기상정보를 활용한 날씨경영 사례 연구

임욱빈 한국전문경영인학회 2018 專門經營人硏究 Vol.21 No.3

The cost of economic damage has been rising rapidly due to frequent and large changes in weather worldwide, and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange estimates that 80% of economic activity is affected by the weather. The loss due to climate change is more than 30% of gross domestic product (GDP), and the weather risk management association is growing not only in the US but also in Europe and Australia. As the domestic industrial structure becomes more complicated and advanced, the influence of weather risk is spreading to all industries, and 52% of Korea 's GDP is actually affected by the weather. This study examines weather management situation and weather management performance case of H company which uses weather related information for management decision making to reduce company loss and create new profit. In addition, this study suggests the implications for companies to contribute to market expansion and industrial productivity of weather industry by establishing weather management base. In order to prevent damages caused by bad weather and to utilize it as an opportunity of securing the credibility, the company H, which is an excellent company for weather management proposed in this study, obtained accessibility and timeliness of weather information, developed a smart weather proposal system, Customer satisfaction was increased with the suggestion of customized menus, the cost of food purchase was reduced by adjusting the order quantity in the forecast of the weather, and the freshness and price competitiveness of the food were improved by improving the prediction error rate of drinking water. In order to expand the weather management using the weather information continuously, it is necessary to provide specialized information for each type of industry, and it is deemed necessary to use it immediately in connection with consumption trends. It is also necessary to provide overseas weather information continuously.

Development and application of a weather data service client for preparation of weather input files to a crop model

Lee, C.K.,Kim, J.,Kim, K.S. Elsevier 2015 Computers and electronics in agriculture Vol.114 No.-

Crop yield prediction has been made using a crop growth model that relies on four categories of input data including soil, crop, management, and weather. Most crop models are single column models, which require individual weather inputs for each site of interest. The objectives of this study were to develop a weather data service client that prepares weather input files for a crop growth model and to examine its application to yield prediction at a national scale. The weather data service client downloads daily weather data from the web-based weather data service portal operated by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). The client also prepares weather input files for the ORYZA 2000 model at minimum effort. In total, 4950 input files were prepared to predict rice yield in 2011 and 2012 using the weather data service client. To prepare nearly 5000 weather input files, it would take more than a month for a skilled person to download weather data from the KMA database and to reorganize those data to the input data format for the ORYZA 2000 model manually. Using the weather data service client, several hours were enough to prepare all the input files without error associated with manual preparation as well as with minimum effort and labor.

날씨위험에 따른 골프장 매출 관리 방안

김영재(Kim, Young-Jae),원성연(Won, Sung-Youn) 한국체육과학회 2015 한국체육과학회지 Vol.24 No.6

This study is to suggest management plan which is possible to prepare for weather through data leading and report material showing how the dangerous and unusual weather - recently raised as big issues - has influence on sales of golf. This study suggests the expectation effectiveness and cases about producing weather-derivative products and the application of weather marketing as an alternative of golf"s sales management for the weather risk from unusual weather. firstly, It is possible to stable management in that weather-derivative products are able to manage the damage scale which occurred from irresistible natural disaster. Furthermore, It is possible to increase the sales from weather marketing which enhances effectiveness of safety management, facility management and customer management by providing the information and setting the system forecasting unusual weather. Therefore, these factors make golf management to be stable because it is feasible to prepare and recognize the weather risk.

주기적으로 침수되는 퇴적암의 풍화특성

이석훈,김수진 한국광물학회 2004 광물과 암석 (J.Miner.Soc.Korea) Vol.17 No.1

울산시 사연댐 상류에 위치하여 주기적으로 침수되는 퇴적암의 풍화특징을 연구하였다. 현장조사, 전자현미분석기, X-선 회절분석기 및 X-선 형광분석기를 이용하여 암석의 풍화조직 및 광물의 조성변화 조사를 통해 주기적으로 침수되는 암석의 기계적 및 화학적 풍화양상을 연구하였다. 수장암석의 풍화작용은 퇴적충리와 수직방향으로 발달한 파쇄대 및 균열과 박리현상과 같은 기계적 풍화작용이 현저하다. 이러한 물리적인 풍화현상은 물과 암석과의 접촉면적을 넓혀 화학적 풍화작용을 가속화시킨 결과 풍화대와 약풍화대에서 석영을 제외한 거의 모든 광물이 용해작용 또는 변질 작용을 받았으며, 특히, 탄산염광물의 용해작용이 현저하여 약풍호대에서 조차 방해석이 완전히 용해되어 빈 공간으로 남아있다. 그러나 점토광물과 같은 이차광물의 형성은 미약한 특징을 보인다. 이 지역의 암석은 일정기간 동안 물에 잠긴 상태로 유지되고, 동결과 해빙이 반복됨으로써 물리적 풍화작용이 상대적으로 빠르게 진행되어 물의 침투가 용이한 투수성 구조를 형성하였고, 그 결과 탄산염광물의 용해작용이 급속하게 일어났다. 자유로운 물의 순환으로 인하여 용해된 원소들이 점토광물과 같은 풍화광물로 침전되지 않고 용탈됨으로써 암석조직이 이완되어 풍화작용이 가속되었다. 퇴적암중 풍화에 극히 약한 탄산염광물의 높은 함량이 강한 화학적 풍화작용의 주요인으로 보인다. The weathering characteristics of periodically submerged sedimentary rocks in the Sayeon dam, Ulsan was examined by field work, electron probe micro-analysis, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Analysis of fracture zone and exfoliation showed the submerged sedimentary rocks have undergone severe mechanical weathering. Mechanical weathering in the water-rock interface accelerated chemical weathering, such as dissolution and alteration of the most of minerals except for quartz in the weathering zone. The dissolution of carbonates specially calcite, is remarkable creating the cavities, whereas formation of minerals including clay minerals is not active. The weathering characteristics of periodically submerged sedimentary rocks in the Sayeon dam, Ulsan was examined by field work, electron probe micro-analysis, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Analysis of fracture zone and exfoliation showed the submerged sedimentary rocks have undergone severe mechanical weathering. Mechanical weathering in the water-rock interface accelerated chemical weathering, such as dissolution and alteration of the most of minerals except for quartz in the weathering zone. The dissolution of carbonates specially calcite, is remarkable creating the cavities, whereas formation of minerals including clay minerals is not active. The sedimentary rocks have been periodically submerged for a certain period of time, and have repeated freezing and thawing. This mechanical weathering favored infiltration, which accelerated mineral dissolution. The high content of easily soluble carbonate of the sedimentary rocks is likely the major cause of intense chemical weathering. The dissolved elements within the infiltrated water interrupted the occurrence of clay and weathering minerals, and expend fractures by infiltrated water accelerated weathering process.

Evaluation of geomechanical and geochemical properties in weathered metamorphic rocks in tropical environment: a case study from Samanalawewa hydropower project, Sri Lanka

Dashan T. Udagedara,Chiaki T. Oguchi,Jagath K. Gunatilake 한국지질과학협의회 2017 Geosciences Journal Vol.21 No.3

The effect of weathering on changes of physical and mechanical properties of rocks is a prime concern in the perspectives of geology and engineering. These properties have been studied mostly on weathered igneous and sedimentary rocks under humid climates. Studies on weathering of metamorphic rocks, especially under a tropical climate, are rare. This study evaluates change of physical, mechanical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of metamorphic rocks that weather under tropical climatic conditions. Samanalawewa hydropower project area was selected for this study, because rapid weathering of a metamorphic rock (sillimanite garnet gneiss) was observed in the project site. Fresh rocks that are subjected to weathering have reached to completely weathered condition in a time span of less than 25 years in this area. Visually assessed weathering grades were physically and mechanically evaluated using bulk density, equotip hardness, porosity, specific gravity, point load strength, and slake durability tests. Mechanical properties, especially point load strength, change rapidly at the onset of weathering, while chemical properties show significant changes at later stages of weathering. Mineralogical changes such as appearance of secondary minerals are at the latter part of weathering. Physical properties gradually change during weathering. The observed changes in physical, mechanical and chemical properties indicate that their variations during weathering are independent of lithology and climatic conditions.

Evaluation of Chemical Weathering Indices Using Correspondence Analysis

( Yufang Tan ),( Lihui Li ) 대한지질공학회 2019 대한지질공학회 학술발표회논문집 Vol.2019 No.2

Chemical weathering indices are used to quantify the extent of rock weathering. Several chemical weathering indices have been proposed that account for the mobility of major element oxides in rocks, but are critically dependent on the parent rock composition and have limited application to certain rock types. Therefore, comprehensive and statistical evaluation of index applications is helpful in the choice of a proper index. In this study, we determined correlations between 11 commonly used indices and rock types using correspondence analysis (CA). The database is about 163 samples of 10 rock types and their chemical weathering indices derived from reported literatures. The CA analysis yields two orthogonal principle factor axes (F1/G1 and F2/G2), which capture 37.7% and 21.2% of total variability, respectively. These two factor axes make up a factor-loading graph, which indicate that certain indices including the chemical index of alteration (CIA), chemical index of weathering (CIW), loss on ignition (LOI), and weathering potential index (WPI) are suitable for weathering grade classification of most rocks. The factor loadings of rock samples of variable weathering grade assemble in three groups in the factor-loading graph and most of them form a linear trend, which is related with mineralogy of the parent rock and the weathering environment. The factor-loading graph has a visual presentation of weathering trends of various rock types, and correlation between weathering indices and rock types. All of the merits suggest that CA is a powerful method for evaluating the applicability of chemical weathering indices.

Physical and Chemical Weathering Indices for Biotite Granite and Granitic Weathered Soil in Gyeongju

( Jae-doo Ban ),( Seong-woo Moon ),( Seong-won Lee ),( Joo-gong Lee ),( Yong-seok Seo ) 대한지질공학회 2017 지질공학 Vol.27 No.4

Physical weathering caused by external forces and chemical weathering caused by the decomposition or alteration of constituent materials are the two factors that dominate the mechanical properties of rocks. In this study, a field investigation was undertaken to identify the physical and chemical weathering characteristics of the biotite granite and granitic weathered soils in Gyeongju, South Korea. Samples were collected according to their grade of weathering and subjected to modal analysis, XRD analysis, XRF analysis, physical property tests, particle size distribution tests, and slake durability tests. Modal and XRD analysis identified these rocks as biotite granite; secondary alteration minerals were not observed. Physical property tests and particle size distribution analyses indicate an average porosity of 41.28% and a sand content of > 90 wt.%. These values are somewhat higher than those of granites in general. The results of the slake durability test and XRF analyses show that the physical and chemical weathering indices of the samples vary with the degree of weathering.

옥천대지역 -제천·금산·김천- 에 분포하는 화강암 및 화강 편마암의 풍화분류에 관한 고찰

우익(Ik Woo),박혁진(Hyuck-Jin Park) 대한자원환경지질학회 2004 자원환경지질 Vol.37 No.3

국내에 분포하는 화강암 및 화강편마암의 풍화 등급에 따른 정성적ㆍ정량적인 분류법을 고찰하였다. 정성적인 분류는 암석의 외적 관찰과 상대적 강도 측정에 의존하는 주관적인 방법이 사용되었으며, 정량적 분류를 위하여서는 실내 외 실험을 통한 암석의 기본적 물성을 이용한 풍화 지수를 사용하여 암석을 풍화에 따라 분류를 하였다. 풍화 분류 기준은 기존의 여러 문헌에서 얻은 방법 및 본 연구에서 사용한 방법을 추가 혹은 수정하여 제시하였다. 또한, 풍화 등급별로 채취된 암석 시료의 박편 관찰을 통하여 암석 구성 광물의 변화와 미세절리발달을 풍화 등급별로 관찰하였다. 풍화에 약한 광물인 사장석 및 흑운모의 화학적 풍화 정도는 풍화가 진행됨에 따라 점점 발달됨을 살펴볼 수 있었으며, 신선한 암석에서도 사장석 및 흑운모의 풍화가 어느 정도 발달되어 있음을 살펴볼 수 있었다. 서로 다른 풍화 등급의 암석 분말에 대한 XRD분석을 수행하여, 암석 구성 광물의 풍화에 따른 동적변화를 살펴보았다. 즉, 풍화에 약한 광물의 비율이 풍화가 진행됨에 따라 감소되며, 풍화에 강한 광물의 비율은 반면에 증가되는 경향을 보여주고 있다. 풍화의 정량적인 분류를 위해서 여러 암석 물성 값을 이용한 Fookes et al.(1988)이 제안한 RDIsq 및 본 연구에서 제안한 Ia(Woo, 2003)를 사용하였다. 그 결과, 연구대상 암석의 신선한 풍화등급 F는 I/sub a/>7, 약간풍화 SW는 3.5<Ia<10, 보통풍화 MW는 1.0<Ia<6.0 그리고 심한풍화 HW는 Ia<2.5로 분류될 수 있다. 실내ㆍ외 실험을 통한 풍화에 따른 국내 화강암 및 화강편마암의 물리적 혹은 공학적 물성 값을 고려하여 본 풍화 지수들의 범위를 결정하여 간편하고 빠르게 암석의 풍화 등급을 결정할 수 있게 하였다. A study on the weathering grade classification has been performed for granite and granite gneiss in Korea. The qualitative classification criteria of weathering were reviewed and then modified with field studies for the weathered rock masses. The thin section observations and XRD analyses for the different weathering grades rock samples showed the petrographical and petrophysical difference with respect to the weathering : the proportion of weathering-resistant minerals suck at quartz and orthoclase has a tendency to increase with the development of weathering, but that of weathering-sensible minerals such as anorthite and biotite is decreased. The ranges of physical and mechanical rock properties for different weathering grades were obtained from the laboratory rock tests and field tests for the studied rocks. And then, along with RDIsq(Fookes et al., 1988), the weathering index Ia, (Woo, 2003) has been developed in this study to demarcate the weathering grade. Those two indices rely mainly on the water absorption ratio of rock and on the different rock strength. The range of these weathering indices have been determined with the physical and mechanical rock properties that can be obtained from simple field or laboratory tests in 4 grades Ia > 7 for F, 3.5 < Ia < 10 for SW, 1.0 < Ia < 6.0 for MW and Ia < 2.5 for HW. Consequently, the weathering index could be utilized to classify quantitatively the rock weathering grade, especially for the studied granites and the granite gneiss in Korea.

6․25전쟁시 날씨와 전투사례와의 연계성 연구

반기성 육군군사연구소 2010 군사연구 Vol.- No.130

Military forces, weapons, strategies, tactics, and generalships are the factors that decide the outcome of wars and they apply to not only ancient wars but also modern warfare. However, weather has always been one of the most important factors. The 6․25(Korean War) which was provoked by North Korea 60 years ago was significantly affected by weather in many battles. Korea has very unique weather conditions. It has a rainy season called Jang-ma and 70% of the country is mountainous. The land is inclined and the east is much higher than the west which leads to rivers flowing rapidly along the steep inclines. Korea peninsula is surrounded by three seas, the East Sea, the West Sea, and the South Sea, and it causes extreme changes in the weather. Also, abnormal changes of weather frequently occur. These explain why it was the weather that decided the outcome of Korean War. This report is intended to consider how to deal with weather in the future wars examining the weather factors which determined victory or defeat in the battles of Korean War. In this report, the effect of weather factors by which the outcomes of the 7 battles were decided will be analyzed for the future wars. There are several weather factors classified in this report such as precipitation and poor visibility(Battle of Miari and Battle of Punch Bowl), hot weather(Operation Kean), tides and typhoons(Battle of Incheon), the cold(Battle of Chosin Reservoir and Battle of Nambugun), and abnormal changes of weather(Operation Kean). It is described that what weather factors affected the battles and how these weather factors affected the battles or combat training. Military operations are significantly affected by weather. Therefore, if you make good use of weather information, you can manage military forces cost-effectively and conduct military training efficiently in peace time. You can also secure victory by using weather information during the war. As state-of-the-art weaponry improves, it is important that we maximize efficiency of advanced equipment and change our perception to weather which affects high tech weapons system. For this reason, this report suggests how the army should respond to weather changes. 고대의 원시전쟁에서부터 첨단의 현대전에 이르기까지 전쟁의 승패를 좌우하는 요소로 꼽히는 것은 병력, 무기, 전략과 전술, 제너럴십 등이다. 그러나 어느전쟁이든 날씨는 변함없이 전쟁의 승패에 중요한 요소로 자리 잡고 있다. 60년전 북한의 남침으로 시작되었던 6․25전쟁에서도 날씨는 전투에서 많은영향을 주었다. 특히 우리나라는 세계적으로도 독특한 기상현상이 나타나는 나라이다. 독특한 기상현상인 장마가 있는 나라이다. 산악지형이 70%에 이르며, 동서의 지형 기울기가 심하고, 하천이 급경사를 이루며 흐른다. 서해와 동해, 남해로둘러싸여 기상현상의 변화가 심하다. 기상이변 현상도 자주 발생한다. 그러다 보니 6ㆍ25전쟁에서도 날씨가 전투의 승패를 가른 경우가 많았던 것이다. 과거 6․25전쟁의 전투에서 승패에 영향을 주었던 날씨 요소들을 살펴보고, 장차 전쟁에서 어떻게 대처해야 할 것인가를 살펴보는 것이 중요하다는 판단에서본고를 작성하게 되었다. 본고는 6․25전쟁 당시 날씨가 영향을 주었던 일곱 전투 사례에서 승패에 영향을 주었던 날씨 요소들의 영향을 분석해 장차의 전쟁에도움을 주고자 했다. 날씨요소로는 비와 악시정(미아리와 펀치볼 전투), 무더위(킨 작전), 조수와 태풍(인천상륙작전), 추위(장진호전투, 남부군전투), 기상이변(킨 작전)으로 분류했다. 전투에 영향을 준 날씨요소 및 이런 날씨요소가 전투나훈련에 어떤 영향을 주는가를 서술했다. 군 작전은 날씨에 막대한 영향을 받는다. 따라서 기상을 어떻게 활용하느냐에따라 평시에는 경제적 군 운영 및 효율적인 훈련이 가능하고 전시에는 승리를 담보하는 중요한 정보가 된다. 특히 첨단무기체계가 더욱 정밀화, 고성능화되어 가는 현실에서 장비의 효과를 극대화하고, 또한 첨단무기체계에 영향을 주는 날씨환경에 대한 인식의 전환이 필요하다는 판단 하에 장차 날씨변화에 따른 육군의대응방향에 대해 제언을 하였다.

천연가스산업에서 날씨파생상품의 헤지수요 및 성과분석

문성주 ( Seongju Moon ),손판도 ( Pando Sohn ) 아시아.유럽미래학회 2013 유라시아연구 Vol.10 No.1

This paper develops and evaluate how weather derivative product is applied to natural gas industry. If developed weather derivative product is used as hedge tool, what is hedge performance from natural gas industry in Korea. Recently weather derivative product is developed as hedge tool because the loss from natural catastrophe in past time was small amount and also this loss is hedge easily. However, today, huge loss from natural hazard is not covered by only insurance coverage. Instead of insurance tool, many papers suggest the weather derivative product which is good tool to cover huge loss from natural catastrophe. A financial weather contract can be defined as a weather contingent contract whose payoff will be in an amount of cash determined by future weather events. The settlement as values of a weather variable measured at a stated location. A financial weather contract can take the form of a weather derivative or of a weather insurance contract. While the differences between the two types of contracts might be important from regulatory and legal viewpoints, from an economic perspective both instruments share the common feature of being triggered by an underlying weather index. In discussing agricultural policy and risk management tools, this is probably the most relevant aspect. Weather derivative financial product contract can be used to hedge businesses exposition to weather variables. If the activity of a firm is influenced by temperature, snowfall or shushine, a derivative on the appropriate weather variable could be used to reduce revenue fluctuation. Weather has always been a source of risk for many economic activities, but it was not until the late 1990``s that firms explored the possibility of hedging against weather-related variability through weather derivatives. The impetus for developing weather markets was given by the deregulation of the US energy sector, when local monopolies had to start competing on broader markets and find measures to stabilize fluctuating revenues. Ordinary insurance and reinsurance tools were traditionally designed to target catastrophic events, and were probably too expensive and not sufficiently flexible for ordinary risk management practices that focus on fluctuations closer to the mean of the distribution. Faced with these challenges, energy traders started thinking of financial solutions for trading their exposure to weather risks within their own industry. In this paper, we focuses on the natural gas industry and investigates the hedge demand and performance using daily weather data. The natural gas industry is one of most important energy industry and thus analyzing this natural gas industry is contrubution to development of weather derivative product and hedge of huge natural catastrophe risk. From this paper, we develop the weather derivative product appropriated to Korean natural gas industry and also evaluate the hedge demand and performance. The empirical results are as follow: we find that big hedge demand in Korean natural gas industry exists from hedge performance and demand. Also we show that if it is hedge based on HDD futures and options, cost in hedge case is less than cost in no hedge case and also we find that there is no excess than allowed risk level. We think that this paper give us new prospective view in terms of financial innovation and financial engineering as well as financial industry.