아리스토텔레스의 몰기술적 설득수단은 말 그대로 몰기술적인가?

한석환(Seokwhan Hahn) 한국외국어대학교 철학문화연구소 2023 철학과 문화 Vol.49 No.-

수사학의 학적 정초라는 과제를 떠안은 아리스토텔레스는 연설자가 자신의 수사기술을 통해 설득 작업에 동원하는 수단을 크게 둘로 나눈다. 몰기술적 설득수단과 기술적 설득수단이 그것이다. 몰기술적 설득수단이란 수사기술이 적용되기 전에 이미 존립하는 수단을 가리키고, 기술적 설득수단이란 문제의 수사기술을 통해 비로소 만들어진 수단을 가리킨다. 이 글의 초점은 몰기술적 설득수단에 맞춰져 있다. 몰기술적이라는 수식어가 시사하듯 그것이 실로 수사기술과 무관하냐가 이 글의 물음이다. ‘무관하다’고 해도 문제이고 ‘무관하지 않다’고 해도 문제이다. 무관하다면 어째서 그런 걸 굳이 거론하냐고 되물을 테고, 무관하지 않다고 하면, 그러면 어째서 몰기술적이라고 하는 거냐고 따져 물을 테고, 더 나아가 그 역시 기술적이라면 어떤 의미에서 그런 거냐고 다그쳐 물을 것이기 때문이다. 이들 물음을 논하는 가운데 몰기술적 설득수단의 기술성 여부가 드러날 텐데, 그걸 드러내 보이는 것이 이 글의 목표이다. 몰기술적 설득수단의 기술성 여부 외에 부수적으로 거둘 수 있는 성과도 기대해볼 만하다. 수사적 설득이란 무엇인가와, 나아가, 수사학이란 무엇인가에 대한, 개괄적이긴 하지만 그래도 상당한 정도의 해명이 그것이다. Aristotle, who made it his task to justify rhetoric technically, divides the means of persuasion into two types: technical and non-technical. By a non-technical he understands the means of persuasion that “were not brought about by us, but (already) existed before”, by a technical one, however, those that “can be brought about by the method and by us”. This essay is about non-technical means of persuasion: Are they non-technical in the truest sense of the word? We encounter difficulties both if they were non-technical and if they were technical. If they were not technical, why should they be mentioned. But if they were technical, one must also ask why they are called non-technical, and further, in what sense they are technical. These considerations make it clear whether the non-technical means of persuasion are technical or not, and thus also what rhetorical persuasion actually is and what kind of art rhetoric is.

공업계 고교에서 양성할 기술 영재의 개념과 능력 추출에 관한 연구

이병욱,류병구,홍주환 한국기술교육학회 2009 한국기술교육학회지 Vol.9 No.2

This study was conducted to establish the concept of technically-gifted students required in the changing industrial society and to pick out the basic ability elements and subsidiary ability elements to be possessed by such technically-gifted students. The major contents and the result of the study were as described below. Technically-gifted students were defined as “the talents who has the creative ability and attitude or has the potential ability and attitude to analyze and solve technical problems by expressing and implementing ideas in the technical areas.” The basic abilities to be possessed by the technically-gifted students are categorized as six areas: creativity, problem solving ability, idea expression ability, idea implementation ability, ability to apply technical knowledge, and technical attitude. i) The subsidiary elements of creativity consist of fluency, originality, elaborateness, sensitiveness, and flexibility. ii) The subsidiary elements of the ability to solve technical problems consist of the ability to recognize and analyze technical problems, the ability of trouble inspection, the power of observation and insight, the ability to group and integrate technical problems, the ability to establish the plans to solve technical problems, the ability to solve technical problems, and the ability to appraise the solutions of technical problems. iii) The subsidiary elements to express ideas consists of 2D expression ability, 3D expression ability, verbal expression ability, and technical document preparation ability. iv) Idea implementation ability consists of imitation ability, design ability, drawing understanding ability, operation and utilization ability of devices, machines, and tools, and project implementation ability. v) The subsidiary elements of the ability to apply technical knowledge consist of the ability to understand and apply the knowledge of related technical areas, mathematical ability, scientific application ability, and technical aesthetics. vi) The subsidiary elements of technical attitude consist of tenacity of task, intellectual curiosity, challenge spirit, self-confidence and pride, and leadership and teamwork. 본 연구는 변화하는 산업사회에서 요구되는 공업계 고교에서 양성할 기술 영재의 개념을 정립하고, 기술 영재가 갖추어야 할 기본 능력 요소와 하위 능력 요소를 추출 하고자 수행되었다. 그리고 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 이 연구에서는 공업기술교 육․공학․교육학 전문가를 통한 델파이 조사를 실시하였다. 주된 연구 내용과 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 우선, 이 연구에서는 기술 영재를 “기 술 분야에서 아이디어를 표현하고 구현하여 기술적 문제를 분석․해결할 수 있는 창의적인 능력과 태도가 있거나 잠재력을 지닌 인재”로 정의하였다. 기술 영재가 갖추어야 할 기본 능력은 창의성, 기술적 문제 해결 능력, 아이디어 표현 능력, 아이디어 구현 능력, 기술적 지식의 적용 능력, 기술적 태도 등 6개 영역 으로 범주화 되었다. 구명된 각 영역별 하위 요소는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 창의성의 하위 요소로는 유창성, 독창성, 정교성, 민감성, 융통성으로 구분된다. 둘째, 기술적 문제 해결 능력의 하위 요소는 기술적 문제 인식 및 분석 능력, 고장 진단 능력, 관찰력과 통찰력, 기술적 문제의 유형화 및 종합 능력, 기술적 문제 해결 계획 수립 능력, 기술적 문제 해결 실행 능력, 기술적 문제 해결 평가 능력으로 구 분된다. 셋째, 아이디어 표현 능력의 하위 요소는 2차원 표현 능력, 3차원 표현 능력, 언어 표현 능력, 기술 문서 작성 능력으로 구분된다. 넷째, 아이디어 구현 능력은 모방 능력, 설계 능력, 도면 해독 능력, 기기․기계․ 공구 조작 및 활용 능력, 프로젝트 수행 능력으로 구분된다. 다섯째, 기술적 지식의 적용 능력의 하위 요소는 관련 기술 분야 지식 이해 및 응 용력, 수리 능력, 과학 응용력, 기술적 심미성으로 구분된다. 여섯째, 기술적 태도의 하위 요소는 과제 집착력, 지적 호기심, 도전 정신, 자신감 및 자존감, 리더십 및 팀워크로 구분된다.

테크니컬 디자이너의 업무 및 교육 실태에 관한 연구 -벤더(Vendor)와 에이전트(Agent) 테크니컬 디자이너를 대상으로-

이은영 ( Eun Young Lee ),최혜선 ( Hei Sun Choi ),도월희 ( Wol Hee Do ) 한국의류학회 2013 한국의류학회지 Vol.37 No.3

This study reported present state of clothing technical designers` work duties and working conditions, so as to suggest effective ways to develop professional training methods for them. Technical designers working for vendors and agents were surveyed as they represent the majority of technical designers in Korean clothing industries. Survey participants were 62 technical designers working for 6 clothing vendors and 2 clothing agents, and the survey closely inspected their work qualifications, duties and responsibilities, working conditions and training conditions. Survey was conducted from June 27th to July 17th, 2012. The questionnaire examined frequency analysis and multiple response analysis using SPSS 19.0 Windows after investigating documents and work fields through personal experiences and interviews from technical designers for data collection and analysis. A chi-square test analyzed the preferred type of fitting for technical designers of vendors and agents. The results showed that 32.3% of those surveyed have more than 7 years of work experience and the highest level of education is predominantly a bachelor`s degree (57 people, 91.9%). Among the work responsibilities, respondents did sample measuring more than four times a day. Also, the results showed that technical designers needed to qualify: first ``Fitting Technic``, second ``Pattern Correction Capability``, and third ``English Skills to Communicate with Buyers``; subsequently, education on several technics (such as measuring, grading, and fitting) were required for the job. Current technical designers answered that they need more various work-related education. However, the analyzed results showed that pre work-related training was insufficient. The data shows that technical designers require re-education in ``Pattern Correction Method`` (61.3%) and ``Sewing Education`` (64.5%).

Technical-business English Syllabus Design Based on Needs Analysis of Teachers and Students

Nam, Bo Yeol,Jeong, Tae Seop,Kim, Nam Gook 한국중앙영어영문학회 2010 영어영문학연구 Vol.52 No.2

The major purpose of this study is to find out the needs or desires of the students and teachers in technical high schools regarding technical- business English part among the following three areas; engineering- technology English, technical-business English, and technical-living English. The study will suggest some contents, and to design the syllabus of technical-business English which should be contained in a technical English textbook. Through the survey conducted in four technical high schools by analyzing the needs or desires of the students and teachers, forty two functions among seventy five functions in five major fields were selected for the technical-business English syllabus. This result explains that students and teachers in technical high schools are more interested in materials or functions which receive attention in the modern industrial society, because they are needed in real situations after students’ graduation. When these results are adopted into a syllabus design, some functions need to be added or revised according to the situation of each technical high school. In addition, as the degree of needs between the groups shows different ratings in choosing contents of the syllabus, different weight should be given to each group.

Technical-business English Syllabus Design Based on Needs Analysis of Teachers and Students

남보열,정태섭,김남국 한국중앙영어영문학회 2010 영어영문학연구 Vol.52 No.2

The major purpose of this study is to find out the needs or desires of the students and teachers in technical high schools regarding technical- business English part among the following three areas; engineering- technology English, technical-business English, and technical-living English. The study will suggest some contents, and to design the syllabus of technical-business English which should be contained in a technical English textbook. Through the survey conducted in four technical high schools by analyzing the needs or desires of the students and teachers, forty two functions among seventy five functions in five major fields were selected for the technical-business English syllabus. This result explains that students and teachers in technical high schools are more interested in materials or functions which receive attention in the modern industrial society, because they are needed in real situations after students’ graduation. When these results are adopted into a syllabus design, some functions need to be added or revised according to the situation of each technical high school. In addition, as the degree of needs between the groups shows different ratings in choosing contents of the syllabus, different weight should be given to each group.

王光祈 서양음악사 연구의 技術實用主義에 대한 고찰

주영 한국중국학회 2022 중국학보 Vol.101 No.-

This article aims to verify the technical-pragmatic(技術實用主義) in the study of Western music history by Wang Guangqi(王光祈), the first musicologist in China, and to analyze its causes and effects. In order to help readers understand the background of the article, I will introduce Wang Guangqi's study experience and political activities while living in China, his study experience and research results while living in Germany, and the evaluation of Wang Guangqi by Chinese and Japanese scholars. Next, I will verify whether Wang Guangqi's research on Western music history has a technical-pragmatic tendency, and will examine the specific manifestation of the technical-pragmatic in his research by focusing on his three books, The Evolution of European Music(『歐洲音樂進化論』), The Synopsis of European Musical Instruments(『西洋樂器提要』), and The Synopsis of European Zhipuxue(『西洋制譜學提要』). In addition, I will analyze the reasons for the formation of Wang Guangqi's technical-pragmatic from the perspectives of historical, political, ideological and cultural backgrounds as well as his personal experiences, centering on two elements of technical-pragmatic: Chinese national music(國樂) and the scientific method of Western musical evolution. In summary, Wang Guangqi's technical-pragmatic was due to two factors: on the one hand, he imagined a revival of the Chinese nation under the influence of the development of European ethnomusicology and Confucius' ideas of ritual and music, and on the other hand,he developed a psychological admiration for European science and evolution under the influence of the dissemination of scientific ideas and evolutionary theory. Finally, the essay will reveal the Eurocentrism in Wang Guangqi's technical-pragmatic and its influence on his contemporaries and the scholars who came after him. Considering the historical reality of the existence of Eurocentrism in modern Chinese music creation and the study of Western music history in China, or the fact that modern Chinese music creation and the study of Western music history in China is still controlled by Eurocentrism, it is necessary to reanalyze Wang Guangqi's technical-pragmatic of Western music history research in the historical context of his time and to recognize the influence of Eurocentrism tendency on modern Chinese music history. 이 글은 중국 최초의 음악학자 王光祈가 서양음악사 연구에 있어서의 技術實用主義를 검증하고, 그 형성 원인과 영향을 분석하고자 한다. 독자들이 이 글의 배경을 잘 파악할 수 있도록 王光祈가 중국에서 생활하던 때 받은 교육과 참여한 정치 활동, 독일에서 활동하던 때 받은 교육과 연구 성과, 그리고 중국·일본 학자들의 王光祈에 대한 평가를 소개한다. 다음으로 王光祈가 서양음악사 연구에 技術實用主義가 있는지를 검증하고, 『歐洲音樂進化論』, 『西洋樂器提要』, 『西洋制譜學提要』 세 권의 王光祈의 저서를 중심으로 그의 技術實用主義가 어떻게 구체적으로 나타나는지를 살펴본다. 또한, ‘國樂', 그리고 서양음악 진화의 과학적 방법 두 가지 요소를 둘러싸고 20세기 중국의 역사, 정치, 사상과 문화적 배경, 그리고 王光祈의 개인적 경험을 결합하여 王光祈의 技術實用主義의 형성 원인을 분석한다. 요약하자면 王光祈의 技術實用主義의 형성은 유럽민족음악의 발전과 孔子의 禮樂사상의 영향을 받아 中華民族의 부흥에 대한 상상을 진행했기 때문이기도 하고, 다른 한편으로는 과학과 진화론을 전파한 중국 지식인들의 영향을 받아 유럽의 과학과 진화에 대한 숭배심리를 형성했기 때문이기도 한다. 결론적으로 技術實用主義에서 王光祈의 유럽중심주의적 사고, 그리고 그 사고가 王光祈의 동시대인과 현대 음악학자들에게 미치는 영향을 지적한다. 중국의 근대음악 창작이나 서양음악사 연구에 유럽중심주의가 존재한다는 역사적 현실이나, 현시대의 음악 창작과 서양음악사 연구가 여전히 유럽중심주의 사고에 의해 통제되고 있다는 사실을 고려하면, 王光祈의 서양음악사 연구에서 나타나는 技術實用主義를 그 시대적 맥락 속에서 파악하고 그의 유럽중심주의적 사고가 중국 근대음악사에 미치는 영향을 새롭게 분석하고 인식할 필요가 있다.

세계박람회가 독일 산업화 과정에 미친 영향 -실업,기술교육을 중심으로-

유진영 ( Jin Young Yu ) 수선사학회 2011 史林 Vol.0 No.40

Industrialization in Germany in the 19th century took place in a shorter period compared with that in England and France, which entered the industrial age decades earlier. In the 1870`s, the total gross domestic product of Germany surpassed that of France, and even exceeded it by 1910, at the end of the industrial era. Germany`s production also surpassed that of England, which was known then as the the world factory. During the industrial age, world expositions were held, and nation-states like England, France, and Austria presented their own industrialized products and artworks in these events. They all sought to establish their prominence among other neighboring countries. Germany visited these world exhibitions and expressed the greatest interest. This paper analyzes why the German state has shown keen interest in world expositions and what German nationals think of these exhibits. The German government`s interest towards world expositions has characterized its national identity, and it affected national economy and the political activities of the state ruler. The people`s interest, on the other hand, showcased their patriotism as various companies participated in these expositions and helped in boosting the economy. Moreover, this paper examines how these world expositions influenced the process of industrialization in Germany, especially in the aspect of technical education. Germany is interested in technical education because the country sets high regard for industrialization and the education of engineers. To develop more effective methods of education, the curriculum in every middle and elementary technical-vocational school was changed. Especially for this purpose, the technical arts museum (Kunstgewerbemuseum) was established. Arts education was in fact one of the most important subjects in their curriculum. Arts (Kunst) and technical arts were regarded as the most significant aspects of the state`s industrialization. During the industrial era, the quality of German products was exemplary. So, with the development of these world exhibitions, small commercial exhibitions in Germany were arranged and developed. As a matter of fact, every technical-vocational school had its own exhibition to showcase the works of their graduating students. Indeed, industrialization and technical education in Germany were both largely affected by the world exhibitions. German nationals continue to develop their education to improve their qualification in these global events.

테크닉 사회에서의 성서교육

남은경(Eun­Kyoung Nam) 한국기독교교육학회 2005 기독교교육논총 Vol.11 No.-

오늘의 교회교육 현장에서 디지털 교육 컨텐츠를 개발해야 한다는 요구가 드높다. 이에 부응하기 위해서는 테크닉에 대한 신학적 그리고 교육적 관점의 정립 하에 하이퍼 커뮤니케이션의 원리가 접목된 교육과정을 디자인할 필요가 있다. IT 강국인 우리나라에서 양방향 형식으로 대화와 나눔이 가능하고, 과정 추론적이고 참여적이라는 디지털 환경의 특성에 기초한 현대교회의 교육의 변화가 기대된다. 넘쳐나는 멀티미디어 매체들, 그것들을 통해 유입되는 폭력이나 성적자극 등 잘못된 가치관들이 기독교적 세계관에 거세게 도전한다. 디지털 공해라고 할 수 있는 비인간화의 가능성, 가상공간과 실제적 삶과의 불균형, 정보의 질적인 저하와 불확실성의 문제들이 아직 남아있다. 자칫 신앙을 파괴하는 위험 요소로서, 기술 그 자체를 신화화하는 현대인의 가치관이 만연해 있기도 하다. 이렇게 현대인이 사는 테크닉의 사회는 다른 어느 때보다도 우리에게 성서를 읽는 식별력을 요청한다. This study concerns about the paradigm shift that transmission and interpretation of Gospel are converted in the educational environment. First of all, one perspective of this study of Christian education about technic is built upon the ethical reflect of J. Ellul and theological methodology of G. Vahanian. Next, this study anticipates the possibility of new biblical educational style in today’s technological society by reviewing the characteristic of hypercommunication and method of human being’s acknowledgement of truth in cyber culture. Ellul does not view technic as a neutral although technic was regarded as a simple tool in traditional ethical perspective. Ellul questions about human being in the technical system. He worries about the challenge of technical autonomy which could conditionalize human and environment and cause social, political, and economical change. Therefore he presents the necessity of ethic for new technological society. Technic is always based on desacralisation breaking imagination and is ethic emphasizing liberty of human who could remove unlimited power of technic. On the one hand, Vahanian regards technic as an utopia. He points out that human being made a mistake understanding God’s transcendence in the salvational perspective rather than eschatological vision related to utopianism and the reality of human. Therefore now he contends that the frame of understanding of religion is to be changed from myth to technique. He prospects that the future of technique would require renovation of the church. The technological society concerns more about the problem of technique that popularize the truth rather than contents and understanding of truth. The concept of truth in cyber culture has the role of offering information about continual change of direction as the accumulated knowledge about various interpretation and understands human being in the middle of unfolding meaning in a new context. In this meaning, today, biblical education requests that understanding of the truth and true nature of human pursued in cyber culture should be Christianity. The interpretation of biblical text is decided in accordance to how individual contacts in cyber culture. The text is not regarded as unchanging unity but is understood as changeable possibility which could be changed voluntarily based on various relations because hypercommunication offers authority over translation, not text itself. The meaning of canons about Canon has become changed due to the characteristic of hypertext proliferating text. Now, canons creates context which original text is begun and is written by discerning the context. Many authors are involved in biblical text. Critical self­consciousness needs to be emerged in the electronic writing environment of this hypermedia. It should not be disregarded that peculiar imagination and concern of reader and meaning­making are an important in hypertext. It is requested that identification of biblical text could ensure the position of hermeneutics by accepting the characteristic of hypercommunication. In this respect we could find that Christian education has a responsibility guiding theology into lead readers’ interpretation. And also presenting abundant learning experience using virtual reality needs to be considered in biblical education.

조직 환경의 재개념화: 공진화론 관점에서의 기술 환경과 제도 환경 간의 관계 재정립

김명환 한국국정관리학회 2018 현대사회와 행정 Vol.28 No.4

This study attempts at suggesting a way of reconceptualizing organizational environment from the perspective of co-evolutionary theory, by reestablishing the relationships between technical and institutional environments. First, the study divides technical and institutional environments into four dimensions such as conceptualization, constituents, characteristics, and interests and then reviews them in a comparing way, with structural-contingency theory and sociological neo-institutional theory. Second, with respect to the relationships bewteen technical and institutional environments, it discusses the dichotomy and typology of two environments. Third, it offers a conceptual model to reestablish the relationship between technical and institutional environments from the perspective of co-evolutionary theory, which includes embeddedness and the structuration of technical environment by institutional environment as a context, the change of technical environment in terms of innovation and competition, the choice of a dominant institutional logic, and the reconstruction of institutional environment by institutionalization. Finally, it suggests a need of studying strong coupling and recoupling, as well as decoupling, for theorizing organizational responding to the environments from the co-evolution perspective of technical-institutional environments. 본 연구는 기술-제도 환경 간 관계의 역동성을 기반으로 한 공진화론 관점에서 기술-제도 환경 간 관계 재정립을 통해 조직 환경을 재개념화할 수 있는 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 첫째, 기술 환경과 제도 환경 각각에 대한 개념화, 주요 이해관계자, 환경의 특성 및 주요 관심사 등 네 가지 차원으로 구분하여 상황적합론과 사회학적 신제도론의 관점에서 살펴보았다. 둘째, 기술-제도 환경 간의 관계에 관한 기존 논의를 사회학적 신제도주의 계열의 초기 연구들의 이원론과 이에 대한 반박으로서의 이후 연구들의 유형론에 대해 논의하였다. 셋째, 기술-제도 환경 간 관계의 재정립 필요성의 근거를 제시하면서 공진화론 관점에서 배태성과 맥락으로서의 제도 환경에 의한 기술 환경의 구조화, 혁신과 경쟁으로 인한 기술 환경의 변화, 지배적 논리(설계)의 선택과 제도화로 인한 제도 환경의 재구축 등의 대한 논의를 통해 기술-제도 환경 간 관계의 재정립 방안을 제시하였다. 마지막으로, 기술-제도 환경의 공진화 관점에서 조직 대응의 이론화 방안으로 분리와 함께 밀착 결합과 재결합에 대한 연구의 필요성을 제안하였다.

한국형매뉴얼테크닉의 인식도와 만족도가 이용자 행동에 미치는 영향

임유란 한국피부과학연구원 2011 대한피부미용학회지 Vol.9 No.2

For surveying the consumer recognition and satisfaction about Korean type of manual technic their correlations were investigated by regression analysis on the eligible 496 questions of total 550 answered from 600 requested. The results were as follows. 1) The pre-recognition and information about Korean type of manual technic gave a high degree of satisfaction in its treatment. 2) It gives considerable satisfaction to the consumers when recognize stress built-up more higher. 3) The high satisfaction gave prefered being-treated in Korean type of manual technic and a positive activity in inducement for the manual technic. Consequently, It's considered that managing the customers in services with pre-recognition and fruitful information about Korean type of manual technic could give satisfaction to them and contribute for increase in sales.