대체수자원 확보를 위한 하수 재이용 기술 동향과 발전방향

조일형 ( Il Hyoung Cho ),이시진 ( Si Jin Lee ),김지태 ( Ji Tae Kim ) 한국물환경학회 2013 한국물환경학회지 Vol.29 No.1

Reuse of wastewater will intensify in the coming decades due to water shortage the change of climatic conditions the need for industrial and agricultural use and the necessity of improving health and environmental conditions for the growing population. This paper considers (a) the status and trends of wastewater reuse and reclamation in the world (b) case studies of wastewater reuse projects (c) analysis of technology level (d) forecast of global market and (e) the future views and directions in development of wastewater reuse technologies. Based on the available documented literature this paper provides a review assessment of the current status of the wastewater treatment processes including potential applications for reuse. Key challenges for both wastewater treatment and reuse are also discussed in the paper and include recommendations e.g. cost effluent water quality energy use and technical solutions for future developments.

달성산업단지 폐수재이용 사업의 가치분석을 통한 재이용사업활성화 방안 연구

차재규,김희철,김기호 재단법인 대구경북연구원 2014 대구경북연구 Vol.13 No.1

We analyzed the environmental and economic value of the project for the reuse of treated wastewater in Dalseong Industrial Complex in an effort to promote industrial wastewater reuse. The results of environmental valuation showed that wastewater reuse reduces not only greenhouse gases generated during the production of water for industrial use, but also the contaminants into water. In addition, the economic benefits of the project amount to 2.4 billion won by reducing the costs to suppliers and demanders, maintenance costs of intake facilities, the supply of public water as well as pollutants. Therefore, it is important to carry out this project continuously as a key policy of the government by establishing a law or scheme to support the reuse of industrial wastewater. Water reuse has been promoted from the perspective of circulating waste resources as well as securing water resources with a help of pan-governmental cooperation. In this regard, industrial wastewater reuse is also important from economic, political and environmental point of view and thus there needs to be more supports from the government through various policies. 본 연구는 산업폐수 재이용사업의 활성화방안을 모색하기 위해 달성산업단지 폐수재이용사업의 환경·경제적 가치를 분석하였다. 달성산업단지 폐수재이용사업은 하천에 직접적으로 영향을 주는 오염부하량을 감소시킬 뿐만 아니라 공업용수 생산과정에서 발생하는 온실가스를 저감할 수 있음을 환경적가치분석을 통하여 확인하였다. 또한, 공급처와 수요처의 생산원가 절감, 취수시설 유지관리비 절감, 공공용수 공급, 오염물질 절감 등 연간 24억 원 정도의 경제적인 이익이 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 향후 산업폐수재이용사업은관련지원법의 제정 및정부의 지원정책수립등을통해 국가 주요정책일환으로 지속적으로 추진 될필요가 있을 것으로 판단된다. 물재이용은 범정부적차원에서 수자원확보와폐자원 에너지순환 측면에서적극적으로추진하고 있는 정책이며 이를 반영한 산업폐수 재이용사업은지역의경제적·정책적·환경적관점에서반드시시행되어야할공공재성격의환경사업으로써다양한 정책지원을 통해 활성화되어야 할 것이다.

침지형 한외여과 막공법과 역삼투 공법을 이용한 하·폐수처리

최희정(H J Choi),박연종(Y J Park),이승목(S M Lee) 大韓環境工學會 2012 대한환경공학회지 Vol.34 No.10

세계적인 물부족을 해결하는 대안 중의 하나는 하수 재이용이다. 본 연구는 A시의 하수를 UF와 RO 공법으로 처리하여 인근지역의 공업용수로 재사용이 가능한지의 여부를 확인하고자 하였다. A시의 하수를 UF와 RO로 처리한 결과 Na, Mg, Cl, Ca, Mn, PO₄, SO₄ 등은 원수 대비 97% 이상의 높은 처리 효율을 보였으나, NH₄-N, TN, NO₃-N, BOD 등의 영양염류는 각각 35.71%, 85.21%, 87.05% 그리고 56%로 상대적으로 낮은 제거율을 보였다. 그러나 영양염류는 원수 자체의 함유량이 소량이여서 하수 처리수 공업용수 재이용수질 권고 기준을 만족하는데 문제가 없었다. 그 외의 측정항목 또한 하수 처리수 공업용수 재이용수질 권고 기준을 만족하여 인근지역의 공업용수로 재사용에는 문제가 없을 것으로 예상된다. One of alternatives to solve the global water shortages is the reuse of wastewater. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether it can be reused for industrial water from wastewater in “A” City with ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) process. The results obtained in this study were that the inorganics such as Na, Mg, Cl, Ca, Mn, PO₄, SO₄, etc. were removed with high treatment efficiency (more than 97%), respectively. However, the removal of NH₄-N, TN, NO₃-N, BOD was found to be 35.71%, 85.21%, 87.05% and 56%, respectively. The removal efficiency of nutrients was relatively low compared to other metal ions. Despite low nutrients removal, the treated wastewater is recommended to reuse, because the nutrient contents in influent from the secondary wastewater treatment plant were small amount. In addition, all other metrics in the wastewater were found to be lower amount than wastewater reuse criteria. Therefore, the wastewater treated by UF-RO could be sufficient to reuse for industrial waster.

Reuse of municipal wastewater via membrane capacitive deionization using ion-selective polymer-coated carbon electrodes in pilot-scale

Kim, David Inhyuk,Dorji, Pema,Gwak, Gimun,Phuntsho, Sherub,Hong, Seungkwan,Shon, Hokyong Elsevier 2019 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL -LAUSANNE- Vol.372 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study investigated membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) at a pilot-scale using ion-selective polymer-coated carbon electrodes for wastewater reuse. Several issues have been addressed to verify the suitability of MCDI for wastewater reclamation: electrosorption performance, removal efficiency and selectivity of ions present in wastewater, optimization of operating conditions, and performance degradation in long-term caused by the accumulation of organic contaminants. The coated electrodes had better adsorption capacities and charge efficiencies than the conventional MCDI system, which was attributed to their low electrical resistance induced by the thin coated layer. The pilot-scale MCDI test cell involved 50 pairs of anion- and cation-selective electrodes and achieved good removal efficiency of ions from the wastewater effluent, particularly for problematic charged impurities, such as nitrate (NO<SUB>3</SUB> <SUP>−</SUP>) (up to 91.08% of NO<SUB>3</SUB> <SUP>−</SUP> was removed). Increasing the flow rate and reducing the applied potential were shown to be efficient for achieving better water quality by enhancing the NO<SUB>3</SUB> <SUP>−</SUP> selectivity. Last, the 15 d operation showed good reproducibility in electrosorption and regeneration for the coated electrodes, despite the fact that high concentrations of organics were contained in the wastewater feed solution (12.4 mg/L of dissolved organic carbon).</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> MCDI was probed for wastewater reuse in pilot-scale using ion selective electrodes. </LI> <LI> The coated electrodes showed better performance attributing to its low resistivity. </LI> <LI> NO<SUB>3</SUB> <SUP>−</SUP> was selectively removed attributing to its high permselectivity through AEM. </LI> <LI> Faster flow rate and lower potential enhanced NO<SUB>3</SUB> <SUP>−</SUP> selectivity in single-pass mode. </LI> <LI> The flat coated layer kept organic substances from accumulating on the surface. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

하수처리장 처리수의 工業用水 재이용시 經濟性 評價에 관한 硏究

김주영,최미영,홍원화 대한건축학회 2004 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.20 No.7

To provide against shortage of water resources, the importance of treated sewage is recognized and its using is increased, and yet the rate of reusing it is 2.9% in 2000. Rate of treated sewage is high and the quality of water in the sewage is being improved by advanced water treatment in Daegu, but the rate of reusing wastewater treatment in Daegu is low, and that in S-sewage disposal plant which has the highest rate of reusing it in Daegu is about 11%. As compared with the amount of water supplied(in 2001) of a local autonomous entity, the rate of using domestic water as industrial water in Daegu reaches the highest level at 441 . In this study, after the actual state of operation of S-sewage disposal plant is analyzed, economic evaluation is estimated when wastewater of S-sewage disposal plant is reused as industrial water in the Third industrial complex. This research is anticipated to be fundamental data for diversifying reuse.

各種 建築物의 中水道施設의 現況 및 運轉實態에 관한 分析 硏究

손민준,최미영,홍원화 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.19 No.2

"The next great world crisis will be water supply" This prediction is increasingly frequent as countries downstream threaten war over water rights with countries upstream. State against state, county against county, water rights continue to cause problems with a finite planetary water supply pitted against an increasing population and, worse yet, n increasing per capita consumption of water, we see again the problem of limited resources versus growing demand. So we have to reduce consumption of water and saving. Here, one of methods of saving water demand is applying a wastewater reclamation and reusing system which make used water reuse by purification of water. In Korea, the annual usage of water amounts to thirty thousand one hundred million ton, the annual usage of industrial water that has an effect on water pollution amounts to two thousand six hundred million ton. The purpose of this study is about the actual state and evaluation of wastewater reclamation and reusing system as this research is a basic study for wastewater reclamation and reusing system, in the future the data of the research will attribute to the application of wastewater reclamation and reusing system for wastewater reuse.

중공사 정밀여과 MBR공정을 이용한 제직폐수의 재이용

정용준,배종홍,민경석 한국물환경학회 2004 한국물환경학회지 Vol.20 No.4

Submerged membrane bio-reactor equipped with a hollow fiber microfiltration was applied to reuse weaving wastewater of water jet loom, where two parameters such as the concentration of MLSS and the flux were controlled. While the flux at the concentration of MLSS around 900㎎/L was constantly kept over 0.4m/d and 0.8m/d in a short time, the stable flux at around 300㎎/L of MLSS was shown at the 8 days later. Regardless of MLSS and flux, BOO, CODcr and Turbidity of the permeate were l~2㎎/L, 7~10㎎/L and below 1 NTU, which were 85~90%, 87~90% and 98% of removal efficiency, respectively. The stable operation without fouling was achieved because the contents of ECP were smaller than those of common MBR processes and the composition(saccharide/protein) was kept constantly. In this study, 0.5~1.0m/d of flux and 400~900㎎/L of MLSS were considered as the most recommendable operating condition for the reuse of weaving wastewater.

Petrochemical wastewater treatment and reuse by MBR: A pilot study for ethylene oxide/ethylene glycol and olefin units

Mitra Bayat,Mohammad Reza Mehrnia,Mostafa Hosseinzadeh,Reza Sheikh-Sofla 한국공업화학회 2015 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.25 No.-

This study aims to investigate the technical feasibility of employing membrane bioreactor (MBR) as a practical approach for ethylene oxide/ethylene glycol (EO/EG) and olefin units wastewater treatment in a petrochemical complex. EO/EG unit wastewater mainly contains ethylene glycol and acetaldehyde and olefin unit wastewater includes benzene and ethyl benzene, with COD concentration of 1900 900 mg/L and 900 300 mg/L, respectively. Experimental studies of MBR pilot plants with volume of 2.5 m3 were carried out during 6 months in different HRTs and various mixed ratios of EO/EG to olefin unit wastewater. Results revealed that using MBR, COD removal efficiency of 97.5% is accomplished in HRT of 13.5 h for EO/EG and 85% in HRT of 18 h for olefin wastewater. For the mixed ratio of 2/1 and in HRT of 18 and 24 h, COD removal efficiency of 93.5% and 96% was achieved, respectively. Membrane fouling was analyzed at different MLSS concentrations. The results at optimum MLSS of 8 g/L revealed that fouling resistance is mainly due to the membrane pore blocking, and cake and gel resistances contribute less to membrane fouling. Results indicated that MBR is a promising technology for treatment of high fluctuation toxic components in petrochemical wastewater.

연구보문 : 토양환경 ; 하수처리수 및 폐양액의 재이용이 배추 유묘 생장에 미치는 영향

홍기찬 ( Ki Chan Hong ),최봉수 ( Bong Su Choi ),임경재 ( Kyoung Jae Lim ),원재희 ( Jae Hee Won ),전신재 ( Shin Jae Jeon ),허승오 ( Seung Oh Hur ),하상건 ( Sang Keun Ha ),김남원 ( Nam Won Kim ),양재의 ( Jae E Yang ),옥용식 ( Yong S 한국환경농학회 2009 한국환경농학회지 Vol.28 No.2

기후변화로 인해 발생될 수 있는 물 부족 현상에 대응하기 위하여 기존 농업용수에 대한 대체용수로 하수처리수 및 폐양액의 재이용이 유식물 생장에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 하수처리수와 폐양액에 대한 수질분석결과 유기배지로부터의 폐양액은 무기배지로부터의 폐양액 및 하수처리수와 비교해서 보다 많은 양분을 함유하고 있었으며 하수처리수에서는 Na+과 Cl- 함량이 다른 용수보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 배추묘의 생육은 폐양액 처리구에서 대조구인 지하수 처리구에 비해 유사하거나 촉진되었고 하수처리수 처리구에서는 대조구와 비슷하게 나타났다. 육묘기간 동안 배추묘가 흡수한 질소는 관행재배에서 5.47 mg/plant 이었으며, 유기배지와 무기배지로부터의 폐양액 처리구에서 각각 10.02 mg/plant, 5.20 mg/plant인 것으로 나타났다. 하수처리수 처리구에서는 배추의 질소함량이 4.59 mg/plant으로 나타났다. 관행의 1/2 수준으로 시비하고 유기배지로부터의 폐양액을 처리한 배추의 질소 흡수량은 8.34 mg/plant으로 관행재배보다 높은 것으로 나타나 폐양액 이용 시 육묘에 이용되는 비료의 시용을 줄여야 할 것으로 판단된다. 한편 배추의 인 함량은 관행재배에서 8.9 μg/plant로 나타났으며 유기배지로부터의 폐양액 처리구에서도 관행재배와 비슷한 수준이었다. 반면인 함량이 낮았던 무기배지로부터의 폐양액과 하수처리수 처리구에서 배추가 흡수한 인산 함량이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 배추묘가 흡수한 양이온의 경우 관행재배에 비해 폐양액과 하수처리수 처리구에서 상대적으로 많은 양을 흡수하였다. 이상의 결과로부터 선정된 폐양액 및 하수처리수에 대한농업용수로써의 재이용 가능성을 확인할 수 있었으며 향후 현장실험을 통해 작물의 생육특성 및 생산량 평가를 실시하고 대체용수 사용에 따른 환경영향을 평가하는 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. Water shortages are expected to be a major impact of climate change. This study examined the growth of Chinese cabbage seedling using reclaimed wastewater and waste nutrient solution as alternative irrigation resources. Generally, the concentration of nutrients, such as K+, NH4 +, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3 -, PO4 - and SO4(2-), in waste nutrient solution was higher than that in wastewater. However, Chinese cabbage seedling irrigated with wastewater was supplied a higher concentration of Na+ and Cl- than waste nutrient solution. The growth of Chinese cabbage seedling irrigated with waste nutrient solution was similar or higher than those irrigated with groundwater as control, while the growth of those irrigated with wastewater was similar to those irrigated with groundwater. The total nitrogen uptake in Chinese cabbage seedling irrigated with groundwater, waste nutrient solution from organic and inorganic hydroponic cultures, and wastewater was 5.47, 10.02, 5.20, and 4.59 mg/plant, respectively. The nitrogen uptake of Chinese cabbage seedling irrigated with waste nutrient solution from organic hydroponic substrates in a 50% lower dose than recommended was 8.34 mg/plant, which is higher than that of the cabbage irrigated with groundwater. Overall, the results suggest that waste nutrient solution and wastewater can be used as alternate water resources, and can allow a reduction in the amount of fertilizer needed to raise Chinese cabbage seedling.

용수재이용을 위한 하수처리 유출수의 UV 소독 후 광회복 조사

윤춘경 ( Chun G. Yoon ),정광욱 ( Kwang Wook Jung ),함종화 ( Jong Hwa Ham ),전지홍 ( Ji Hong Jeon ) 한국농공학회 2003 韓國農工學會誌 : 전원과 자원 Vol.45 No.3

Photoreactivation of microorganism following UV-disinfection is one of the research topics of interest in assessing the UV-disinfection performance. Apparent photoreactivation was examined under fluorescent lamp and solar radiation as well as in darkness. Total coliform, fecal coliform, and Escherichia coli were used as indicator microorganisms, and their concentration was monitored with time after UV-disinfection. Under the darkness, their initial concentration of 10∼30 MPN/100 mL increased to the level of 100 MPN/100 mL after 24 hours, which implied that part of damaged microorganisms by UV-disinfection might be repairable with time. Under the fluorescent lamp, photoreactivation was more apparent that their concentration increased up to 1,000 MPN/100 mL which might significantly impair the water uses specially in reuse of reclaimed wastewater. However, their concentration further decreased down to below 2 MPN/100 mL under the solar radiation primarily due to additional disinfection by solar radiation rather than photoreactivation. Samples not disinfected by UV-disinfection also demonstrated substantial decrease of their concentration under solar radiation from about 5,000 MPN/100 mL to less than 30 MPN/100 mL in 24 hours. But direct reuse of effluent without disinfection is not recommended because natural decay by solar radiation may take time and be affected by climatic conditions. The result suggests that photoreactivation of pathogenic microorganisms may not be concerned in agricultural reuse of reclaimed wastewater because solar radiation may provide further disinfection after UV-disinfection.