초연결 시대의 UAS 주파수의 효율적 활용방안

강영흥(Young-Heung Kang) 한국전자파학회 2015 한국전자파학회논문지 Vol.26 No.10

UAS(Unmanned Aircraft System)는 과거 군용으로 국한되어 활용되었으나, 최근 기술발전에 힘입어 점차 민간용 시장으로 확대되고 있으며, 그 시장 규모가 급격히 성장할 것으로 예상된다. 특히 초연결 시대의 UAS의 이용 형태는 넥스트(next) 5G 시스템 아키텍처에서 하나의 가능한 기반시설로 큰 역할을 할 것이다. UAS에서의 궁극적인 목표는 국가 공역시스템(NAS: National Airspace System)으로의 통합 운용이며, 이를 위해 무인 비행체 제어를 위한 비업무용(non-payload) 주파수뿐만 아니라, 초연결시대의 다양한 활용분야에 필요한 업무용(payload) 주파수 확보가 중요한 요소이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 기존의 UAS 무선조정용 주파수의 분석과 비업무용 주파수 개발 연구동향 및 향후 UAS 주파수의 효율적 활용방안을 제안한다. UAS(Unmanned Aircraft System) has been used a lot in military applications but recently its usage is expanding to commercial applications due to its recent technical development and its market is expected to grow rapidly in the future. In hyper-connectivity society, especially UAS would play major role as an one of potential infrastructures for the architecture of the next 5G system. The ultimate goal is the successful integration of UAS in NAS(National Airspace System) relies heavily on ensuring reliable spectrum for the robust CNPC(Command and Non-Payload Communication) links as well as payload links for other various applications in the upcoming hyper-connectivity era. In this paper, we have focused on the analysis of the existing frequencies for UAS radio-control and the current issues for CNPC and payload frequencies, and proposed future efficient utilization policy for UAS in the hyper-connectivity society.

UAS 산업 활성화를 위한 스펙트럼 정책 및 기술

강영흥(Young-Heung Kang) 한국전자파학회 2017 한국전자파학회논문지 Vol.28 No.7

UAS(Unmanned Aircraft System) 또는 드론(drone)은 4차 산업혁명의 도래와 함께 급격히 성장할 것으로 예상되고 있으므로 미국을 비롯하여 EU, 중국, 일본 등에서는 국가 차원의 로드맵을 수립하고, UAS 관련 산업을 적극 육성하고 있다. 국내에서도 ’16년도에 향후 성장 잠재력이 큰 무선통신 기반 유망 신산업 활성화를 위해 드론에는 2,670 ㎒ 주파수를 신규 · 추가로 공급하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 UAS 국내외 산업동향, 핵심 전파기술과 주파수 확보 방안, 국내외 법제도 등을 분석하여 국내의 UAS 산업 활성화를 위한 방안을 제시하고자 한다. Since the UAS(Unmanned Aircraft System) or Drone is expected to grow rapidly with the advent of the 4th Industrial Revolution era, the EU, China, and Japan as well as United States have deveoped a national roadmap and actively fostered UAS related industries. Also, in Korea, the frequencies of 2,670 ㎒ bandwidth has been also supplied newly or additionaly in 2016 for Drones in order to activate promising a new UAS industry based on wireless communication, which has great potential for future industrial growth. Therefore, in this paper, some solutions to promote UAS industry has been proposed by analyzing the domestic trends, the major technologies, the frequency issues, and the law framework for UAS.

UAS와 지상 LiDAR 조합에 의한 수직 구조물의 3차원 공간정보 구축

강준오,이용창 한국국토정보공사 2019 지적과 국토정보 Vol.49 No.2

Recently, as a part of the production of spatial information by smart cities, three-dimensional reproduction of structures for reverse engineering has been attracting attention. In particular, terrestrial LiDAR is mainly used for 3D reproduction of structures, and 3D reproduction research by UAS has been actively conducted. However, both technologies produce blind spots due to the shooting angle. This study deals with vertical structures. 3D model implemented through SfM- based image analysis technology using UAS and reproducibility and effectiveness of 3D models by terrestrial LiDAR-based laser scanning are examined. In addition, two 3D models are merged and reviewed to complement the blind spot. For this purpose, UAS based image is acquired for artificial rock wall, VCP and check point are set through GNSS equipment and total station, and 3D model of structure is reproduced by using SfM based image analysis technology. In addition, Through 3D LiDAR scanning, the 3D point cloud of the structure was acquired, and the accuracy of reproduction and completeness of the 3D model based on the checkpoint were compared and reviewed with the UAS-based image analysis results. In particular, accuracy and realistic reproducibility were verified through a combination of point cloud constructed from UAS and terrestrial LiDAR. The results show that UAS – based image analysis is superior in accuracy and 3D model completeness and It is confirmed that accuracy improves with the combination of two methods. As a result of this study, it is expected that UAS and terrestrial LiDAR laser scanning combination can complement and reproduce precise three-dimensional model of vertical structure, so it can be effectively used for spatial information construction, safety diagnosis and maintenance management. 최근 스마트 시티에 의한 공간정보 제작의 일환으로 역설계를 위한 구조물의 3차원 재현이 주목받고 있다. 특히, 구조물 3차원 재현에 지상 LiDAR가 주로 사용되며 UAS에 의한 3차원 재현 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 다만, 두 기술 모두 촬영각에 의한 사각지대가 발생한다. 본 연구는 수직구조물을 대상으로 UAS를 활용한 SfM기반 영상해석 기술을 통해 구현된 3D 모델과 지상 LiDAR 기반의 레이저 스캐닝에 의한 3D 모델간의 재현성 및 효용성을 검토하고 사각지대 보완을 위해 2가지 3D 모델을 조합 검토한다. 이를 위해 인공암벽을 대상으로 UAS 기반 영상을 취득하고 GNSS 장비와 토탈 스테이션을 통해 수직면 기준점(VCP) 및 점검점을 설정, SfM 기반 영상해석 기술을 활용하여 구조물의 3D 모델을 재현한다. 또한, 지상 LiDAR 스캐닝을 통해 구조물의 3D 측점 군을 취득하고 점검점을 기준으로 재현의 정확도와 3D 모델의 완성도를 UAS 기반 영상해석결과와 비교・검토하였다. 특히, UAS 및 지상 LiDAR로부터 구축한 측점 군의 조합을 통해 정확도와 실감 재현도를 확인하였다. 연구결과, 정확도 및 3D 모델 완성도에서 UAS 기반 영상해석이 우수하였고, 두 방법의 측점 군 조합으로 정확도가 향상됨을 확인하였다. UAS 및 지상 LiDAR 레이저 스캐닝 조합방법으로 수직구조물 대상 정밀 3차원 모델의 사각지대 보완・재현이 가능하므로 공간정보 구축, 안전진단 및 유지보수 관리에 효율적인 사용이 기대된다.

만성 두드러기의 환자 자기 평가 도구로서 UAS7 사용 현황에 대한 고찰 : 국내외 연구논문 분석 및 일개 한방병원 의무기록을 중심으로

김재호,정솔미,최인화,김민희,강민서,Kim, Jae-Ho,Jung, Sol-Mi,Choi, In-Hwa,Kim, Min-Hee,Kang, Min-Seo 대한한방안이비인후피부과학회 2021 한방안이비인후피부과학회지 Vol.34 No.1

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the using trends of UAS7 over the last 5 years to analyze patients using UAS7 in a single Korean medicine hospital and to understand and suggest the actual status of application in clinical research. Methods : PubMed, RISS and OASIS were used to search clinical research papers related to chronic urticaria in the last 5 years. The adherence of UAS7 was assessed based on medical records in a single Korean medical hospital for 4 weeks. Results : Total 536 articles were selected, and 401(74.8%) articles used the assessment tool. UAS7 has been most commonly used assessment tool to evaluate the severity of chronic urticaria and DLQI has been most commonly used to evaluate the quality of life. The usage rate of UAS7 increased from 50% in 2016 to 85% in 2020. There were a total of 10 articles in traditional medicine research, of which 9 assessment tools were used and 4 articles used UAS7. To analyze adherence of UAS7, a total of 15 patients were selected. 6 patients (40%) did not record any value, and only 2 patients(13%) showed more than 80% adherence. Conclusions : UAS7 is most commonly used assessment tool in clinical research currently. However, since patient record adherence tends to be poor, it is needed to find ways increasing the UAS7 record adherence.

Phenotypic differences between Drosophila Alzheimer’s disease models expressing human Aβ42 in the developing eye and brain

전영재,조경상,이수진,신명철,이장호,서윤석,황수진,윤혜섭 한국통합생물학회 2017 Animal cells and systems Vol.21 No.3

Drosophila melanogaster expressing amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) transgenes have been used as models to study Alzheimer’s disease. Various Aβ42 transgenes with different structures induce different phenotypes, which make it difficult to compare data among studies which use different transgenic lines. In this study, we compared the phenotypes of four frequently used Aβ42 transgenic lines, UAS-Aβ422X, UAS-Aβ42BL33770, UAS-Aβ4211C39, and UAS-Aβ42H29.3. Among the four transgenic lines, only UAS-Aβ422X has two copies of the upstream activation sequence-amyloid- β42 (UAS-Aβ42) transgene, while remaining three have one copy. UAS-Aβ42BL33770 has the 3′ untranslated region of Drosophila α-tubulin, while the others have that of SV40. UAS-Aβ4211C39 and UAS-Aβ42H29.3 have the rat pre-proenkephalin signal peptide, while UAS-Aβ422X and UASAβ42BL33770 have that of the fly argos protein. When the transgenes were expressed ectopically in the developing eyes of the flies, UAS-Aβ422X transgene resulted in a strongly reduced and rough eye phenotype, while UAS-Aβ42BL33770 only showed a strong rough eye phenotype; UASAβ42H29.3 and UAS-Aβ4211C39 had mild rough eyes. The levels of cell death and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the eye imaginal discs were consistently the highest in UAS-Aβ422X, followed by UAS-Aβ42BL33770, UAS-Aβ4211C39, and UAS-Aβ42H29.3. Surprisingly, the reduction in survival during the development of these lines did not correlate with cell death or ROS levels. The flies which expressed UAS-Aβ4211C39 or UAS-Aβ42H29.3 experienced greatly reduced survival rates, although low levels of ROS or cell death were detected. Collectively, our results demonstrated that different Drosophila AD models show different phenotypic severity, and suggested that different transgenes may have different modes of cytotoxicity.

UAS 기반 대형 폐기물 발생량 측정 가능성 모색

손승우,유재진,전형진,임성하,강영은,윤정호,Son, Seung Woo,Yu, Jae Jin,Jeon, Hyung Jin,Lim, Seong Ha,Kang, Young Eun,Yoon, Jeong Ho 대한원격탐사학회 2017 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.33 No.5

재난 등에서 발생하는 대형 폐기물에 대한 효율적인 관리가 지속적으로 요구되고 있다. 대형 폐기물은 환경과 밀접하게 연결되어 대기질이나 수질, 생활 환경 등에 악영향을 미치고 있다. 대형 폐기물이 발생하면 임시적환장으로의 이동이나 처리 등을 위해서 발생량을 추정할 수 있어야 한다. 현재까지 위성영상이나 폐기물의 원단위를 이용하여 발생량을 추정하고 있지만 그 정확성에 대한 의문이 지속적으로 제기되는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 UAS를 기반으로 3차원 공간정보를 구축하고 폐기물 측정 및 정확도 평가를 목적으로 연구를 진행하였다. UAS를 이용하여 폐기물 지역을 측정한 결과, 3차원 공간정보의 X, Y, Z RMSE 수치는 각각 0.022 m, 0.023 m, 0.14 m로 비교적 높은 정확도를 보였다. 이를 기반으로 측정한 폐기물량은 약 $4,273,400m^3$로 도출되었다. 또한 과거부터 지형, 문화재 등 정밀한 측량에 사용된 지상 LiDAR를 이용하여 동일지역의 폐기물량을 측정하였으며 그 결과값은 약 $4,274,188m^3$로 도출되었다. UAS 기반으로 도출한 폐기물량과 크게 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이를 통해 UAS를 이용한 폐기물 발생량 측정에 대한 가능성을 확인할 수 있었으며 이는, 재해 폐기물이나 대형 폐기물 등의 환경관리에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Efficient management of large-size wastes generated from disasters etc. is always in demand. Large-size wastes are closely connected to the environment, producing adverse effects on the air quality, water quality, living environment and so on. When large-size wastes are generated, we must be able to estimate the generated amount in order to transfer them to a temporary trans-shipment site, or to properly treat them. Currently, we estimate the amount of generated large-size wastes by using satellite images or unit measure for wastes; however, the accuracy of such estimations have been constantly questioned. Therefore, the present study was performed to establish three-dimensional spatial information based on UAS, to measure the amount of waste, and to evaluate the accuracy of the measurement. A measurement was made at a waste site by using UAS, and the X, Y, Z RMSE values of the three-dimensional spatial information were found to be 0.022 m, 0.023 m, and 0.14 m, all of which show relatively high accuracy. The amount of waste measured using these values was computed to be approximately $4,273,400m^3$. In addition, the amount of waste at the same site was measured by using Terrestrial LiDAR, which is used for the precise measurement of geographical features, cultural properties and the like. The resulting value was $4,274,188m^3$, which is not significantly different from the amount of waste computed by using UAS. Thus, the possibility of measuring the amount of waste using UAS was confirmed, and UAS-based measurement is believed to be useful for environmental control with respect to disaster wastes, large-size wastes, and the like.

무인 항공시스템의 위성링크와 위성방송시스템 간 간섭 분석

이희수,오왕록 한국통신학회 2022 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.47 No.9

As the number of UAS’s (Unmanned Aerial Systems) satellite data link systems which use same frequency band with commercial communications satellites, the interferences between two systems are increasing. On the other hand, due to the requirements on the size and the weight of UAS, the size of satellite antennas is decreasing and thus, the interferences to the UAS’s satellite data link from other systems become more severe. In the vicinity of the Korean peninsula, satellite broadcasting systems of neighboring countries are densely packed and thus interference analysis between UAS’s satellite links and other satellite systems should be preceded. In this paper, we analyze the interference between satellite broadcasting systems and satellite control (TC, Tele-Control) links of UAS and we propose a scheme to derive system parameters for the TC links of UAS. 동일 주파수를 사용하는 무인기 위성링크와 통신 위성의 수가 크게 증가함에 따라 상호 간섭이 발생할 수 있고무인기의 소형경량화에 따라 무인기에 장착되는 위성안테나의 크기가 줄어들어 인접위성 간섭이 무인기 위성링크성능에 영향을 줄 수 있다. 또한 한반도의 지리적 특수성으로 인하여 인접국의 위성방송시스템이 밀집해 있어 무인기 위성링크와 타 위성시스템들 간 간섭 분석이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 위성방송시스템과 무인기 시스템의 위성 제어 (TC, Tele-Control) 링크 간의 간섭에 대한 분석을 수행하였으며 이를 통해 인접 위성 간섭 하에서 무인항공시스템의 위성링크의 안정성을 확보할 수 있는 설계 방안을 제안하였다.

복합항법장치 보정항법을 위한 가시선 데이터링크 기반 무인항공기 위치 측정 기술

최재원,신동훈,조현종 대한전자공학회 2023 전자공학회논문지 Vol.60 No.8

In this paper, the unmanned aerial system (UAS) positioning methods based on the line-of-sight (LOS) datalink are presented for the embedded global positioning system (GPS) and inertial navigation system (INS) (EGI) corrected navigation. UAS guarantees the accuracy and stability of navigator using the composition navigation combining the GPS and INS. However, the accuracy of INS is not guaranteed in case that the quality of GPS receiving signal is not good because of the equipment fault or the interference by satellite jamming. UAS positioning methods using the LOS datalink is useful technique able to use the composition navigation correcting INS instead of GPS. The azimuth/elevation angle and distance between the ground terminal and UAS on the basis of the fixed ground data terminal of LOS datalink are needed to obtain the position(Latitude/Longitude/Altitude) of UAS. The azimuth/elevation angle is obtained by the monopulse tracking of ground data terminal, and the distance is calculated in the airborne data terminal by using the 1pps signal generated in the clock generation board of ground and airborne data terminals. The designs of UAS positioning methods based on LOS datalink and the flight and ground test results in the real system are presented in this paper.

공군기지의 C-UAS 센서 배치를 위한 다목적 최적화 모델

신민철,최선주,박종호,오상윤,정찬기 한국군사과학기술학회 2022 한국군사과학기술학회지 Vol.25 No.2

Recently, there are an increased the number of reports on the misuse or malicious use of an UAS. Thus, many researchers are studying on defense schemes for UAS by developing or improving C-UAS sensor technology. However, the wrong placement of sensors may lead to a defense failure since the proper placement of sensors is critical for UAS defense. In this study, a multi-object optimization model for C-UAS sensor placement in an air base is proposed. To address the issue, we define two objective functions: the intersection ratio of interested area and the minimum detection range and try to find the optimized placement of sensors that maximizes the two functions. C-UAS placement model is designed using a NSGA-II algorithm, and through experiments and analyses the possibility of its optimization is verified.

무인 비행체 위험 지표와 기준

조현정,이두열 한국신뢰성학회 2023 신뢰성응용연구 Vol.23 No.3

Purpose: Owing to widespread use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) across various sectors, the likelihood of accidents is progressively increasing. To ensure operational safety and reliability, establishing risk indices and criteria is imperative. However, current insufficient accident data hinder the formulation of reliable risk criteria. Thus, this study offers a proposition for UAS risk indices, prioritizing ground personnel damage as a significant consequence of UAS crashes. Methods: The comprehension of major risk events influencing factors, treated probabilistically, enables the derivation of risk indices and criteria for UAS. These get established through comparison with the risk indices and criteria for conventional manned aerial systems‘ structures and engines, including factors like Single Flight Probability of Failure (SFPOF), Cumulative Probability of Failure (CPOF), Non-Recoverable In-Flight Engine Shutdown (NRIFSD) and Engine Related Loss of Aircraft (ERLOA). Results: The risk criteria for UAS can be updated by referencing risk indices (NRIFSD, ERLOA) based on instantaneous or cumulative failure rates of manned aerial systems. Both rates take into account the risk severities and the occurrence probabilities for each risk factor. Notably, the specific acceptable risk criteria for UAS can be appropriately adjusted by considering the likelihood of a fatal injury to ground personnel (0.01∼1) and the probability of a person‘s proximity to the UAS crash site (0.026∼0.000019 people/m2 ) according to the operational environment. Conclusion: NRIFSD, representing risk per 100,000 hours, suits short-term operations’ risk evaluation. Concurrently, ERLOA provides comprehensive information about the reliability of the aircraft, enabling its utilization in managing operational maintenance costs and making economic lifespan decisions. Depending on the operational environment and UAS objectives of, users can select appropriate risk indices and criteria