디지털음성송신 판단 기준에서 사용자의 선택가능성에 대한 소고

김현숙 한국저작권위원회 2017 계간 저작권 Vol.30 No.4

Since the music service market has moved to online and digital, users' tendency also have changed from storage to access. Streaming is expanding from ondemand to realtime, and evolving into curation services with diverse algorithms utilizing big data. As a result, there is an area that is difficult to define as digital sound transmission. It is now difficult to distinguish interactive transmission and digital sound transmissions from the perspective of concurrency and interactivity. As digital sound transmission services develop, it is enabling the user's passive choice and eroding the interactive transmission markets. The interpretation of that leads to a problem with phonogram producer and digital sound transmission organizations. Digital sound transmission is authorized exclusive rights for copyright holders, but is authorized just claim for compensation for phonogram producer. It is time to re-examine the scope of digital sound transmission. It is necessary to balance the profits of the phonogram producer and the business continuity of organizations. If a digital sound transmission service supports a user's selectability and problems arise with the existing interactive transmission service, the scope of that should be interpreted in a scope that does not have a significant impact on the interests of the phonogram producer. 음악서비스 시장이 오프라인에서 온라인으로, 그리고 아날로그에서 디지털로 옮겨간 이후, 이용자의 성향도 보관에서 접속(스트리밍)으로 변화하였다. 스트리밍 방식은 주문형에서 라디오형으로 확대되고 있으며, 선곡의 주체도 개인에서 벗어나 빅데이터를 활용하는 다양한 알고리즘이 적용된 큐레이션(Curation) 서비스로 발전하고 있다. 그러면서 디지털음성송신으로 규정하기 어려운 분쟁의 영역이 발생하였다. 이제는 동시성과 쌍방향성이라는 기준만으로 전송과 디지털음성송신을 구분하기 어렵고, 변화하는 디지털음악서비스 시장을 포괄할 수 없다는 문제가 제기되고 있다. 디지털음성송신으로 시작된 서비스가 발전하면서 이용자의 소극적 선택을 가능하게 하고 전송의 시장을 잠식하고 있기 때문이다. 이 과정에서 디지털음성송신의 해석으로 인해 권리자-사업자 관계에 문제가 발생한다. 디지털음성송신은 저작권자에게는 배타적 권리가 저작인접권자인 음반제작자에게는 보상청구권이 인정되는 범위에 있다. 이제는 디지털음성송신 범위를 재정비하여 법률에의 반영 여부를 고려할 때다. 음반제작자의 이익과 디지털음성송신사업자의 비즈니스 연속성 보장에 균형을 맞추고, 디지털음악서비스 산업의 안정성을 확보할 필요가 있다. 디지털음성송신서비스가 이용자의 선택가능성을 지원함으로써 기존의 전송서비스와 충돌하여 문제가 발생된다면, 디지털음성송신의 범위는 권리자의 이익에 중대한 영향을 미치지 않는 범위에서 해석되어야 하고, 다른 사업자와의 형평성에도 영향을 미치지 않도록 하는 것이 합리적이다.

Experimental investigation of sound transmission loss in concrete containing recycled rubber crumbs

Chalangaran, Navid,Farzampour, Alireza,Paslar, Nima,Fatemi, Hadi Techno-Press 2021 Advances in concrete construction Vol.11 No.6

This study represents procedures and material to improve sound transmission loss through concrete without having any significant effects on mechanical properties. To prevent noise pollution damaging effects, and for reducing the transmission of the noises from streets to residential buildings, sound absorbing materials could be effectively produced. For this purpose, a number of several mixture designs have been investigated in this study to reduce the sound transmission through concrete, including control sample and three mixtures with recycled rubber with sizes of from 1mm up to 3 mm to limit the sound transmission. The rubber is used as a replacement of 5, 10, and 15 percent of sand aggregates. First, 7, 14 and 28-day strengths of the concrete have been measured. Subsequently, the sound transmission losses through the samples have been measured at the range of 63 Hz up to 6300 Hz by using impedance tube and the transfer function. The results show specimens containing 15% fine-grained crumbs, the loss of sound transmission were up to 190%, and for samples with 15% coarse-grained rubber, the loss of sound transmission were up to 228%, respectively. It is shown that concrete with recycled rubber crumbs could effectively improve environmental noise absorption.

방송 · 통신 융합시대에서 디지털송신에 대한 저작권법 규율방안 연구

하동철(Dong-Chul Ha) SBS 2008 미디어경제와 문화 Vol.6 No.1

미디어 융합의 기반인 디지털 송신은 저작권법상 전송, 방송, 디지털 음성송신 또는 공연에 대응할 수 있다. 그러나 기존의 연구는 디지털 송신의 쌍방향성에 대해서만 중점을 두고 있으며 방송의 인터넷 재송신에 대한 권리자 간의 법률관계에 대해 명확한 이론을 제시하지 못하고 있다. 본 연구는 디지털 송신이 기존의 방송과 어떠한 차이점이 있는지 검토하고 저작권법상의 전송이나 디지털음성송신 간의 상관관계를 연구하였다. 또한 이용자의 선택에 의한 저작물 전달행위인 전송과 일방향송신인 디지털음성송신에 관한 저작권법 규정을 해석하고 문제점을 지적하였다. 그리 고 디지털 송신에 의한 방송프로그램의 전달에 있어서 실연자나 음반제작자에게 부여되고 있는 전송권 및 디지털음성송신보상에 관한 권리를 방송사업자도 행사할 수 있도록 하여야 한다는 점을 외국의 입법례와 사례를 통해 제안하였다. 마지막으로 인터넷과 같은 디지털 네트워크에서 방송과 같은 기능을 하는 일방향 디지털 송신에 대해서는 방송의 개념이 적용될 수 있도록 하여 법체계의 일관성을 유지해야 한다는 점을 외국의 입법례를 들어 논증하였다. The digital transmission which forms the basis of media convergences is comparable to the broadcast, the electronic transmission, the digital sound transmission or the public performance in the copyright law. But previous researches had only emphasis on an interactivity of the digital transmission and did not present explicit theories which explain law relations among right owners about the internet rebroadcasts of the original broadcast. This research reviews the distinction of the digital transmission compared to conventional broadcasts and studies the relation between the electronic transmission and the digital sound transmission. And I analyze the electronic transmission which transfers copyright works by user’s selection and point out the problem of that. I propose that broadcasting organizations exercise the rights of the electronic transmission, the digital sound transmission which are already given to performers and producers of phonograms in transferring broadcast programs by the digital transmission. Finally I argue that the concept of the broadcast should be applied to non-interactive digital transmissions which operates like the broadcast in the digital internet network for the consistency of legal systems.

흡차음재의 타공판 변화에 따른 투과손실 예측에 관한 연구

이태근,송규정 한국기계기술학회 2023 한국기계기술학회지 Vol.25 No.6

This study investigated the noise reduction effect according to the structure of the sound-absorption and insulating materials in order to maximize the noise reduction effect in various noise environments. For this purpose, the transmission loss according to the change in hole size of the performated plate in sound-absorption and insulating board was predicted using an CAE model. The sound-absorption and insulating board was modeled and the computation of the transmission loss was performed after applying the physical properties and boundary conditions. The pure sounds of 32Hz to 4,000Hz were generated, and the analysis was performed by changing the diameter and pitch of the perforated plate. It was confirmed that the influence of the diameter and pitch of the perforated plate is closely related to the structure that make up the sound-absorption and insulating material. In order to effectively reduce the variously changing noises, it is believed that a method of improving transmission loss for each frequency band of interest is needed by changing the structure of the sound-absorption and insulating material so that the diameter and pitch of the perforated plate can be changed.

냉장고 기계실의 고주파 소음 특성 분석을 통한 음질 개선

장준영,김태훈,탁언수,정의봉,안세진 한국소음진동공학회 2019 한국소음진동공학회 논문집 Vol.29 No.5

This paper provides an analysis of the characteristics of the noise of components that affect the sound quality of oil-less refrigerators and suggests ways to effectively improve the sound quality. As the sound quality of refrigerators is determined by the characteristics of the various components and the path through which the noise is transferred, it is necessary to first analyze the characteristics of the noise generated by the components. Therefore, after measuring the noise of each part, we conducted a contribution analysis of the sound quality of each noise source. As a result, the oil-less compressor was found to be the dominant part of the sound quality of the refrigerator, while the high-frequency noise of the compressor is the main cause of poor sound quality. Then, to improve the sound quality by reducing the high-frequency noise of the compressor, we changed the transfer path of the noise using sound-absorbing and -insulating material and predicted the effect of the sound quality through a pressure transmissibility test. As a result of verification from actual operation, the sound quality of the refrigerator was improved most by the reduction of the sharpness and criteria of declination when the absorbent was attached to the surrounding walls of the compressor. Finally, the overall SPL decreased by 2.95dBA, and the sound quality score was improved by 1.83.

예술대학 연습실의 차단성능 평가에 관한 연구

국정훈(Kook Joung-Hun),주덕훈(Ju Duck-Hoon),정은정(Jung Eun-Jung),김재수(Kim Jae-Soo) 대한건축학회 2007 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.27 No.1

In case of College Art Hall that was made for their rehearsal or public performance or so for Art College Students, this necessitates more of countermeasure for sound-insulation also soundproof than other common buildings. However, without any accurate classification between Sound-Insulation and Sound-Absorption, most of them recognizes that if merely the sound-absorption material is used thereat, the transmitting sound into the adjacent chamber can be intercepted, so that it is the actual circumstances that they prepare the countermeasure for Sound-Absorption only. Accordingly, due to such imprudent measures, those sounds and voices which performing at the neighboring room are travelling to the exercise room, a lot of difficulties should be suffered when they exercise. This Research has measured the sound-insulation characteristics in accordance with its existence or nonexistence of the 'opening' on wall-body for the object of various wall-bodies in recently built College Art Hall, and on the basis of the above, this Study willing to present a fundamental data for establishment an efficient sound-insulation measures, by comparison and evaluation with the standard table on boundary-noise, domestically on current.

업무시설 기계실과 전기실의 비상방송설비 음성명료도

정정호(Jeong, Jeong-ho) 한국방재학회 2022 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.22 No.1

건물의 거주자에게 화재 경보 및 비상방송음을 명확하게 전달하기 위한 지침과 요구 사항이 수립되어 있으나 비상방송음, 경보음이 얼마나 명료하게 전달되는지에 대한 지표는 부족하다. NFPA 72 및 BS 표준에서는 주거시설의 경보음에 대한 특정 경보음 수준을 제안하고 비상방송 시스템에 대한 음성전달지수(STI, Speech Transmission Index)를 규정하였다. 기계 및 전기 설비는 화재 및 재난 상황에서 물과 전기 공급하는 중요한 설비이다. 이 기능을 유지하기 위해서는 기계실과 전기실에서 작업자에게 비상방송음을 명확하게 전달하는 것이 시스템의 비상 작동에 매우 중요하다. 기계실과 전기실에서 비상방송음을 명료하게 전달하기 위해서는 비상방송음을 배경소음보다 충분히 크게 전달하고 과다하게 울리지 않아야 한다. 본 연구에서는 40년 이상 된 사옥의 기계실 및 전기시설의 소음특성을 측정하여 음향 시뮬레이션에 반영하였다. 음향 시뮬레이션 방법을 이용하여 여러 조건별 가청도와 음성전달지수(STI)를 예측, 비교하였다. 가청도와 음성전달지수 예측 결과 기본 조건의 기계실과 전기실에서 “Bad”, “Poor” 수준이었다. 기계실과 전기실에서 소리가 울리는 것을 방지하기 위해 벽체와 천장에 흡음재를 적용하면 비상방송음을 더 명료하게 전달되는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 함께, 비상방송용 스피커 소리를 크게 하고 추가 스피커를 배치하면 명료한 비상방송음 전달이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. For the clear presentation of fire warning and emergency broadcasting sounds to occupants of buildings, certain guidelines and requirements have been established. However, the parameters to evaluate the speech intelligibility of the generated sound have not been established. In the NFPA 72 and BS standards, a specific warning sound level for warning sounds in residential facilities is proposed and the speech transmission index (STI) for emergency broadcasting systems is regulated. Mechanical and electrical systems need to be maintained to supply water and electricity in fire and disaster situations. To maintain these functions in buildings, emergency broadcasting sounds need to be clearly delivered to workers in the facilities. For the clear understanding of emergency broadcasting sounds, the background noise in the facilities should be lower than the broadcasting sounds. In addition, broadcasting sounds should not reverberate. In this study, the noise characteristics in the mechanical rooms and electricity facilities of office buildings that were more than 40 years old were measured and used for the acoustic prediction of emergency broadcasting sounds. Audibility and room acoustic properties, such as the reverberation time and STI in the facilities, were simulated by using the room acoustic simulation method. The audibility and STI of emergency broadcasting sounds were evaluated as “bad” or “poor” under the basic conditions. For the clear delivery of emergency broadcast sounds in mechanical and electrical rooms, it is necessary to apply a sound-absorbing material on the walls and ceilings in the facilities to reduce the reverberation. At the same time, an increase in the volume of emergency broadcast sounds and the introduction of additional speakers should be considered.

디지털음성송신에 관한 고찰 -웹캐스팅을 중심으로-

김주엽 ( Ju Yeob Kim ) 중앙대학교 문화미디어엔터테인먼트법연구소 2013 문화.미디어.엔터테인먼트 법 Vol.7 No.1

우리나라에서는 2006년 저작권법 개정을 통해 ‘공중송신’의 하위개념으로 ‘디지털음성 송신’을 최초로 규정하였다. 이는 디지털기술의 발전과 새로운 서비스를 고려한 전향적 결정이었다고 판단되지만 실제 서비스가 시행되면서 여러 가지 조항들에서 해석 및 적용에 대한 논란이 존재하였다. 더욱이 2009년 저작권법 개정에서 방송사업자의 ‘일시적 복제’를 저작인접권 제한사유로 인정하는 규정을 두었지만 디지털음성송신 사업자는 특별히 규정한 조항이 없으므로 해석의 애매모호함이 여전히 존재하고 있다. ‘디지털음성송신’은 디지털 기술의 발전을 예상할 때 매우 유력한 미래지향적 서비스임에는 틀림없으나 전송과 방송의 사이에서 명확한 규정이 부족함으로 인해 실제 시장에서 서비스됨에 있어 저작권자와 서비스사업자의 갈등, 서비스사업자와 사용자와의 갈등을 내포하고 있다. 본글에서는 ‘공중송신’의 하위개념인 ‘전송’과 ‘방송’, 그리고 ‘디지털음성송신’을 비교 고찰함으로써 ‘디지털음성송신’의 합리적 법해석 및 법 개정을 제안하고 이를 통해 불필요한 사회적 갈등을 해소하고 새로운 서비스를 통해 이용촉진을 달성하고 문화산업의 발전을 꾀하고자 한다. In Korea, ``Digital sound transmission`` was regulated as a sub-concept of ``Public transmission`` through copyright law revision in 2006 for the first time. This may be adjudged forward-looking decision considering the development of digital technology and new services, yet controversy exists regarding the interpreting the several provisions in actual services. Although copyright law revision of 2009 regulated ``Reproduction`` of broadcasters as a limitation of neighboring copyright, there had been a growing ambiguity due to the absences of specific provisions for Digital sound transmission operators. ``Digital sound transmission`` is considered as a definitely future-oriented service in line with development of digital technology. Yet the risk of potential conflicts exist among copyright owners, service providers and general users in actual market due to the lack of clear provision between Interactive transmission and broadcasting. The purpose of this thesis is to offer rational interpretation and revision of provision by studying ``Interactive transmission`` and ``Broadcasting`` as a sub-concept of ``Public transmission`` in order to eliminate unnecessary social conflicts, and contribute to the development of the cultural industry by promoting new services.

중공관 형태별 흡음 효과에 관한 실험적 연구

손철수 啓明大學校 産業技術硏究所 1999 産業技術硏究所 論文報告集 Vol.22 No.2

The purpose of this research is to investigate the performance characteristics of sound absorption at the form of voided circular tube. To do this research, the method for field measurement of floor impact sound level was used following the Korea Standard F2810-1996. Two kinds of voided circular form are used for this research. The results are as follows; 1. The main factor to effect the performance characteristics of sound absorption is sound-absorbing materials at the voided circular tube. 2. The main factor to effect the difference of Sound Pressure Level is the form of circular tube in the concrete slab. 3. The form of circular tubes effects the performance characteristics of sound absorption at the circular tube. More study will be needed about the depth and distance of sound absorption materials, and the characteristics of sound absorption materials.

국내 저작권법과 국제조약상 공중송신 개념의 비교에 관한 연구

김세창 한국저작권위원회 2022 계간 저작권 Vol.35 No.2

The development of the concept of ‘Communication to the Public’ has been hand in hand with the development of communication technology. In the Berne Convention, the first international copyright treaty, the concept appeared in the Roman Revision Conference in 1920 and was established through various discussions, and it was also expanded in the WIPO Internet Treaty to regulate the use of works in the Internet environment. Since Korea joined the Berne Convention in 1996, Korean Copyright Act has been revised three times, establishing the concept of ‘Public Transmission’ and implementing provisions related to ‘Communication to the Public’. However, there are some differences between the concept of ‘public transmission’ and sub-concepts in Korean Copyright ACT and the concepts related to ‘Communication to the Public’ in international treaties. According to international treaties, provision of ‘Making Available to the Public’ is limited to the act of making users to access the work at a individual time and place regardless of whether the work is transmitted or not. However, in the case of Korea’s ‘interactive transmission’, the range is relatively wider as it also includes transmissions made together with the user’s request for initiation. Broadcasting refers to wireless transmission according to international treaty, but the concept of broadcasting in Korea does include both wired and wireless one. Accordingly, the scope of ‘Broadcasting Organization’ is different. In the case of ‘digital audio transmission’, the concept is not found in international treaties. Accordingly, there was also an issue of whether ‘digital image transmission’, which is interpreted in the scope of use, provision or public transmission under international treaties, belongs to ‘broadcasting’ and whether it falls under ‘other public transmissions’. In this paper, the concept of communication to the public delivery in international treaties is was first analyzed. For the comparison of the concept in international treaties, this paper analyzes the concept in the Berne Convention, WCT, and WPPT. Next, Korea’s ‘Public Transmission’ is was analyzed in the same way and compared with international treaties. Although Korean copyright law fully implements international treaties, it has been confirmed that there are some differences between concepts. And finally, an improvement plan was presented to overcome the problems caused by the differences. 저작권 국제조약 공중전달 개념의 발전은 통신 기술의 발달과 함께한다. 최초의 저작권국제조약인 베른협약에서도 1920년 로마개정회의 때부터 등장하기 시작하여 여러 논의를 거쳐 정립되었고, 인터넷 환경에서의 저작물 이용을 규율하기 위한 세계지식재산기구 인터넷 조약에서도 그 개념이 확장되었다. 우리나라도 1996년 베른협약 가입을 시작으로 그동안 3차례 저작권법을 개정하면서 공중송신 개념을 확립하여 공중전달과 관련된 조항들을 이행하고 있다. 그러나 우리나라 저작권법상 공중송신 및 하위 개념들과 국제조약상 공중전달 관련 개념 간에 다소 상이한 점이 발견된다. 국제조약상의 이용제공은 저작물의 송신 여부와 관계없이 이용자가 저작물을 원하는 시간과 장소에서 접근할 수 있을 정도의 상태로 두는 행위로 한정된다. 그러나 우리나라 전송의 경우 이용자의 개시 요청과 함께 이루어지는 송신도 포함하고 있어 상대적으로 범위가 더 넓다. 국제조약상 Broadcasting은 무선방송을 의미하나, 우리나라의 방송은 유・무선을 가리지 않는다. 이에 따라, 방송사업자의 범위도 서로 달라지게 되었다. 디지털음성송신의 경우에는 국제조약에 없는 개념을 도입했다. 이에 따라, 국제조약상 이용제공 혹은 공중전달의 범위에서 해석되는 ‘디지털영상송신’이 ‘방송’에 속하는지와 ‘기타공중송신’에 해당되는지도 문제가 되었다. 본 논문에서는 국제조약상의 공중전달 개념을 우선적으로 분석했다. 국제조약상 공중전달은 베른협약, WCT, WPPT 내 공중전달 개념을 살펴보았다. 다음으로, 우리나라 공중송신도 같은 방법으로 분석해보고, 국제조약과 비교해보았다. 우리나라 저작권법이 국제조약을 충분히 이행하고 있으나, 개념 간에 다소 차이점이 있다는 것을 확인했다. 그리고 마지막으로 차이점에 의한 문제점을 극복하기 위해 개선방안을 제시하였다.