중간언어 화용론의 불평 화행 수집 도구 분석 -DCT 상황 구성 요소를 중심으로-

김인규 한국국어교육학회 2021 새국어교육 Vol.- No.128

Purpose: This study focuses on examining the aspects of the study of Korean speech act studied in interlanguage pragmatics and cross-cultural pragmatics. Methods: Specifically, from the selected research papers on speech act of complaint, discourse completion tests, the instrument for collecting speech acts, used in each study were analyzed. In order to establish criteria for analyzing the instrument for collecting speech acts, each situation of the discourse completion tests was analyzed. Through this, three criteria for analysis were derived: ‘participants’, ‘Specification of the location where a speech act occurs’, and ‘the composition of the situation’. These three criteria can act as factors that can influence the realization of speech acts. Conclusion: The result of analyzing DCT based on these criteria indicates that, overall, the DCT follows the framework of previous studies, which means it needs to reflect the times and to modify situations accordingly. In addition, in order to expand the depth and breadth of speech act study in Korean education, it is suggested that a study on securing validity of speech act tools should be continued. 목적: 본 연구는 중간언어 화용론과 비교 문화 화용론에서 연구된 한국어 화행 연구에 대한 양상을 살펴보려는 데에 주안점을 두었다. 방법: 구체적으로 불평 화행 연구 논문을 선정한 후 각 연구에서 사용된 화행 수집 도구인 담화 완성형 설문지를 분석하였다. 먼저 화행 수집 도구 분석 기준을 마련하기 위해서 담화 완성형 설문지의 각 상황을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 ‘등장인물’, ‘화행 발생 장소의 명시’, ‘제시문의 내용 구성’의 세 가지 분석 기준을 도출하였다. 이 세 가지의 기준은 화행 실현에 영향을 줄 수 있는 요소로 작용할 수 있다. 결과: 이 기준으로 DCT를 분석한 결과 전반적으로 DCT는 선행 연구의 틀을 답습하는 경우가 많아 시대상을 반영해야 하고 자연스럽게 상황을 수정해야 하는 과제를 가지고 있었다. 그리고 한국어교육의 화행 연구의 깊이와 넓이를 확장시키기 위해 화행 수집 도구의 타당성 확보를 위한 연구가 지속되어야 할 것을 제안하였다.

The Speech Act of Complaint by Korean L2 Learners of English in an Intercultural Perspective

Sujung Min 한국언어과학회 2020 언어과학 Vol.27 No.3

Taking an intercultural approach, this study investigates the L2 speech act of complaint produced by Korean L2 learners and the effect of L2 proficiency by comparing complaint speech act produced by Korean L2 learners of English with native speakers’ act. Thirty-two subjects participated in the study and were divided into three groups: one consisting of native English speakers and two groups of Korean L2 learners of different English proficiency levels. The effect of L2 proficiency on the complaint speech act was examined accordingly. The data were collected using a discourse completion task. A questionnaire containing six complaint situations were given to the subjects. Their responses were coded using the taxonomy of complaint proposed by Oshtain and Weinbach(1987). The results show that there are some discrepancies between native speakers and Korean L2 learners in making complaints and L2 proficiency influenced the overall production of complaints. The findings suggest the cultural background and L1 effects on the production of complaints by Korean L2 learners of English.

중국인 여성 결혼이민자와 한국인 여성 결혼자의 불평 화행 전략 사용 양상 비교 연구

XINRAN GUO,HANFENG XUE,YAN LIN 학습자중심교과교육학회 2024 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.24 No.13

목적 본 연구는 여성 결혼이민자들이 일상 대화 중에 불평 화행을 어떻게 사용하는지 살펴보며, 중국인 여성 결혼이민자와 한국인 여성 결혼자들이 불평 화행 전략을 실제로 어떻게 사용하는지 비교하고 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 방법 위 목적을 달성하기 위해 본 연구에서는 두 차례에 걸쳐 데이터를 수집하였다. 먼저 한국어 의사소통 상황에서 불평을 유발할 수 있는 실제 상황 9개를 선정하기 위해 한국인 및 중국인 여성 결혼자를 대상으로 1차 설문 조사를 실시하였다. 이후, DCT(Discourse Completion Test) 설문 조사를 통해 각 불평 상황에서의 응답 데이터를 수집하였다. 수집된 데이터를 바탕으로 개별 전략 사용 양상, 결합 전략 사용 양상 및 문법 사용 양상을 분석하였다. 결과 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 개별 전략 사용 양상 측면에서 두 집단 불평 상황에서 주로 사용하는 전략은 ‘직접 불평하기’와 ‘돌려 말하기’ 전략이었다. 그러나 중국인 여성 결혼이민자(NNS) 집단은 ‘빈정대기’와 ‘반문하기’ 전략을 많이 사용하는 반면, 한국인 여성 결혼자(KNS) 집단은 ‘명령하기’와 ‘상황설명’ 전략을 더 많이 사용하는 것으로 나타났다. 다음으로 결합 전략 사용 양상을 분석한 결과, NNS 집단이 KNS 집단보다 결합 전략을 더 많이 사용하는 것으로 확인되었다. 그러나 사회적 지위 및 불평 강도에 따른 상황별 불평 화행 결합 전략을 분석한 결과, 동등 관계를 제외한 대부분의 상황에서 KNS 집단이 NNS 집단보다 다양한 전략을 사용하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 문법 사용 양상을 분석한 결과, 두 집단 모두 ‘직접 불평하기’ 전략을 가장 많이 사용하였으나, KNS 집단은 ‘-(으)ㄹ게요’를 많이 사용하는 반면, NNS 집단은 ‘반말’을 더 많이 사용하는 경향이 있었다. 또한 ‘돌려 말하기’ 전략에서 KNS 집단은 자기 주장을 완곡하게 표현하는 ‘-(으)ㄹ/ㄴ/는 것 같다’를 사용하는 반면, NNS 집단은 비교적 자기 주장을 직접 강조하는 ‘-잖아요’를 많이 사용하는 차이점이 발견되었다. 결론 이러한 차이는 두 집단의 서로 다른 언어 습관과 문화 차이에서 기인한다. 예를 들어, 상대 높임법이 발달한 한국어의 언어 습관 차이, 한·중 아동 교육 문화 차이, 한·중 사회에서 맞벌이 부부에 대한 인식 차이 등이 이러한 차이를 발생시킨다. 본 연구는 불평 화행 상황에서 중국인 여성 결혼이민자와 한국인 여성 결혼자가 사용한 불평 화행 전략의 공통점과 차이점을 정리하고, 한·중 문화의 차이를 통해 이러한 차이의 원인을 밝히는 데 의의가 있다. Objectives This study aims to examine how female marriage immigrants use complaint speech acts in everyday conversations and to compare and analyze the actual usage patterns of complaint strategies between Chinese female marriage immigrants and Korean female spouses. Methods To achieve this objective, data were collected in two phases. First, a preliminary survey was conducted with Korean and Chinese female spouses to identify nine real-life situations in Korean communication contexts that could trigger complaints. Following this, a Discourse Completion Test (DCT) survey was conducted to gather response data for each complaint situation. Based on the collected data, the usage patterns of individual strategies, combined strategies, and grammatical usage were analyzed. Results The analysis yielded the following results. In terms of individual strategy usage, both groups predominantly employed the ‘direct complaint’ and ‘indirect complaint’ strategies in complaint situations. However, the Chinese female marriage immigrant (NNS) group frequently used ‘sarcasm’ and ‘rhetorical questioning’ strategies, whereas the Korean female spouses (KNS) group tended to use ‘command’ and ‘situation explanation’ strategies more often. Next, the analysis of combined strategy usage revealed that the NNS group used combined strategies more frequently than the KNS group. However, when analyzing the combined strategies according to social status and the intensity of the complaint, it was found that the KNS group used a wider variety of strategies than the NNS group in most situations, except in equal status scenarios. Lastly, the analysis of grammatical usage showed that both groups most frequently used the ‘direct complaint’ strategy. However, the KNS group often used the form ‘-(으)ㄹ게요’ to express their intentions, while the NNS group showed a tendency to use ‘informal speech’ more frequently. Additionally, in the ‘indirect complaint’ strategy, the KNS group used the phrase ‘-(으)ㄹ/ㄴ/는 것 같다’ to express their assertions mildly, whereas the NNS group often used the phrase ‘-잖아요’ to emphasize their assertions more directly. Conclusions These differences stem from the distinct linguistic habits and cultural differences between the two groups. For instance, the development of honorifics in Korean, differences in child-rearing practices between Korea and China, and varying perceptions of dual-income households in Korean and Chinese societies contribute to these disparities. This study is significant in that it summarizes the commonalities and differences in complaint speech act strategies used by Chinese female marriage immigrants and Korean female spouses, and elucidates the reasons for these differences through an exploration of Korean and Chinese cultural differences.

한국 내 중국인 직장인의 불평 화행에 대한 연구

유양(Yoo Yang),양명희(Yang Myunghee),문지순(Moon Ge Soon) 한국사회언어학회 2014 사회언어학 Vol.22 No.3

The present study examines the use of the speech act of complaint in Korean by Chinese office workers in Korea, with particular focus on their use of high-level strategies. By looking at the differences in speech act between Korean-speaking Chinese office workers and native Korean office workers from a cross-cultural pragmatics perspective, the study aims to shed light on intercultural differences and explore their implications for Korean language education. High-level strategies in the speech act of complaint are broadly classified into direct, indirect, mixed, and silent strategies. By means of a discourse completion test (DCT), 50 Chinese office workers and 50 Korean office workers were surveyed with respect to their use of the complaint speech act. The results indicated that Chinese office workers tend to use more indirect strategies than their Korean counterparts and that Korean office workers use the silent strategy more often than Chinese workers. Significant results were also obtained by comparing the use of high-level strategies by the two subject groups according to variables such as social status, familiarity, age, gender, and employment period.

Linguistic Directness and Complaints in Korean EFL Context

Su-JungMin 한국영어어문교육학회 2021 영어어문교육 Vol.27 No.2

Complaints have been studied from the major disciplinary perspective which assumes the correlation between linguistic directness and face-threat. Following the interactional approach, however, this study aimed to disentangle linguistic directness from the perceived face-threat. The study investigated the speech act of complaint by comparing the performance of native English speakers and Korean L2 learners in terms of the degree of linguistic directness and explicitness. 32 subjects participated in the study and they were divided into three groups: a group of native English speakers and two groups of Korean l2 learners of different proficiency levels. The questionnaire with a discourse completion task were employed to collect data. The questionnaire gave six complaint situations in which subjects were asked to write their responses. The responses were coded using the taxonomy of linguistic directness proposed by (Decock & Depraetere, 2018). The results showed that there are some discrepancies between native speakers and Korean L2 learners in their performance of complaining and L2 proficiency influenced the overall production of complaints. The findings offer accurate insights into the degrees and types of linguistic directness in complaint speech act across contexts.

A Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Study of Complaints between American Native Speakers and Korean Nonnative Speakers of English

Eun-Jeong Kim(김은정) 언어과학회 2016 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.79

Complaint is a face threatening speech act with no predetermined pattern, hence, it poses a challenge to many nonnative speakers of English (NNS). This paper examined complaint strategies used by American native speakers (NS) of English and Korean NNS consisting of ESL and EFL groups by using a discourse completion task (DCT). The participants were generally assumed to have advanced literacy and communication competence since all of them were graduate students specializing in TESOL or English Education. The findings showed, unlike those in earlier studies, the NNS group’s use of complaint strategies were quite similar to that of the NSs, mostly employing direct complaint. Among Korean participants, both ESL and EFL groups registered similar complaint types; however, EFL groups were more prone to employ indirect complaint - being more sensitive to social status while ESL group mostly opted direct complaint similarly to their American counterparts.

A Cross‐Cultural Pragmatic Study of Complaints between American Native Speakers and Korean Nonnative Speakers of English

김은정 언어과학회 2016 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.79

Complaint is a face threatening speech act with no predetermined pattern, hence, it poses a challenge to many nonnative speakers of English (NNS). This paper examined complaint strategies used by American native speakers (NS) of English and Korean NNS consisting of ESL and EFL groups by using a discourse completion task (DCT). The participants were generally assumed to have advanced literacy and communication competence since all of them were graduate students specializing in TESOL or English Education. The findings showed, unlike those in earlier studies, the NNS group’s use of complaint strategies were quite similar to that of the NSs, mostly employing direct complaint. Among Korean participants, both ESL and EFL groups registered similar complaint types; however, EFL groups were more prone to employ indirect complaint―being more sensitive to social status while ESL group mostly opted direct complaint similarly to their American counterparts.

한국 내 중국인 직장인의 불평 화행에 대한 연구 2 - 하위 전략을 중심으로 -

유양,양명희 한국어의미학회 2014 한국어 의미학 Vol.46 No.-

The present study aims to analyze low-level strategies in the complaint speech act of Chinese office workers in Korea in comparison with native Korean office workers. By means of a discourse completion test (DCT) in six situations, Chinese and Korean office workers of 0~1year-long speakers and 1~3 years-long speakers were surveyed with respect to their changing use of low-level strategies. The results indicated that the two groups used 24 low level strategies altogether, but more strategies were used as employment period got longer. Moreover, Chinese speakers less than a year, generally preferred indirect strategies. However Chinese speakers more than a year, showed similar usage of Korean speakers, frequently using direct low-level strategies such as complaining behavior and employing silent strategy. This study has significant meaning in that it is the first to compare Chinese office workers in Korea with native Korean office workers according to employment period on the aspect of the change on the usage of low-level strategies on the speech act of complaint.

대통령 전용기 탑승 배제조치에 대한 헌법소원 ― 문화방송의 헌법소원사건과 관련하여 ―

정연주 전남대학교 공익인권법센터 2023 인권법평론 Vol.- No.31

As is generally known, the boarding in the presidential plane of the journalists of Munwha Breoadcasting Corporation(MBC) in case of Presidential State Visit in Southeast Asia Countries were recently rejected. MBC requested an adjudication on a Constitutional Complaint asserting that the freedom of Speech and equal rights of the claimant were infringed by the boarding exclusion action of Executive Office of the President. The legal requirements of the adjudication on a Constitutional Complaint could be met. MBC holds a qualification as a claimant. The boarding exclusion action of Executive Office of the President is a kind of powerful factual act. It belongs to an exercise of the governmental power which can be the subject of adjudication on a Constitutional Complaint. This Case has an interest of an adjudication even though the boarding exclusion action is finished and cannot be cancelled any more. On one hand, the freedom of Speech and equal rights of the claimant were infringed by the boarding exclusion action of Executive Office of the President. The action is unconstitutional because it violated the principles of proportionality and equality. In case of withdrawal of litigation, on the other hand, the Constitutional Court has to decide the unconstitutionality of the action by official authority, because the Case has an interest of an adjudication. 얼마 전 대통령의 동남아 순방에 문화방송 기자들은 대통령 전용기 탑승을 거부당했다. 이에 문화방송은 이러한 탑승배제조치가 헌법이 보장하는 언론의 취재・보도의 자유와 평등권을 침해한 위헌적 공권력 행사에 해당한다고 주장하면서 헌법소원을 제기했다. 이 헌법소원심판사건에서의 쟁점은 본안전 판단에서는 문화방송이 청구인자격을 가지는지, 탑승배제조치가 헌법소원의 대상이 되는 공권력의 행사인지, 그리고 탑승배제조치는 이미 종료된 행위인데 그럼에도 불구하고 심판의 이익이 인정되어 종국결정을 내릴 수 있는지 등이 될 것이다. 본안판단에서는 이 사건에서 탑승배제조치로 인해 청구인의 어떠한 기본권이 침해당했는지, 그리고 그러한 침해행위가 위헌인지 등이 쟁점이라고 할 수 있다. 결론적으로 이 사건 헌법소원심판청구는 적법하게 제기되었다고 볼 수 있다. 즉 문화방송은 청구인자격을 가지고, 탑승배제조치는 권력적 사실행위로서 헌법소원의 대상이 되는 공권력행사이며, 탑승배제조치는 이미 종료되어 권리보호이익은 부정되지만 기본권침해의 반복위험성과 헌법질서의 수호・유지를 위하여 긴요한 사항에 대한 헌법적 해명의 필요성이 인정되어심판의 이익이 인정된다고 할 수 있다. 아울러 본안판단과 관련하여 탑승배제조치는 헌법상 비례의 원칙과 평등의 원칙 등을 위반하여 청구인의 취재・보도의 자유 등의 언론의 자유와 평등권 등의 기본권을 침해한 것으로 판단된다. 한편 만일 정치적 상황 등의 변화를 이유로 청구인이 심판청구를 취하할 경우 심판절차가 어떻게 진행될지도 문제될 수 있다. 이 사건은 언론사의 언론의 자유 등 기본권에 대한 침해행위가 앞으로도 반복될 위험이 있거나 당해 분쟁의 해결이 헌법질서의 수호・유지를 위하여 긴요한 사항이어서 헌법적으로 그 해명이 중대한 의미를 지니고 있는 경우에 해당하기 때문에 헌법재판소는 심판절차를 종료시킬 것이 아니라 직권으로 본안판단을 하여 종국결정을 내려야 할 것이다.

한국어 학습자 불평 화행에 나타난 불손 연구 : 중국어권 고급학습자를 중심으로

왕흠범(Wang, Xinfan) 한국사회언어학회 2021 사회언어학 Vol.29 No.4

The present study aims to investigate the patterns and characteristics of impoliteness strategies and impoliteness formulas in Korean learners’ interlanguage complaints, focusing primarily on advanced Chinese learners. Discourse Completion Test(DCT) was utilized to investigate interlanguage complaints, with each scenario providing the research participants with information on publicness, familiarities between the interlocutors, and their social status levels. Impoliteness, as well as politeness, were examined. In the meantime, the effect of those three factors above on the selecting impoliteness strategies or politeness strategies were also investigated. According to the results of the patterns of impoliteness strategies, learners were more inclined to use impoliteness strategies in private scenarios compared to those public scenarios, to hearers with equal or lower social status compared to those with higher social status, and to familiar hearers compared to those unfamiliar. In terms of the characteristics of impoliteness formulas, learners showed a high proportion of bald-on impoliteness strategies in all the 12 scenarios. Secondly, some of the learners failed to use honorifics in certain scenarios, damaging decencies of their hearers and even in being regarded as interlocutors with improper manners. Lastly, most of the learners neglected negative politeness, which is by no means less important that its positive counterpart.