해양공간계획법 제정 이후 온배수의 활용과 규제에 관한 법·정책 개선안

박지현 한국환경법학회 2018 環境法 硏究 Vol.40 No.3

In April 1st of 2018, 「Marine Space Plan and Management Law」 has implemented. From now on, inland waters, coastlines, territorial waters, EEZ, will be used under the management policy of ‘plan ahead use later’. 「Marine space plan and management law」 has the purpose of preserving the sustainable marine ecosystem. Before, marine space has been used mostly for development purpose. Power plants have been releasing thermal effluent since 1930 in Korea with the adoption of thermal power plan in 1930 and nuclear power plan in 1958. However, the regulatory framework in thermal energy lacks consistency greatly and does not provide a legal ground for mandatory management. For the specific guideline, maximum temperature(Tmax), 1-hour change(△Th), 24- hour change(△T24) of the temperature after releasing thermal effluent should be implemented. Second, a conflict between energy policy and the law has to be fixed. 「New energy and renewable energy development, use and supply promotion law」 does provide hydrothermal energy as the renewable energy source. However, 「An Act on the promotion of and support for the water reuse」 exempted nuclear plant thermal effluent. nuclear power plant thermal effluent account for 52.8%of whole thermal effluents in Korea. It can be used for the greenhouse heating in farm and it should not be banned completely without a valid reason. 「Act on promotion and support of water reuse」 already provides excellent ground to use all thermal effluent. Many laws are related to the administration of thermal effluent. Taking complementary measures will support the balance of thermal effluent and preservation of the marine ecosystem. Third, the committee for the approval and damage from the thermal effluent is needed. Fourth, already existing ‘marine eco-conservation system levy’ can be used for the licensee to more focus on the preservation of marine eco-system with the collaboration of local government. 2018년 4월 1일부터 「해양공간계획 및 관리에 관한 법률」이 시행되어 내수, 영해, 배타적 경계수역, 해안선까지 해양공간에 ‘선 계획 후 이용’관리방식을 적용한다. 이는 해양에 미치는 다양한 영향을 측정하여 해양사용을 배분하는 것으로, 과거 「연안관리법」으로 개발에 치중하는 것과는 다른 입법목적을 지니고 있는데 그것은 ‘해양생태계의 지속가능한 보전’이다. 우리나라는 1930년 화력발전, 1958년 원자력발전 도입 후 이들 발전소와 대규모 산업시설에서 온배수를 배출하고 있다. 연간 1,000억 톤 이상 배출될 것이 예상되는 가운데 온배수를 별도로 관리하는 법이 없을뿐더러 온배수의 정의부터 확산구역배출허가 등의 허가, 배수에 대한 규제가 명확하지 않아 개선이 요구된다. 4가지의 개선점을 제시하였다. 첫째, 해수의 사용하고 온배수를 배출하는데 구체적인 기준이 필요하다. 배수 후 주변 해수의 1시간 동안 최대온도변화(△Th), 24시간 최대온도변화(△T24), 확산구역경계에서의 최대온도(Tmax), 취수구와 방류구간의 온도 등에 대한 세부기준을 명확히 함으로써 법적 안정성을 높일 필요가 있다. 현재는 ‘온배수 배출 및 확산구역 사용신청서’를 해양수산부 장관에게 제출하면서 지정 전문연구기관이 타당성 조사를 하고 별개로 환경영향평가, 부처협의, 주민 의견수렴 과정에서 규제와 관리를 하고 있다. 둘째, 온배수 재이용을 위한 정의조항수정이 필요하다. 유일한 정의조항인 「물의 재이용 촉진 및 지원에 관한 법률」 제2조 6의 2는 “"발전소 온배수"란 취수한 해수를 발전소(원자력발전소는 제외한다)의 발전과정에서 발생한 폐열을 흡수하는 냉각수로 사용하여 수온이 상승한 상태로 방출되는 배출수를 말한다.”고 규정하고 있다. 52.8%를 차지하는 원자력발전의 온배수를 재처리수로 이용하지 못하도록 배제되어 있다. 에너지는 민법상 관리할 수 있는 자연력으로 「에너지법」에 의하면 연료, 열 및 전기가 에너지에 해당하는 것이었으나 신에너지와 재생에너지를 확대·지정하고 개발을 장려하여 「신에너지 및 재생에너지 개발·이용·보급·촉진법」에 근거하여 관리할 수 있는 자연력의 범위를 확대하여 수열에너지 사용을 촉진하고, 해양소수력발전도 확대하고 있는 가운데 원자력 재처리수의 사용을 원천 배제한 것은 타당한 이유가 없는 한 수정되어 난방에너지 등으로 재이용될 수 있어야 할 것이다. 셋째, 온배수사용과 피해에 대해 객관적 조사위원회를 통해 과학적 검증으로 대처할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 사업자가 해양생태계보전에 초점을 둘 수 있도록 해양생태계보전협력금을 부과하면서 지자체에서 해당 부과금에 대한 협력적 사용을 장려하는 방식으로 해양공간사용의 정책 방향을 설정할 필요가 있다.

온배수 활용을 위한 시스템 구성 및 열수요 추정

김동선,정용현 한국수산해양교육학회 2017 水産海洋敎育硏究 Vol.29 No.6

It is studied on utilization systems of thermal effluents from Power station. Those systems are composed of district heating, fish farm, floricultural pot, swimming pool using thermal effluents as heat source. We calculated heat loads of utilization systems near the power station which have sufficient potential as heat source. If we use 0.5% of thermal effluents from the power station we can supply 109,500[Gcal/year] to utilization systems. It is sufficient to cover heat loads of the proposed systems. Simulation study for heat load was done to calculate the amounts of energy saving and environmental effect to the floricultural pot as the utilization systems of thermal effluents. There is differences in 6.3% between calculating and real value of the heat loads of the green house.

원전 입지와 온배수로 인한 사회 갈등과 공동체 변화

황보명(Hwangbo, Myung),윤순진(Yun, Sun-Jin) 한국공간환경학회 2013 공간과 사회 Vol.24 No.1

이 연구는 원자력발전소의 입지와 원전에서 배출하는 온배수가 방사능 위험 못지않게 지역사회에 다양한 변화를 일으키며 환경 갈등을 발생시켜왔다는 사실에 주목한다. 이에 따라 온배수로 인한 피해를 직접적으로 경험한 한빛원전 주변지역인 전라남도 영광군 홍농읍 계마리를 연구 대상지로 선정하여 현장답사와 함께 이해관계를 가진 당사자들을 대상으로 심층면접을 실시하고 갈등 분석법을 적용하여 분석함으로써 갈등 요인과 갈등의 전개 과정, 지역사회 변화 양상을 파악했다. 그 결과 한빛원전 온배수 관련 갈등은 갈등맹아기 ― 갈등표출기 ― 갈등확대기 ― 갈등심화기를 지나 갈등교착기로 접어들었으며, 온배수의 피해 범위, 온배수 저감 방안으로 설치한 방류제의 저감 효과, 온배수 피해보상 범위와 방식 등 3가지 쟁점을 둘러싸고 지역사회 내 갈등이 더욱 심화되고 있음을 발견했다. 또한 이러한 쟁점을 둘러싼 갈등의 구조화로 인해 계마리 어민과 한빛원전 사이의 갈등을 넘어 계마리 비어민과 어민, 계마리 어민 공동체 내부, 계마리 이외 주민과 계마리 지역 주민 사이에 새로운 갈등이 야기되고 지역 공동체가 분열되는 양상을 보이고 있음을 확인했다. 이러한 연구결과는 원전입지가 야기하는 문제점을 보다 폭넓게 파악함으로써 원전 입지의 사회적 영향의 범위를 총체적으로 조명하는 것이 필요하며 그 결과 원전정책은 더욱더 신중하게 추진되어야 함을 시사한다. This study aims to explore how social conflicts resulting from thermal effluents of nuclear power plants have been shaped and how they have changed the community, while paying attention to the fact that thermal effluents, not just radioactive risk, have caused environmental conflicts and various social changes. To do this, this study selected Gyema-ri Hongnong-eup Younggwang-gun as a study site and conducted field research and in-depth interviews with diverse stake-holders. This study then carried out a conflict analysis to analyze causes and development processes of conflicts and to grasp changes in the community. As a result, this study found that conflict from thermal effluents of the research site has been deepened through conflict stages of embryo, expression, extension, escalation and deadlock. In addition, it identified three major conflicting issues including the scope of damage resulting from thermal effluents, the reduction effect of the discharge article, and the scope of compensation scope and way. It also found that the Gyema-ri community around the Hanvit nuclear power plant has experienced conflicts among local residents and has consequently been split. The conflicts have been shaped between fishermen and non-fishermen, residents of Gyema-ri and others, and among fishermen, beyond the original confrontation between fishermen of the Gyema-ri and the Hanvit nuclear power plant. This study result implies that it is necessary to grasp broader social impacts of nuclear power plants and to take nuclear policies more cautiously based on holistic understanding of problems caused by nuclear power.

화력발전소 온배수열 활용 시설하우스 열공급에 대한 환경 및 사회적 가치 인식 비교 분석

김가희 ( Kim Ga-hee ),안차수 ( Ahn Cha-soo ),엄병환 ( Um Byung-hwan ) 한국농공학회 2018 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.60 No.5

Recently, interest in alternative energy has been increasing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel consumption in accordance with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC). Accordingly, there is a need to use waste heat that unused throughout industrial systems for lowering the concentration of energy on fossil fuels. In particular, government support projects for the energy recycling of agriculture and fisheries such as cultivation of tropical crops and aquaculture are being actively carried out by utilizing waste heat and thermal effluents caused from large-scale industrial complexes including power plants. The study was conducted on supplier (power plant), consumer (farmer) and stakeholders (constructor and local governments) of domestic demonstration areas using waste heat that is abandoned from the power plant in the form of thermal effluents. It investigated the overall improvement and feasibility of government funded projects through field interviews and questionnaire-type surveys. The results of this study are expected to provide basic directions for the operation of the project in terms of nationwide expansion and diffusion of the heat source supply project at horticultural greenhouse by utilizing the thermal effluents from power plant.

원전 입지와 온배수로 인한 사회 갈등과 공동체 변화 한빛원전을 중심으로

황보명,윤순진 한국공간환경학회 2014 공간과 사회 Vol.24 No.1

This study aims to explore how social conflicts resulting from thermal effluentsof nuclear power plants have been shaped and how they have changed the community,while paying attention to the fact that thermal effluents, not just radioactiverisk, have caused environmental conflicts and various social changes. To do this,this study selected Gyema-ri Hongnong-eup Younggwang-gun as a study site andconducted field research and in-depth interviews with diverse stake-holders. Thisstudy then carried out a conflict analysis to analyze causes and development processesof conflicts and to grasp changes in the community. As a result, this study foundthat conflict from thermal effluents of the research site has been deepened throughconflict stages of embryo, expression, extension, escalation and deadlock. In addition,it identified three major conflicting issues including the scope of damage resultingfrom thermal effluents, the reduction effect of the discharge article, and the scopeof compensation scope and way. It also found that the Gyema-ri community aroundthe Hanvit nuclear power plant has experienced conflicts among local residents andhas consequently been split. The conflicts have been shaped between fishermen andnon-fishermen, residents of Gyema-ri and others, and among fishermen, beyond theoriginal confrontation between fishermen of the Gyema-ri and the Hanvit nuclearpower plant. This study result implies that it is necessary to grasp broader socialimpacts of nuclear power plants and to take nuclear policies more cautiously basedon holistic understanding of problems caused by nuclear power. 이 연구는 원자력발전소의 입지와 원전에서 배출하는 온배수가 방사능 위험못지않게 지역사회에 다양한 변화를 일으키며 환경 갈등을 발생시켜 왔다는 사실에 주목한다. 이에 따라 온배수로 인한 피해를 직접적으로 경험한 한빛원전 주변지역인 전라남도 영광군 홍농읍 계마리를 연구 대상지로 선정하여 현장 답사와 함께 이해관계를 가진 당사자들을 대상으로 심층 면담을 실시하고 갈등 분석법을 적용하여 분석함으로써 갈등 요인과 갈등의 전개과정, 지역사회 변화 양상을 파악하였다. 그 결과 한빛원전 온배수 관련 갈등은 갈등맹아기-갈등표출기-갈등확대기-갈등심화기를 지나 갈등교착기로 접어들었으며, 온배수의 피해 범위, 온배수 저감 방안으로 설치한 방류제의 저감 효과, 온배수 피해보상 범위와 방식등 3가지 쟁점을 둘러싸고 지역사회 내 갈등이 더욱 심화되고 있음을 발견하였다. 또한 이러한 쟁점을 둘러싼 갈등의 구조화로 인해 계마리 어민과 한빛원전사이의 갈등을 넘어 계마리 비어민과 어민, 계마리 어민 공동체 내부, 계마리 이외 주민과 계마리 지역 주민 사이에 새로운 갈등이 야기되고 지역 공동체가 분열되는 양상을 보이고 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 연구결과는 원전입지가 야기하는 문제점을 보다 폭넓게 파악함으로써 원전 입지의 사회적 영향의 범위를 총체적으로 조명하는 것이 필요하며 그 결과 원전정책은 더욱 더 신중하게 추진되어야 함을 시사한다.

발전소 온배수에 의한 해양물리학적 평가기법 개선방안 연구

김명원(Myeong-Won Kim),조광우(Gwang-Woo Jo),맹준호(Jun-Ho Maeng),강태순(Tae-Soon Kang),김종규(Jongkyu Kim) 한국해양공학회 2014 韓國海洋工學會誌 Vol.28 No.3

This research analyzed the current situation and problem with an environmental impact assessment to provide a rational ocean physics assessment technique for power plant thermal effluent. This research also tried to create an improvement plan for heated effluent diffusion impact assessment by examining the reporting regulations for environmental impact assessment, national and international evaluation guidelines, etc. In the case of evaluating the oceanographic impact of heated effluent discharged from power plants, a pre-investigation is necessary before a full-scale presentence investigation, to accurately predict and minimize power construction effects on the surrounding environments. Before this presentence investigation, moreover, an integrated presentence plan, which agree with the business plan, effect prediction, and post-investigation, needs to be established. A sufficient summit investigation must be made, which considers climate changes, and new and additional power plant construction. For accurate long-term oceanic environmental change prediction, the credibility of effect prediction must be elevated by presenting an evaluation method that is categorized by numerical organization methods, result presentation, and other things. Furthermore, unproductive conflicts between the people involved in heated effluent evaluation should be reduced by these improvement plans.

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Heating and Cooling Systems in Greenhouse

크리스티나데카노 ( Cristina Decano ),이인복 ( In-bok Lee ) 한국농공학회 2020 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2020 No.-

Developed countries such as South Korea are becoming more dependent on protective agriculture due to extreme distinct season that affects annual crop production. To increase the production rate, an optimum environmental condition must be maintained inside the greenhouse through the installation of high-efficiency heating and cooling systems. A heating and cooling system is used to increase or reduce the stored heat inside the greenhouse buildings which is very crucial in maintaining the desired temperature during the extreme seasons. However, heating and cooling systems of greenhouse buildings consumed most energy and the largest source of environmental gas emission for the entire life cycle. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is systematic analysis tool that is widely used to estimate the potential environmental impact of a certain product. If properly incorporated with Building Energy Simulation (BES) results, researchers can determine the environmentally safe and energy efficient heating and cooling system that can be used for greenhouse crop production. Therefore, the objective of this study is use the BES simulated result and LCA to assess the life cycle environmental burdens of different heating and cooling systems for greenhouse production. Specifically, this study attempted to assess the environmental impact of using thermal effluent as a source of energy for the greenhouse and compare it with conventional heating and cooling systems such as electric air conditioning systems and kerosene powered-boilers. Result showed that kerosene powered boiler has the highest acidification potential (kg SO₂-eq), global warming potential (kg CO₂-eq), and eutrophication potential (kg PO₄-eq) of 23.28 - 31.87%, 35.06-67.66%, and 35.67-82.62%, respectively. Similarly, cumulative energy demand (CED) for every functional unit of effluent-powered heat pump was 5,042.1 MJ-eq which is 1.7% and 28.0% lower than cumulative energy demand of electric air conditioning systems and kerosene powered boilers.

Phytoplankton Community in Adjacent Waters of Ulchin Nuclear Power Plant

( Hyu Chang Choi ),( Yeon Shik Kang ),( In Sung Jeon ) 한국환경생물학회 2004 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.22 No.3

N/A To understand the phytoplankton community in adjacent waters of Ulchin nuclear power plant (UNPP), abundance and the size fractionated chl-a concentrations were evaluated through seasonal interval sampling from April 2003 to February 2004. A total of 211 different phytoplankton species was observed and mean abundance of phytoplankton in each study period ranged from 244,286 to 1,221,779 cells L^(-1). The contributions of microplankton (>20 μm) to total phytoplankton abundance ranged from 42.5 to 83.6% (average 66.1%) and those of nanoplankton (<20 μm) ranged from 16.4 to 57.5% (average 33.9%). Total chl-α concentrations of phytoplankton ranged from 0.52 to 2.26 μg L^(-1). The contribution of chl-α concentrations of microplankton was higher than that of nano- and picoplankton through the study period with exception of July 2003. The results of abundances and chl-α concentrations suggest that microplankton has an important role in adjacent waters of UNPP. The diminution of abundances and chl-a concentrations of phytoplankton was observed after passage through the cooling water system, but it was gradually recovered by mixing with the ambient waters. Our results suggested that the influence of thermal discharges on phytoplankton should be restricted within narrow limits around outlet area of thermal effluents.

온배수를 열원으로 활용하는 생태산업단지 조성에 관한 기초 연구

김동규(Dong-Kyu KIM),강대석(Dae-Seok KANG),정용현(Yong-Hyun CHUNG) 한국수산해양교육학회 2009 水産海洋敎育硏究 Vol.21 No.3

The purpose of this study is to know the concept of Eco-industrial Park and How to use the thermal effluents from power plants. Thermal effluents, which use sea water for cooling, from power plants have been discharged with about 6 ~7℃ higher temperature than near sea area. Therefore, it could effect on the marine ecosystem as a external pressure factor that increase the artificial thermal load in near sea area. The applications of thermal effluents had been surveyed through the several internal and external cases for utilizing heat sources and reducing the thermal load. As the precedence research for applying, the amount of heat sources of thermal effluents was evaluated . When the thermal effluents was fully applied in heat sources and available heat, assume that use heating season by 12 hours a day of demanded available heat, it was possible to calculate total 198 Tcal of energy saving.

위성영상을 이용한 고리원자력발전소 온배수 확산의 계절변동

안지숙 ( Ji Suk Ahn ),김상우 ( Sang Woo Kim ),박명희 ( Myung Hee Park ),황재동 ( Jae Dong Hwang ),임진욱 ( Jin Wook Lim ) 한국지리정보학회 2014 한국지리정보학회지 Vol.17 No.4

In this study, we investigated the seasonal variation of SST(Sea Surface Temperature) and thermal effluents estimated by using Landsat-7 ETM+ around the Kori Nuclear Power Plant for 10 years(2000∼2010). Also, we analyzed the direction and range of thermal effluents dispersion by the tidal current and tide. The results are as follows, First, we figured out the algorithm to estimate SST through the linear regression analysis of Landsat DN(Digital Number) and NOAA SST. And then, the SST was verified by compared with the in situ measurement and NOAA SST. The determination coefficient is 0.97 and root mean square error is 1.05∼1.24℃. Second, the SST distribution of Landsat-7 estimated by linear regression equation showed 12∼13℃ in winter, 13∼19℃ in spring, and 24∼29℃ and 16∼24℃ in summer and fall. The difference of between SST and thermal effluents temperature is 6∼8℃ except for the summer season. The difference of SST is up to 2℃ in August. There is hardly any dispersion of thermal effluents in August. When it comes to the spread range of thermal effluents, the rise range of more than 1℃ in the sea surface temperature showed up to 7.56km from east to west and 8.43km from north to south. The maximum spread area was 11.65㎢. It is expected that the findings of this study will be used as the foundational data for marine environment monitoring on the area around the nuclear power plant.