분배성 추적자 기법을 이용한 디젤 오염 토양의 정량적 오염도 평가에 관한 2차원 토조 실험 연구

이성수,이광헌,박준범,Rhee, Sung-Su,Lee, Gwang-Hun,Park, Jun-Boum 한국지하수토양환경학회 2010 지하수토양환경 Vol.15 No.1

The partitioning tracer method is to estimate the residual saturation of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) in soils by analyzing tracer's retardation induced by the reversible partitioning of tracer with NAPL. This study is to estimate the residual diesel saturation in soils using the partitioning tracer method. Two-dimensional soil box was used to represent the 2-dimensional flows of groundwater and tracer solution in the saturated aquifer, and the soil box was filled with soil and then saturated with water. The residual diesel saturation was induced in saturated soil, and the partitioning tracer method was applied. The results from batch-partitioning experiment indicated that the diesel-water partitioning was linear with respect to tracer's concentration, and the partition coefficient of tracer between diesel and water was measured by their linearities. The groundwater flow in the saturated aquifer was simulated in the 2-dimensional soil box, and the residual diesel contamination was visually identified. The results from the partitioning tracer method with or without diesel in soils confirmed that 4-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-ethyl-1-butanol and 1-hexanol, can be used as a detecting method for diesel contamination. By the accuracies of estimations for diesel contamination using the partitioning tracer method, 2-ethyl-1- butanol showed the highest accuracy with 83%.

The Interference of Organic Matter in the Characterization of Aquifers Contaminated with LNAPLs by Partitioning Tracer Method

칸쉐린,이성수,박준범 한국지반공학회 2008 한국지반공학회논문집 Vol.24 No.9

Partitioning tracer method is a useful tool to characterize large domains of the aquifers contaminated with light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs). Sorption of the partitioning tracers to the organic matter content of soil can potentially influence the efficacy of partitioning tracer method. LNAPL-water partitioning coefficients of tracers (Knw), measured by static method, showed linear relationship. Sorption isotherm tests were conducted to evaluate the sorption capacity of the soils packed in the columns and the results were appropriately represented by Freundlich sorption isotherm. The sorption of tracers proportionally increased with the increase of the organic matter content of the soil. Laboratory experiments were conducted in four columns each packed with soils of different organic matter contents to determine the potential interference effects of sorption to soil organic matter content and correction factors for the errors in estimation of LNAPLs by partitioning tracer method. Though there were no contaminants added, breakthrough curves from columns packed with mixture of Jumunjin standard sand and organic matter showed separation of tracers. Columns were then contaminated to residual saturation with kerosene and breakthrough curves were obtained. The results show that sorption of tracers to soil organic matter leads to an increase in the retardation factor (R) and hence, to an overestimation of the saturation of LNAPLs. A relation between the percentage of organic matter content and the corresponding percentage error in the estimation of NAPLs has been developed.

Application of single-well push-drift-pull tests using dual tracers (SF6 and salt) for designing CO₂ leakage monitoring network at the environmental impact test site in Korea

김홍현,이성순,하승욱,이강근 한국지질과학협의회 2018 Geosciences Journal Vol.22 No.6

A single-well push-drift-pull tracer test using two different tracers (SF6 and salt) was performed at the Environmental Impact Test (EIT) site to determine suitable locations for monitoring wells and arrange them prior to artificial CO2 injection and leak tests. Local-scale estimates of hydraulic properties (linear groundwater velocity and effective porosity) were obtained at the study site by the tracer test with two tracers. The mass recovery percentage of the volatile tracer (SF6) was lower than that of the non-volatile tracer (salt) and increased drift time may make degassing of SF6 intensified. The CO2 leakage monitoring results for both unsaturated and saturated zones suggest that the CO2 monitoring points should be located near points at which a high concentration gradient is expected. Based on the estimated hydraulic properties and tracer mass recovery rates, an optimal CO2 monitoring network including boreholes for monitoring the unsaturated zone was constructed at the study site.

A Case Study as a Class Project of Master-Slave Line Tracer Competition for Undergraduate Student Education

Seul Jung,Kwang Ki Shim 제어로봇시스템학회 2010 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.10

This paper presents a case study of a class project for Junior level students in the curriculum of Mechatronics Engineering. As a class project of a sensor and signal processing class, a team of two students is required to build two line tracers, a master and a slave line tracer. The master line tracer is same as the line tracer that follows the line, but the slave line tracer is required to follow the master with limitation of sensors to follow the front master. The slave does not have communication with the master and any sensors to detect the line. The slave has only the distance sensor to detect the master. At the end of the semester, a master-slave line tracer competition is held to evaluate student grade for the class.

Measurement of Spray Deposit Amount Using Spectrophotometer and Food Dye as Tracer

Rhee, J.Y.,Ahn, S.Y. Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery 2000 Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Vol.1 No.1

Measurement of spray deposit is necessary for evaluation of a chemical application technology. However it is not easy and time consuming. A simple method for measuring the deposition amount of spray using a tracer and a spectrophotometer was developed. Various materials were tested to determine an adequate tracer. Food dye was selected as a tracer, because it was cheep and easily treatable. Using NIRS(Near Infrared Reflection Spectrophotometer), a regression curves between maximum absorbance of a solution and concentration of the tracer were obtained. Yellow food dye solution showed a peak of spectrum at 452 nm, and absorbance of peak showed a tendency to increase as concentration increased. Green or pink food dye were tested and judged to be good tracers. However, tracer concentration should not exceed certain limits in order to measure maximum absorption. Using spraying liquid with known tracer concentration and known amount of washing liquid, spray deposit amount on real targets on leaves could be estimated at less than 13% error level.

추적자 확산 실험에 의한 서울 도심 확산 현상 연구

유은진(Eunjin Yoo),이종범(Chong Bum Lee),노철언(Chul-Un Ro),김혜경(HyeKyeong Kim),이강웅(Gangwoong Lee) 한국대기환경학회 2007 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.23 No.5

The release, sampling and analytical methods have been developed and tested for perfluorocarbons (PFCs) atmospheric tracers in order to gain insight into the atmospheric transport and dispersion over the urban conditions of Seoul, Korea. Although PFCs tracer experiments provide unique opportunities to test local and urban scale of transport and dispersion, no previous experiment with PFCs has been conducted in Korea. PMCH and PDCH were chosen as targeted tracers in our study due to their extreme low ambient concentrations and great sensitivities among various PFCs. For PFCs release system, a set of micro-metering pump, electronic balance, vaporizing furnace and high speed blower was constructed for precise and accurate release of tracers. The precision of released rate by this system was estimated to be 1%. Samplings of PFCs were carried out by fabricated portable air samplers with micro pumps and rotameters into glass tubes packed with 150 ㎎ of Carboxen-569. The uncertainty of these sampling system was maintained below 14%. PMCH and PDCH were quantified in GC/ECD with preconditioned injection system to eliminate the interference compounds using traps and subsequent catalytic conversion system prior to column separation. Three intensive field test were undertaken during the springtime of 2002 to 2004 in eastern part of Seoul. Daily background samples were collected to characterize the background levels of PMCH and PDCH prior to their release. The observed background concentrations of PMCH ranged from 3.5 to 10.1 fL/L and varied randomly in location and time in this study. Its mean and standard variation of background concentration (6.8±1.9 fL/L) are higher than those (3.2~5.8 fL/L) of other historic tracer studies. Identified uncertainty for background PMCH was 1.7~2.0 fL/L using this analytical system. Combined relative uncertainty in determining the tracer's concentrations was estimated as 17%. However, its background concentrations and uncertainty in concentration determination were found to be low and stable enough for tracer study.

Monitoring of LNAPLs in the Subsurface Organic Soils Using Partitioning Tracer Method

Sherin Khan Momand,Sungsu Rhee,Junboum Park 한국토목섬유학회 2008 한국토목섬유학회 학술발표회 Vol.2008 No.4

The risk assessments and remediation of the sites, potentially contaminated with LNAPLs, are constrained by their incomplete characterization. The usual method of partitioning tracer test neglects the effect of sorption to the soil organic matter. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the effect of sorption of tracers to the soil organic matter on the quantification of LNAPLs (Light None Aqueous Phase Liquids) from experimental results. Diesel is used as NAPLs in this laboratory scale column investigation. Method of moment is used for estimating the saturation of LNAPLs in the columns. The experimental results are from sorption isotherm tests with selected soils and partitioning tracer experiment with columns packed with selected soils and their mixtures. However, there were no contaminants added, breakthrough curves from Columns, packed with mixture of Jumonjin sand and organic matter, showed separation of tracers. Columns were then contaminated to residual saturation with diesel and breakthrough curves were obtained and the results were compared which shows that sorption of tracers to soil organic matter lead to an overestimation of the quantification of NAPLs. The amount of organic matter in the soil was determined by incineration. The sorption of tracers proportionally increased with the increase of the organic matter contents of the soil.

The Optimization of ELISA for Methamphetamine Determination : the Effect of Immunogen, Tracer and Antibody Purification Method on the Sensitivity

Choi, Jeongeun,Choi, Myung Ja,Kim, Choonmi,Cho, Young Shik,Chin, Jaeho,Jo, Young-Ah 梨花女子大學校 藥學硏究所 1998 藥學硏究論文集 Vol.- No.7

To obtain more sensitive immunoassay for methamphetamine (MA) determination, the optimum condition of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was investigated in regard to immunogens, antibody purification methods and coating tracers. Activated MA, N-(4-aminobutyl)methamphetamine (4-ABMA), was conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and used as immunogen. The antibodies were purified by protein G chromatography or various immunoaffinity chromatography-linked MA-protein ligands, such as MA-BSA, MA-KLH or MA-ovalbumin (OVA). Each purified antibody was characterized by means of sensitivity and cross-reactivity using the three MA-protein coating tracers, MA-BSA, MA-KLH and MA-OVA. The best sensitivity of each antibody was acquired with the MA-OVA tracer although the tracer concentration and the antibody titer level at optimum condition were varied. The antibody with high titer level did not always yield good sensitivity. At optimum condition, immunoaffinity chromatography-purified antibodies were better for sensitivity and for specificity than protein G-purified antibodies. The cross-reactivity of the purified antibodies seemed to be affected by immunogen structure and showed somewhat different patterns according to the immunoaffinity ligand utilized. These date show that the antibody purification method as well as choice of coating tracer and immunogen is essential for the sensitivity and specificity of ELA; the optimum condition for assay should be discovered us-ing various methods and combinations.

The optimization of ELISA for methamphetamine determination : the effect of immunogen, tracer and antibody purification method on the sensitivity

Choi, Jeongeun,Choi, Myung-Ja,Kim, Choonmi,Cho, Young-Shik,Chin, Jaeho,Jo, Young-Ah The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 1997 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.20 No.1

To obtain more sensitive immunoassay for methamphetamine (MA) determination, the optimum condition of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was investigated in regard to immunogens, antibody purification methods and coating tracers. Activated MA, N-(4-aminobutyl)methamphetamine (4-ABMA), was conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and used as immunogen. The antibodies were purified by protein G chromatography or various immunoaffinity chromatography-linked MA-protein ligands, such as MA-BSA, MA-KLH or MA-ovalbumin (OVA). Each purified antibody was characterized by means of sensitivity and cross-reactivity using the three MA-protein coating tracers, MA-BSA, MA-KLH and MA-OVA. The best sensitivity of each antibody was acquired with the MA-OVA tracer although the tracer concentration and the antibody titer level at optimum condition were varied. The antibody with high titer level did not always yield good sensitivity. At optimum condition, immunoaffinity chromatography-purified antibodies were better for sensitivity and for specificity than protein G-purified antibodies. The cross-reactivity of the purified antibodies seemed to be affected by immunogen structure and showed somewhat different patterns according to the immunoaffinity ligand utilized. These data show that the antibody purification method as well as choice of coating tracer and immunogen is essential for the sensitivity and specificity of EIA; the optimum condition for assay should be discovered using various methods and combinations.

Hydrograph Separation Using EMMA Model for the Coniferous Forest Catchment in Gwangneung Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea (I) - Determination of the End Members and Tracers -

Kim, Kyongha,Yoo, Jae-Yun,Jun, Jae-Hong,Choi, Hyung Tae,Jeong, Yong-Ho Korean Society of Forest Science 2006 한국산림과학회지 Vol.95 No.5

This study was conducted to choose end-members and tracers for application of End Member Mixing Analysis (EMMA) model for the coniferous forest catchment, Gwangneung Gyeongi-do near Seoul metropolitan of South Korea (N $37^{\circ}$ 45', E $127^{\circ}$ 09'). This coniferous forest of Pinus Korainensis and Abies holophylla was planted at stocking rate of $3.0stems\;ha^{-1}$ in 1976. Thinning and pruning were carried out two times in the spring of 1996 and 2004 respectively. We monitored two successive rainfall events during ten days from June 26, 205 to July 5, 2005. Two storm events were selected to determine the end members and natural traces for hydrograph separation. The event 1 amounts to 161.9 m for two days from June 26 to 27, 2005. The event 2 precipitates to 139.2 mm for one day of July 1, 205. Throughfall, groundwater, soil water and stream water of the two events above were sampled through the bulk and automatic sampler. Their chemical properties were analyzed for prediction of the main tracer. The end members that contribute to the stream runoff were identified from the three components including groundwater, soil water and throughfall. Each component and stream water in the two events formed the suitable mixing diagram in case of chloride-nitrate ion and sulfate-potassium ion. Especially, chloride-nitrate ion was found to be the most suitable tracers for EMMA model in the two events.