기술위험 유형에 따른 관리 전략과 기술위험 거버넌스 비교 분석: 광우병(BSE)를 중심으로

성지은 서울대학교 한국행정연구소 2008 行政論叢 Vol.46 No.1

Korea is now faced with a new transitional period in every aspect of society, including risk management. As "unintended" or "not forecasted" technology risks are increasing, active discussions are now going on technological risks and various strategies and means are being introduced to manage these technological risks. To identify an effective technology risk management scheme in the "post catch-up" period, this study compared BSE technology risk management. On the one hand the results of this analysis show that, to effectively respond to technology risks and uncertainty, developed countries are accumulating knowledge. On the other hand, to secure the legitimacy of technology, developed countries are trying to reach a consensus by convincing all the stakeholders and involving them in active discussions. However, the analysis of technology risk governance system shows differences by country. Compared with developed countries, Korea is still lacking knowledge and experts in technology and the process of securing legitimacy and consensus is neither democratic nor open. In fact, Korea has been lacking awareness of technology risks and potential technology failures. Rather, the country has long been focused on economic development and national competitiveness being preoccupied with the "catch-up" model as a late-comer. As result, procedural legitimacy has often been ignored, creating a hole in risk management and regulations. Therefore, Korea now needs a major shift in its perspective and approaches when looking at technology risks, not simply from the framework of "development" but from the framework of "development and safety together." 본 연구는 기술위험의 유형과 관리전략, 그리고 국가 간 기술위험 거버넌스의 차이를 광우병(BSE)을 대표 사례로 선정하여 살펴보았다. 광우병은 광우병 발생 원인, 감염경로 등이 아직까지 명확하게 규명되지 않았으며, 광우병의 발병과정 뿐 아니라 이 병이 사람에게 전염되는 과정도 분명치 않다. 이런 점에서 광우병 사례는 기술지식이 불확실한 상황에서 나타날 수 있는 독특한 위험 관리 전략을 살펴볼 수 있는 적절한 사례라 할 수 있다. 본 연구의 분석 결과, 광우병의 기술위험 관리는 광우병의 원인과 이에 대한 치료책을 찾기 위해 막대한 연구비를 투자하고 연구기관의 위상을 강화하는 등 지식 추적을 위한 노력이 한편으로 이루어지고 있다. 이와 함께 육골분 사용 금지, 광우병 감염 지역 소에 대한 수입 금지, 되새김 동물 등에 대한 감시 프로그램 강화, 원산지표시제도나 쇠고기이력추진제 등을 통한 소비자에게 올바른 구매 정보 제공, 소비자 중심의 식품안전 행정일원화 등을 다양한 노력을 통해 각 관련 주체들의 사회적 합의를 이끌어내고자 노력하고 있다. 그러나 여전히 광우병을 어떻게 정확히 진단해낼 것인가, 쇠고기의 급식 한계는 어디까지인가에 대해 갈등을 드러나고 있다. 전문가 중심에서 벗어나 일반대중과의 위험 커뮤니케이션이 강조되고 있으나 광우병에 대한 지식 창출과 확산은 여전히 전문가에 의존하고 있는 실정이다. 또한 각 국가가 처한 기술위험 거버넌스의 차이가 두드러지게 나타나고 있는데, 유럽은 예방적 접근에서 대응이 이루어진 반면, 미국은 경제적인 논리와 시행착오를 강조하는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 우리나라는 후발국가의 전형적인 위험관리 특성을 보이고 있으며, 광우병에 대한 지식 축적이 미흡할 뿐만 아니라 광우병을 둘러싼 갈등 관리도 미흡한 상태이다. 광우병에 대한 위험 여부를 일반대중에게 투명하게 공개하지 않으며, 국민 건강보다는 국익과 경제발전 위주로 정책이 진행되고 있다. 갈등 관리 전략 또한 문제를 회피하거나 정부가 일방적으로 강행하는 모습이 보이고 있으며, 소비자 단체도 제도화된 형태가 아닌 기자회견, 반대집회 등 전면전으로 치달으면서 서로 협력이 이루어지지 않고 있다.

WHAT ARE YOU AFRAID OF? CONTRASTING RISK PERCEPTIONS OF TECHNOLOGY-BASED SERVICE INNOVATIONS IN INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL SETTINGS

Stefanie Paluch,Nancy Wuenderlich 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.2

Despite the rapid growth and potential for technology-based services from a technology and productivity perspective, the biggest challenges that managers often face are gaining customer acceptance and increasing usage of these new innovative services. In the B2C field, studies of self‐service technology show that the perceived risk is an important factor influencing the usage of service technology. Whereas research has explored different risk types that emerge in consumer settings such as functional and psychological risk, research on risk perception in B2B setting still lacks a detailed examination of the different facets risk can take on in technology-based service adoption. Some studies indicate that there might be different views and perceptions of the risk involved in technology-based services between customers and providers. Our study addresses this gap and aims to develop a holistic understanding of the types of risk customers perceive when using a technology-based service. We investigate what types of risk are emergent in technology-based service encounters and whether customers and providers perceive these risks differently. We conducted 49 qualitative interviews with providers and customers in two industries in four countries. Our study emphasizes the importance of functional and financial risks as expected in a B2B context, but also sheds light on the fact that business customers have personal and psychological fears that hinder them from using technology-based services. Most importantly, we show that gaps in the perception and evaluation of risk exist between customers and providers: customers doubt the functionality of technology-based services; they emphasize privacy risk as a main hindrance and worry about their own role in a service, whereas only few providers are aware of the customers’ fears.

Evaluation of the Risks in High-Tech Enterprises’ Technological Innovation Based on Two-Tuple Linguistic Information

Wei Liang 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of u- and e- Service, Scienc Vol.9 No.6

Technological innovation is the foundation for high-tech enterprises to enhance competitiveness and achieve sustainable development. However, there are some uncertain factors existing in the process of technological innovation, which bring about risks. In the light of this, first, based on relevant studies and an expert questionnaire survey, an index system for evaluating the risks is constructed. Then, a two-tuple-linguistic-information-based evaluation model is proposed, wherein a two-tuple group-decision method and its aggregation operators are introduced and the specific evaluation steps are given. At last, an empirical study of technological innovation risk evaluation is conducted on an enterprise of Nanchang high-tech development zone. The result indicates that by applying this method, high-tech enterprises can easily learn the overall risk level of their technological innovation projects, and then weaken or control the risks.

데이터 분석 기반 미래 신기술의 사회적 위험 예측과 위험성 평가

서용윤 ( Yongyoon Suh ) 한국안전학회 2017 한국안전학회지 Vol.32 No.3

A new technology has provided the nation, industry, society, and people with innovative and useful functions. National economy and society has been improved through this technology innovation. Despite the benefit of technology innovation, however, since technology society was sufficiently mature, the unintended side effect and negative impact of new technology on society and human beings has been highlighted. Thus, it is important to investigate a risk of new technology for the future society. Recently, the risks of the new technology are being suggested through a large amount of social data such as news articles and report contents. These data can be used as effective sources for quantitatively and systematically forecasting social risks of new technology. In this respect, this paper aims to propose a data-driven process for forecasting and assessing social risks of future new technology using the text mining, 4M(Man, Machine, Media, and Management) framework, and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). First, social risk factors are forecasted based on social risk keywords extracted by the text mining of documents containing social risk information of new technology. Second, the social risk keywords are classified into the 4M causes to identify the degree of risk causes. Finally, the AHP is applied to assess impact of social risk factors and 4M causes based on social risk keywords. The proposed approach is helpful for technology engineers, safety managers, and policy makers to consider social risks of new technology and their impact.

WHAT ARE YOU AFRAID OF? CONTRASTING RISK PERCEPTIONS OF TECHNOLOGY-BASED SERVICE INNOVATIONS IN INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL SETTINGS

Stefanie Paluch,Nancy Wuenderlich 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.7

Despite the rapid growth and potential for technology-based services from a technology and productivity perspective, the biggest challenges that managers often face are gaining customer acceptance and increasing usage of these new innovative services. In the B2C field, studies of self‐service technology show that the perceived risk is an important factor influencing the usage of service technology. Whereas research has explored different risk types that emerge in consumer settings such as functional and psychological risk, research on risk perception in B2B setting still lacks a detailed examination of the different facets risk can take on in technology-based service adoption. Some studies indicate that there might be different views and perceptions of the risk involved in technology-based services between customers and providers. Our study addresses this gap and aims to develop a holistic understanding of the types of risk customers perceive when using a technology-based service. We investigate what types of risk are emergent in technology-based service encounters and whether customers and providers perceive these risks differently. We conducted 49 qualitative interviews with providers and customers in two industries in four countries. Our study emphasizes the importance of functional and financial risks as expected in a B2B context, but also sheds light on the fact that business customers have personal and psychological fears that hinder them from using technology-based services. Most importantly, we show that gaps in the perception and evaluation of risk exist between customers and providers: customers doubt the functionality of technology-based services; they emphasize privacy risk as a main hindrance and worry about their own role in a service, whereas only few providers are aware of the customers’ fears.

문화가 기술준비도에 미치는 영향: 위험과 브랜드 신뢰의 조절 역할

최인혁,김훈구 한국기업경영학회 2017 기업경영연구 Vol.24 No.1

The Internet, various mobile technologies, and the proliferation of smartphones make it easy for consumers to access various information. And the number of technology-based services and products and the role of technology in consumers-company interactions have been growing rapidly. Although these technologies have benefited consumers, there is also evidence of increasing consumer frustration in dealing with technologies. Consumers are also interested in the positive as well as the negative aspects of technology when they encounter new technologies. Prior researches have shown that technology readiness has a favorable influence on the consumers’ technology adoption. However, they have not considered the antecedents of technology readiness. Therefore, this study examined how cultural influence on technology readiness varies with risk level and brand trust. This research investigated the moderating roles of two critical factors on the impact of culture on positive and negative technology readiness: risk level and brand trust. Using a 2 x 2 x 2 between-subject factorial design on positive technology readiness, we have found the effect of culture on positive technology readiness. American consumers had a significantly higher level of positive technology readiness towards using mobile app than Korean consumers. In addition, the interaction of culture and risk level was marginally significant. When risk level was high, culture had no impact on positive technology readiness. However, when risk level was low, American consumers had a higher level of positive technology readiness towards using mobile app than Korean consumers. More importantly, the interaction of culture, risk level, and brand trust was significant. When brand trust was high, culture and risk level have had no impact on positive technology readiness. On the other hand, when brand trust was low, culture and risk have had interaction effect on positive technology readiness. The contrast analysis showed that culture have had no impact on positive technology readiness in the high-risk condition, whereas American consumers had a higher level of positive technology readiness than Korean consumers in the low-risk condition. The results of a 2 (culture) x 2 (risk level) x 2 (brand trust) ANOVA on negative technology readiness yielded a significant main effect for culture. Negative technology readiness was higher in Korean consumers than in American consumers. In addition, the interaction of culture and risk level was significant. When risk level was high, culture have had no impact on negative technology readiness. However, when risk level was low, Korean consumers had a higher level of negative technology readiness than American consumers. More importantly, a three-way interaction was significant. When brand trust was high, culture and risk level have had no impact on negative technology readiness. On the other hand, as our predictions, when brand trust was low, culture and risk had interaction effect on negative technology readiness. The contrast analysis showed that culture have had no impact on negative technology readiness in the high-risk condition, whereas Korean consumers had a higher level of negative technology readiness than American consumers in the low-risk condition. In addition, we investigated the impact of three factors on use intentions using 2 (culture) x 2 (risk level) x 2 (brand trust) ANOVA. The results of a ANOVA and contrast analyses revealed similar pattern with positive technology readiness. Finally, we conducted mediation analyses (Preacher & Hayes, 2008) to verify mediating roles of positive and negative technology readiness. We test the mediation using the bootstrapping technique (PROCESS model 12) with 10,000 resamples. The results showed that positive technology readiness and negative technology readiness mediated the three-way interaction of culture, risk level, and brand trust effect on use intentions. 소비자들은 새로운 기술을 접했을 때 기술의 긍정적 측면 뿐 아니라 부정적 측면에도 관심을 가진다. 이에 선행연구들은 소비자들의 기술 수용에 대한 기술준비도의 역할을 조사하였다. 하지만 이들은 기술준비도의 결과에 주로 관심을 가지고 있으며 기술준비도에 영향을 줄 수 있는 요인들에 대해선 관심이 부족하다. 이에 본 연구는 기술준비도에 대한 문화의 영향력이 위험 수준과 브랜드 신뢰에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지 살펴보았다. 실험 결과, 한국보다 미국 소비자들이 긍정적 기술준비도를 더 높게 지각하고 있으며, 미국보다 한국소비자들이 부정적 기술준비도를 더 높게 지각하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 이러한 관계는 위험 수준과 브랜드 신뢰에 따라 차이를 보였다. 브랜드 신뢰가 높을 경우 문화와 위험 수준과 관계없이 긍정적 기술준비도는 더 높았으며 부정적 기술준비도는 더 낮아졌다. 하지만 브랜드 신뢰가 낮을 경우 소비자들의 기술준비도는 문화와 위험 수준에 따라 달라지는 것으로 나타났다. 위험 수준이 높을 때에는 문화에 따른 차이가 없었지만 위험 수준이 낮을 때에는 한국보다 미국 소비자들이 긍정적 기술준비도를 더 높게 지각하고 있으며, 미국보다 한국소비자들이 부정적 기술준비도를 더 높게 지각하는 것으로 나타났다.

지능정보기술의 위험과 법적 대응 방안: 알고리즘에 대한 대응을 중심으로 하여

양천수(Yang, Chun Soo) 충북대학교 법학연구소 2021 法學硏究 Vol.32 No.1

As the 4th Industrial Revolution progresses, new social paradigms are emerging that have not been experienced before. The intelligent information society can be seen as one of them. Various new social utilities are created with the emergence of the intelligent information society in which the intelligent information technology represented by artificial intelligence plays a central role. But at the same time, new risks also are arising. Thus, how to respond to the risks posed by intelligent information technology is a new task to the legal system. In that situation, this article deals with the risks of intelligent information technology and the question of how it is desirable for the legal system to respond to those risks. To do this, the author use the legal theoretical method. Using this method, this article explores the risks of intelligent information technology and legal ways to respond to them. This article analyzes the risks of intelligent information technology based on the distinction of personal information, algorithms, and social use of intelligent information technology. Here risks related to collection and use of personal information, risks related to malfunction and bias of algorithms, and risks related to social use of intelligent information technology are investigated. In addition, it analyzes whether the current legal system has sufficient capacity to cope with these risks. Through this, this article presents the following regulatory principles for the risks of intelligent information technology. The practical harmony between the use and control of intelligent information technology, autonomous control, action-oriented control, pre-existing control, and reflective control. Based upon those, this article proposes the following regulatory measures. These include ethics, intelligent information technology certification, impact assessment, the right to explanation and complain, and the duty to improve intelligent information technology.

Relationship among Public’s Risk Characteristics, Risk Severity, Risk Perception and Risk Acceptability of Human Stem Cell Technology

송해룡,김원제 한국디지털정책학회 2017 디지털융복합연구 Vol.15 No.7

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among public’s risk characteristics, risk severity, risk perception and risk acceptability of human stem cell technology. The subjects were 300 Koreans selected. The data were analyzed by the exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis and structural equation modeing analysis. The results were as followed. First, public’s risk characteristics on human stem cell technology influenced positively on risk severity. Second, public’s risk characteristics on human stem cell technology influenced positively on risk perception. Third, public’s risk severity on human stem cell technology influenced positively on risk perception. Fourth, public’s risk characteristics on human stem cell technology influenced negatively on risk acceptability. Fifth, public’s risk severity on human stem cell technology influenced not significantly on risk acceptability. Sixth, public’s risk perception on human stem cell technology influenced not significantly on risk acceptability. These results will contribute to develop the risk communication strategy on the acceptability of human stem cell technology.

기술위험 관리와 위험갈등

정병걸(Jung Byung Kul) 한국과학기술학회 2008 과학기술학연구 Vol.8 No.1

회계정보 공시품질과 자발적 기술혁신 공시가 미래 주가급락위험에 미치는 조건부 효과

이포상,이진훤,김경순 한국국제회계학회 2022 국제회계연구 Vol.- No.104

[Purpose]This study examines the effect of voluntary disclosure of technological cooperation (specifically, in-bound transfer, out-bound transfer and technological alliance) on the crash risk possibility and its determinants of crash risk by quality of accounting information. [Methodology]The final sample consists of 206 firms which have made disclosures of technological cooperation in 12 years between 2005 and 2016. Basically, event study methodology is used, and multiple regression analysis is performed to test hypothesis and secure robustness. [Findings]First, We found a significant negative relationship between the accrual quality and the crash risk in the in-bound transfer disclosure sample. However, no significant relationship was found in the subsample of out-bound transfer and technological alliance disclosure. This means the accounting information factor can distinguish the inherent characteristics of disclosure of in-bound transfer well. Second, firms that had high accounting transparency and voluntarily disclosed technology in-bound had a higher risk of crash than others. These results show that firms that disclose technology in-bound for opportunistic purposes may have higher information risk due to asymmetric disclosure behavior. And as a result, it suggests that investors may be exposed to greater adverse selection risk. [Implications]The research results show that opportunistic technology introduction disclosure can increase the risk of adverse selection by investors. Moreover, it has been empirically proven that the quality of accounting disclosure is closely related to the quality of disclosure of technological cooperation. These research results are expected to provide academic and practical contributions. [연구목적]본 연구는 외부창출 기술혁신에 대한 자발적 공시(기술 도입, 이전 및 제휴 공시) 가 기술공시 유형과 과거 회계정보의 품질에 따라 정보적 가치가 차별적일 수 있는지를 주가급락위험과 연계하여 조사하는 것을 목적으로 한다. [연구방법]2005년부터 2016년까지 외부창출 기술혁신을 자발적으로 공시한 기업을 대상으로 표본을 선정하고, 과거 회계불투명성이 높고 기술도입을 자발적으로 공시하는 기업은 미래 주가급락 위험이 다른 기업보다 더 증가하는지를 회귀분석을 통해 검증한다. [연구결과]첫째, 기술도입 공시는 발생액의 질과 주가급락위험 간에 유의한 음의 관계를 발견하였다. 하지만 기술 이전과 제휴 공시에서는 유의한 관련성을 발견하지 못했다. 이는 기술도입 공시는 신호와 기회주의가 혼재되어 있을 가능성이 더 크며, 회계정보가 기술도입 공시에 내재된 기회주의를 효과적으로 탐지할 수 있음을 의미한다. 둘째, 과거 회계불투명성이 높고 기술도입을 자발적으로 공시하는 기업은 미래 주가급락 위험이 다른 기업보다 더 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 기술도입을 기회주의적 목적으로 공시하는 기업은 경영자의 비대칭적 정보공시행태로 인해 기업 내부에 더 많은 악재가 축적된 기업일 가능성이 있으며, 결과적으로 투자자는 더 큰 역선택 위험에 노출될 수 있음을 시사한다. [연구의 시사점]본 연구의 결과는 (ⅰ) 기회주의적 기술도입 공시는 투자자의 역선택 위험을 증가시킬 수 있고, (ⅱ) 과거 회계공시품질이 기술혁신 공시의 품질과 연계되어 있음을 실증적으로 입증하였다는 점에서 학문적․실무적 공헌점을 제공할 것으로 기대한다.