Fishing Hunting Region was subdivided into two zones, respectively, located to the east and west of the Hisao Hsingan Ling (小興安嶺)-Changbai Mountains (長白山脈). The research findings illustrate that in the later and final phases of the Neolithic Age, ‘wide cultural areas’ consisted of the zone east of the Changbai Mountains, the zone west of the Changbai Mountains (consisting of the Pianpu (偏堡) cultural area and the Shandong Peninsula exchange area), and Comb-pattern Pottery culture area. Wide networks were established between or within these wide cultural areas through the medium of rice, agricultural technology, symbols and local products. The emergence and growth of local cultures in the Bronze Age resulted in changes in the wide cultural areas. The zone east of the Changbai Mountains experienced little change but exchange with the Shandong Peninsula decreased in the zone west of the Changbai Mountains. In addition, the Pianpu (偏堡) cultural area was reorganized into an assortment of various local cultures, such as the Eastern Coast Culture of the Liaotung Peninsula, the Machengzi Culture (馬城子文化), and the Gaotaishan Culture (高臺山文化), all of which shared common elements. The Bronze Age culture of the Korean Peninsula was formed as elements of the cultures of the zones to the east and west of the Changbai Mountains – the North Liao region, Liaotung mountainous area, and the northwest region of Korean Peninsula in the case of the latter – were introduced into the peninsula; it was however, the western zone that has a greater affinity with the Bronze Age culture of the Korean Peninsula. Transformations in the local network that occurred around the time of the transition to the Bronze Age likely emerged as a result of the exchange of rice and other grain crops; from the advent of the Bronze Age, however, the movement and migration of people, in addition to exchange and trade, came to play a central role in the establishment of local relations.

Joint Optimization of Time-Slot Allocation and Traffic Steering for Large-Scale Deterministic Networks

Wu, Wenhao,Zhang, Xiaoning,Pan, Jiaming,Zhou, Yihui 한국통신학회 2023 Journal of communications and networks Vol.25 No.6

Recently, time-sensitive services have expanded from traditional industrial control systems to more scenarios. Some time-sensitive applications, such as remote surgery, autonomous driving, Augmented Reality (AR), etc., require deterministic end-to-end delay and jitter in data transmission. Deterministic Network (DetNet) is proposed as a promising technology for providing deterministic service in Wide Area Networks (WAN). DetNet guarantees deterministic end-to-end delay and jitter by specifying a certain routing path and transmission time-slots for time-sensitive flows. However, how to efficiently steer time-sensitive flows while jointly allocating transmission time-slots is still an open problem. Existing flow scheduling algorithms are limited in the scenarios of Local Area Networks (LAN), and do not consider the impact of propagation delay in large-scale networks. To this end, we study the joint optimization of time-slot allocation and traffic steering, while considering the propagation delay of WAN links. Our objective is to maximize the number of successfully deployed time-sensitive flows under the constraints of required end-to-end delay. Accordingly, we formulate the studied problem as an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model. Since it is proved to be an NP-hard problem, we design a heuristic algorithm named Genetic-based Deterministic Network Traffic Scheduling (GDNTS). The solution with the largest number of deployed time-sensitive flows can be obtained from the evolution of chromosomes in GDNTS. Compared with the benchmark algorithms, extensive simulation results show that GDNTS improves the deployed time sensitive flows number by 22.85% in average.

국외 상수도 원격검침시스템의 개발 동향 및 현장 적용 사례 고찰

주진철(Jin Chul Joo),안호상(Ho Sang Ahn),안창혁(Chang Hyuk Ahn),고경록(Kyung Rok Ko),오현제(Hyun Je Oh) 大韓環境工學會 2012 대한환경공학회지 Vol.34 No.12

본 연구에서는 디지털 수도계량기(smart water meter) 연계형 상수도 원격검침시스템(automatic meter reading)의 국외 시장동향 및 원격검침시스템의 각 구성 요소기술의 개발현황과 현장적용 사례 등을 조사·분석하였다. 국외의 디지털 수도계량기 제조업체는 주로 미국 또는 유럽업체들로서 최근에는 북미뿐만 아니라 아시아 및 유럽에서도 원격검침시스템 사업을 확장하고 있다. 대부분의 디지털 수도계량기 제조업체는 원격검침용 디지털 수도 계량기에서 측정된 데이터를 활용하여 실시간 소비량 검침 및 비용 고지, 절수, 누수탐지, 수질 모니터링, 유량제어 등의 기능이 부가된 통합관리시스템(integrated water management system)과 연계하여 운영하고 있다. 데이터 전송방식은 디지털 수도계량기, 센서를 통해 검출된 데이터를 근거리 통신망(neighborhood area network)을 통해 수집기(data concentration unit)로 전송 후 광역 통신망(wide area network)을 통해 검침서버로 전송하였으며, 데이터 전송방식은 도시 규모, 계량기의 밀도, 전력공급 여부 및 통신망의 설치 여부 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 결정되었다. 일반적인 검침방식은 (1) 고정망(fixed network)을 통한 중앙 검침, (2) 차량(drive by)을 이용한 검침, (3) 사람(walk by)에 의한 검침, 그리고 (4) 비행식(fly by) 검침방식 등이 적용되었다. 전 세계적으로 디지털 수도계량기 연계형 원격검침시스템이 확산되어 용수 및 에너지를 절감하고 수도 요금을 절약하여 온실가스의 배출을 최소화하고 있는 것으로 판단된다. The market trends of automatic meter reading associated with smart water meters were investigated. Also, recent developments and field applications of key technology for automatic meter reading associated with smart water meters were analyzed. Smart water meters have been manufactured mostly in United States and Europe and have been expanded their business to Asia. Integrated water management system combining with the additional functions such as real-time consumption metering, cost notification, water conservation, leak detection, water quality monitoring, and flow control have been operated in automatic meter reading. Both water quality and quantity data measured from smart water meters and sensors were transferred to data concentration units through neighborhood area network, and then were transferred to integrated server through wide area network. The data transfer methods were determined by comprehensively considering urban scale, density of smart water meters, power supply and network topologies. Common data collection methods such as fixed network to data concentation units, vehicles drive by, people walk by, and drone fly by have been applied. The automatic meter reading associated with smart water meters are spread throughout the world, and both water and energy savings result in saving the money and reducing the greenhouse gases emission.

Wide-area Frequency-based Tripped Generator Locating Method for Interconnected Power Systems

Kook, Kyung-Soo,Liu, Yilu The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2011 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.6 No.6

Since the Internet-based real-time Global Positioning System(GPS) synchronized widearea power system frequency monitoring network (FNET) was proposed in 2001, it has been monitoring the power system frequency in interconnected United States power systems and numerous interesting behaviors have been observed, including frequency excursion propagation. We address the consistency of a frequency excursion detection order of frequency disturbance recorders in FNET in relation to the same generation trip, as well as the ability to recreate by power systems dynamic simulation. We also propose a new method, as an application of FNET measurement, to locate a tripped generator using power systems dynamic simulation and wide-area frequency measurement. The simulation database of all the possible trips of generators in the interconnected power systems is created using the off-line power systems dynamic simulation. When FNET detects a sudden drop in the monitoring frequency, which is most likely due to a generation trip in power systems, the proposed algorithm locates a tripped generator by finding the best matching case of the measured frequency excursion in the simulation database in terms of the frequency drop detection order and the time of monitoring points.

Measurement and Simulation of Wide-area Frequency in US Eastern Interconnected Power System

Kyung Soo Kook,Yilu Liu 대한전기학회 2013 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.8 No.3

An internet-based, real-time GPS synchronized wide-area power system frequency monitoring network(FNET) has been monitoring wide-area power system frequency in continuous time in the United States. This paper analyzes the FNET measurement to the verified disturbances in the US eastern interconnected power system and simulates it using the dynamic system model. By comparing the frequency measurements with its simulation results to the same disturbances in detail, this paper finds that the sequence of monitoring points to detect the frequency fluctuation caused by the disturbances is matched well in the measured data and the simulation results. The similarity comparison index is also proposed to quantify the similarity of the compared cases. The dynamic model based simulation result is expected to compensate for the lack of FNET measurement in its applications.

Wide-area Frequency-based Tripped Generator Locating Method for Interconnected Power Systems

Kyung Soo Kook,Yilu Liu 대한전기학회 2011 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.6 No.6

Since the Internet-based real-time Global Positioning System(GPS) synchronized wide-area power system frequency monitoring network (FNET) was proposed in 2001, it has been monitoring the power system frequency in interconnected United States power systems and numerous interesting behaviors have been observed, including frequency excursion propagation. We address the consistency of a frequency excursion detection order of frequency disturbance recorders in FNET in relation to the same generation trip, as well as the ability to recreate by power systems dynamic simulation. We also propose a new method, as an application of FNET measurement, to locate a tripped generator using power systems dynamic simulation and wide-area frequency measurement. The simulation database of all the possible trips of generators in the interconnected power systems is created using the off-line power systems dynamic simulation. When FNET detects a sudden drop in the monitoring frequency, which is most likely due to a generation trip in power systems, the proposed algorithm locates a tripped generator by finding the best matching case of the measured frequency excursion in the simulation database in terms of the frequency drop detection order and the time of monitoring points.

Measurement and Simulation of Wide-area Frequency in US Eastern Interconnected Power System

Kook, Kyung Soo,Liu, Yilu The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2013 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.8 No.3

An internet-based, real-time GPS synchronized wide-area power system frequency monitoring network(FNET) has been monitoring wide-area power system frequency in continuous time in the United States. This paper analyzes the FNET measurement to the verified disturbances in the US eastern interconnected power system and simulates it using the dynamic system model. By comparing the frequency measurements with its simulation results to the same disturbances in detail, this paper finds that the sequence of monitoring points to detect the frequency fluctuation caused by the disturbances is matched well in the measured data and the simulation results. The similarity comparison index is also proposed to quantify the similarity of the compared cases. The dynamic model based simulation result is expected to compensate for the lack of FNET measurement in its applications.

Analysis of energy consumption on deferred transmission of LoRaWAN down-link frame for IoT in a ship

주양익 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2023 한국마린엔지니어링학회지 Vol.47 No.4

As the data-driven management of ships is required, the demand for Internet of Things (IoT) technology to acquire and stably exchange in-ship data is increasing. When considering a wireless sensor network for IoT in a ship, a technology that reduces the energy consumption of distributed IoT devices and ensures stable communication coverage is important to acquire various in-ship data and guarantee the accuracy of the collected data. The long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN) protocol is a promising solution for IoT because it has a long communication range and supports a suitable bit rate for IoT applications. Energy-efficient operations must be confirmed for the LoRaWAN protocol to be applied to in-vessel IoT networking. Although the LoRaWAN protocol generally does not consume considerable energy, the energy-efficient operation of the end device is limited because of the low-complexity communi-cation scheme adopted in the LoRaWAN protocol. Therefore, this study analyzes the energy loss of a LoRaWAN end device owing to the operation of a LoRaWAN network server and discusses an alternative that complies with the LoRaWAN standard.

Analysis of energy savings through an acknowledgement policy for efficient power management in LoRaWAN for IoT in a ship

Yang-Ick Joo 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2024 한국마린엔지니어링학회지 Vol.48 No.4

As data-based ship management and control are required, Internet of Things (IoT) technology is increasingly needed to obtain and accurately transmit various types of information within ships. Considering an IoT network onboard a ship, technology that reduces the energy consumption of deployed wireless devices and guarantees reliable communication is essential for continuously acquiring various types of data within the ship and ensuring accurate data collection. The long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) protocol is a promising technology for IoT because it supports long-range communication and bit rates suitable for IoT applications. Applying the LoRaWAN protocol to IoT networking onboard ships requires energy-efficient operations. Although the LoRaWAN protocol generally has an energy-efficient operation, the low-complexity communication scheme, such as the deferred transmission of the downlink frame, limits the energy-efficient operation of the end devices. Therefore, this study proposes an energy-efficient scheme with an acknowledgement policy that complies with the LoRaWAN standard and analyzes the energy savings of the proposed method.

광역 지방자치단체 수준의 평생교육기관 네트워크 특성이 조직효과성과 조직효율성에 미치는 영향

현영섭(Hyun, Youngsup) 한국성인교육학회 2021 Andragogy Today : International Journal of Adult & Vol.24 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 광역 지방자치단체 수준의 평생교육기관 네트워크 특징(연결정도, 연결중심성, 매개중심성, 근접중심성, 구조적공백)이 네트워크에 참여하는 평생교육기관의 조직효과성과 조직효율성에 주는 영향을 분석하는 것이다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위하여 A광역 지방자치단체의 정보시스템에 등록된 참여기관을 대상으로 네트워크 설문조사를 실시하였다. 설문조사 결과, 526개의 평생교육기관으로부터 네트워크 특성과 성과 자료가 수집되었다. 수집된 자료를 활용하여 A광역 지방자치단체 수준의 평생교육기관 네트워크에 대한 사회연결망 분석이 실시되었다. 그리고 사회연결망 분석을 통해 도출된 네트워크 특성과 조직효과성 및 조직효율성의 관계를 분석하기 위한 중다회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, A광역 지방자치단체 수준의 평생교육기관 네트워크 특성 중 구조적 공백이 평생교육기관의 조직유효성이 강한 정적 영향을 주었다. 둘째, 평생교육기관 네트워크 특성 중 연결중심성과 매개중심성도 평생교육기관의 조직유효성이 정적 영향을 주었다. 셋째, 조직효율성에 연결중심성, 구조적 공백, 매개중심성이 유사한 수준의 정적 영향을 주었다. 분석결과에 대한 논의 및 시사점을 제공하였다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of the network characteristics (degree, degree centrality, betweenness centrality, closeness centrality, and structural hole) of the lifelong education institutes on the organization effectiveness and efficiency in A wide-area regional government. For this purpose, quantitative data were collected from the 526 institutes in A government. The network characteristics were analyzed by Social Network Analysis(SNA). And the relations between the network characteristics and the organization effectiveness/ efficiency were analyzed by multiple regression analyses. The findings were as follows: First, the results showed that structural hole was the most influential variable on organizational effectiveness. Second, degree centrality and betweenness centrality influenced on organizational effectiveness. Third, degree centrality, betweenness centrality, and structural hole had the similar effects on organizational efficiency. On the bases of these findings, suggestions were discussed.