주관적 사회경제적 지위가 직무성과 및 조직몰입에 미치는 영향 : LMX와 CWX의 매개효과

양동민,심덕섭 한국기업경영학회 2021 기업경영연구 Vol.28 No.3

본 연구는 주관적 사회경제적 지위가 직무성과 및 조직몰입에 미치는 직접효과와 함께 주관적 사회경제적 지위와 직무성과, 주관적 사회경제적 지위와 조직몰입 간의 관계에서 LMX(Leader-Member Exchange)와 CWX(Coworker Exchange)의 매개효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서 설정한 가설 검증을 위해 국내 소재 기업 303명의 종업원 설문자료를 활용하였다. 실증연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 주관적 사회경제적 지위는 직무성과 및 조직몰입에 정(+)의 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, LMX는 사회경제적 지위와 직무 성과, 사회경제적 지위와 조직몰입 간의 관계를 완전 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, CWX는 사회경제적 지위와 직무성과 간의 관계를 완전 매개하는 한편, 사회경제적 지위와 조직몰입 간의 관계를 부분 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과를 토대로 연구의 의의 및 시사점, 향후 연구방향을 제시하였다. Recently there are conflict among social class due to social injustice and polarization. Though many previous researchers have tried to examine these kinds of phenomenon through socioeconomic status. they have focused on objective socioeconomic status. Unlike objective socioeconomic status, approach of subjective socioeconomic status can explain more fluently employees’ attitude and performance in organization. The purpose of this research is to test the effects of subjective socioeconomic status on job performance and organizational commitment. Also, we attempt to verify the mediating effects of LMX and CWX on the relationships between subjective socioeconomic status and job performance, and between socioeconomic status and organizational commitment. Based on prior research, we derives following hypotheses. H1: Subjective socioeconomic status will be positively related to LMX. H2: Subjective socioeconomic status will be positively related to CWX. H3: LMX will be positively related to job performance. H4: LMX will be positively related to organizational commitment. H5: CWX will be positively related to job performance. H6: CWX will be positively related to organizational commitment. H7: LMX will mediate the relationship between Subjective socioeconomic status and job performance. H8: LMX will mediate the relationship between Subjective socioeconomic status and organizational commitment. H9: CWX will mediate the relationship between Subjective socioeconomic status and job performance. H10: CWX will mediate he relationship between Subjective socioeconomic status and organizational commitment. To examine the proposed hypotheses in this study, we have collected 311 data from employees in eight organizations, after process of excluding unanswered items questionnaires, 303 employees data is used for analysis finally. We examined the H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, and H6 through multiple regression analysis. And bootstrapping regression analysis is used to examine the mediating effects of Subjective socioeconomic status(H7, H8, H9, and H10). The major findings are as follows: 1) subjective socioeconomic status is positively associated with LMX. 2) subjective socioeconomic status is positively associated with CWX. 3) LMX is positively associated with job performance. 4) LMX is positively associated with organizational commitment. 5) CWX is positively associated with job performance. 6) CWX is positively associated with organizational commitment. 7) LMX fully mediates the relationship between socioeconomic status and job performance. 8) LMX fully mediates the relationship between socioeconomic status and organizational commitment. 9) CWX fully mediates the relationship between socioeconomic status and job performance. 10) CWX partially mediates the relationship between socioeconomic status and organizational commitment. Based on these results, theoretical and practical implications were provided, and direction for future research are discussed.

한국 노인의 인구,사회경제적 수준 및 구강건강행위와 치주질환 유병과의 관련성

정정옥 ( Jung Ock Jung ),오경재 ( Gyung Jae Oh ) 대한예방치과·구강보건학회 2011 大韓口腔保健學會誌 Vol.35 No.1

Objectives. This study was designed to examine the effects of socioeconomic status and oral health behaviors on periodontal diseases in the elderly Korean population, to determine whether any inequalities in oral health status exist depending on socioeconomic status, and ultimately to provide essential data for national healthcare policies intended to effectively reduce the inequalities. Methods. The raw data collected from `` The Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2007`` was analyzed in this study. The subjects included in this study were seven hundred and seventy eight (778) elderly people, aged 65 years or older and who had completed the oral examination, health questionnaires and nutrition examination. Results. First, analyses of differences in the prevalence of periodontal diseases depending on socioeconomic status showed that the prevalence of periodontal diseases increases with age and also the prevalence of periodontal diseases is relatively higher in the residents of rural communities such as Eup or Myeon. Second, analyses of differences in the prevalence of periodontal diseases depending on oral health behaviors indicated that a lower frequency of eating between meals leads to a higher prevalence of periodontal diseases. Finally, regarding the magnitude of effects of socioeconomic status and oral health behaviors on periodontal diseases, it was found that both these factors (i.e., socioeconomic status and oral health behaviors) have significant effects on periodontal diseases. However, specifically socioeconomic status has more significant effects on periodontal diseases. Conclusions. In conclusion, it was revealed that considerable inequalities exist in the prevalence of periodontal diseases depending on socioeconomic status in the elderly population, and both the factors of socioeconomic status and oral health behaviors correlate with the prevalence of periodontal diseases. Specifically, the results of this study suggest that the effects of socioeconomic status on periodontal diseases are more significant than the effects of oral health behaviors, and oral health behaviors by themselves closely correlate with socioeconomic status.

생애과정의 사회경제적 지위와 노년기 건강: 초기 성인기 및 중년기 사회경제적 지위의 다중매개효과

이현주 ( Lee Hyun Joo ),정은희 ( Jung Eun Hee ) 한국보건사회연구원 2016 保健社會硏究 Vol.36 No.3

본 연구는 생애과정 관점에 근거하여 생애과정 단계별 사회경제적 지위가 초기 노년기 우울과 신체건강에 어떠한 영향을 주는지 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 분석자료는 한국복지패널 1차년도(2006)와 9차년도(2014년) 자료를 활용하였고, 분석방법은 구조방정식모델(structural equation modeling)을 활용하여 다중매개분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부모 교육수준과 학교 중단 경험으로 측정된 아동기 사회경제적 지위가 초기 성인기 교육수준과 중년기 소득수준을 매개로 초기 노년기 우울수준에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 아동기 사회경제적으로 불리한 환경에 있을수록 교육수준이 낮아지고, 이는 다시 중년기의 소득을 감소시키며 노년초기우울을 높이는 경로가 확인되었다. 둘째, 신체적 건강수준의 경우 성인기 사회경제적 지위의 매개효과 없이 아동기 사회경제적 지위가 직접적이고 지속적인 영향을 주었다. 이러한 결과는 노년기의 정신적·신체적 건강을 향상시키기 위해서는 노년기 위험요인에 직접 개입하는 것 뿐 아니라 전 생애단계별 사회경제적 환경, 특히 부모의 사회경제적지위로 조성되는 아동기 환경부터 고려해야 함을 의미한다. 생애과정 각 단계에서 사회복지정책과 보건정책의 협력 하에 빈곤해소와 건강향상이라는 목표가 동시에 고려되어야 할 것이다. This study aims to examine the relationship between socioeconomic status and elderly health status based on a life course perspective. We used the Korean Welfare Panel study (KOWEPS) data of 2006-2014 for our study and structural equation modeling (SEM) to test multi-mediator effects between socioeconomic status in childhood and elderly health. The results were as follows. First, the socioeconomic status in early and middle age adulthood periods multi-mediated the relationship of socioeconomic status in children and the elderly. Father`s longer education years and without the experience of stopping school in childhood affected longer education years in early age adults and contributed to a higher income level in middle age adults, and eventually resulted in the improvement of depression level in the elderly. Second, the socioeconomic status of childhood directly affected the physical health in elderly. Once mother`s education years were longer, we expected better physical health status for the elderly. According to the results, the planning of intervention strategies for improving elderly health status should be initiated at the beginning of the life course. At each life course, social welfare and health policy need to be simultaneously coordinated to decrease the gap of socioeconomic status and to improve health status.

한국 노인의 사회경제적 지위와 정서조절 간의 관계 : 금전 문제에 대한 반추의 매개효과

허아정(Ahjeong Hur),김혜리(Hei-Rhee Ghim),김문걸(Moongeol Kim) 한국노년학회 2021 한국노년학 Vol.41 No.6

본 연구에서는 노인의 사회경제적 지위에 따라 정서조절 능력이 달라지는지를 검증하고자 하였다. 구체적으로는, 사회경제적지위가 낮은 노인은 경제적인 문제에 대해 생각을 많이 하게 되므로 성공적으로 정서조절을 하는데 필요한 인지적 자원이 부족하게되며, 그 결과 적응적인 정서조절 전략은 잘 사용하지 못하고 덜 적응적인 정서조절 전략은 더 많이 사용하는지에 대해 알아보았다. 즉 사회경제적 지위와 정서조절 간의 관계를 금전 문제에 대한 반추가 매개하는지 연구하였다. 만 60세 이상 고령자 279명을 대상으로객관적 사회경제적 지위(수입, 교육 수준)와 주관적인 사회경제적 지위를 평가하는 척도, 인지적 정서조절 척도, 금전 문제에 대한반추 척도에 응답하게 하였다. 연구 결과 주관적 사회경제적 지위가 낮을수록 적응적인 정서조절 전략을 덜 사용하였다. 그리고 그관계를 금전 문제에 대한 반추가 부적 관계로서 매개하였다. 즉, 주관적 사회경제적 지위가 낮을수록 금전 문제에 대한 반추를 더많이 하는 경향이 있었는데 이것은 적응적인 정서조절 전략을 더 적게 사용하는 것과 관련이 있었다. 반면 객관적 사회경제적 지위와적응적인 정서조절 전략 사용 간의 관계는 유의하지 않았다. 본 연구는 노년기 주관적 사회경제적 지위에 따라 정서조절 능력의 차이가있으며, 이러한 차이가 금전 문제에 대한 반추와 관련됨을 보여주었다. 객관적 사회경제적 지위와는 달리 주관적 사회경제적 지위가정서조절에 차별적으로 미치는 영향에 대해 논의하였다. The purpose of this study was to verify whether the ability to regulate emotions varies depending on the socioeconomic status in old age. Older people with low socioeconomic status will spend more of their cognitive resources on worrying about financial problems, and as a result, they will lack the cognitive resources necessary for successful emotion regulation. This study tested whether the relationship between socioeconomic status and emotion regulation of the elderly is mediated by rumination on financial problems. Two hundred a nd seventy-nine older adults over 60 years of age or older participated in this study. Participants were asked to answer the survey questions evaluating objective and subjective socioeconomic status, cognitive emotion regulation, and rumination on financial problems. The result showed that the lower the subjective socioeconomic status, the less older adults used the adaptive emotion regulation strategies. In addition, the rumination on financial problems mediated the relationship. On the other hand, the relationship between the use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies and objective socioeconomic status was not significant. This study showed that the emotion regulation abilities of the elderly differed according to their subjective socioeconomic status. Unlike the objective socioeconomic statue, the differential effects of subjective socioeconomic status on emotion regulation were discussed.

장애인 가구의 생활수준 측정을 통한 사회·경제적 지위와 생활만족도의 관계: 엥겔계수와 슈바베계수를 활용한 종단적 상호교류관계 분석

이수용,나운환 한국장애인고용공단 고용개발원 2017 장애와 고용 Vol.27 No.1

The purpose of the study is to examine the standard of living difference among various disabled household classes. Also it examines the longitudinal structure relationship between income of the households, Engel Coefficient, Schwabe Coefficient, socioeconomic status, life satisfaction. The data and sample of total 2,906 households were extracted from the Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled(PSED) 3th∼8th data, and it was analyzed by the multivariate latent growth model. The study results are as follows. First, over half of the disabled households live below relative poverty and their socioeconomic status are between the lower class and lower-middle class. Also, the disabled households have a normal level of life satisfaction. Second, the longitudinal structure relationship analysis results show the initial household income have a negative effect on the initial Schwabe and Engel Coefficient. Also, it has a positive effect on the Schwabe rate of change and life of satisfaction rate of change. The initial Engel Coefficient has a negative effect on the initial socioeconomic status. The Engel Coefficient rate of change has a positive effect on the life satisfaction rate of change. The initial Schwabe rate of change has a negative effect on the initial socioeconomic status. The initial socioeconomic status has a positive effect on the initial life satisfaction, and a negative effect on the life satisfaction rate of change. Also, the socioeconomic status rate of change has a positive effect on the life satisfaction rate of change. The analysis considering the control variable shows that the number of disabled household members has a negative effect on the initial household income and Schwabe Coefficient. Also, it has a positive effect on the initial Engel Coefficient. For the number of household members, it has a positive effect on the initial household income and rate of change, the Schwabe Coefficient rate of change and the initial life satisfaction. However, the number of the household members has a negative effect on the initial Engel and Schwabe Coefficient. The status of employment has a positive effect on the household income, socioeconomic status, initial life satisfaction. However, it has a negative effect on the initial Engel Coefficient and rate of change. Also, it has a negative effect on the initial Schwabe Coefficient. Whether beneficiary of national basic livelihood or not has a negative effect on the initial household income and rate of change, Engel and Schwabe Coefficient rate of change, and initial socioeconomic status. It also has a positive effect on the Engel and Schwabe Coefficient. Overall, the study results emphasizes the importance of the economic activity for security income of the disabled households, and it discusses about policy directions. 본 연구의 목적은 장애인 가구의 계층 간 생활수준 차이를 알아보고, 가구의 소득과 엥겔계수, 슈바베계수, 사회·경제적 지위, 생활만족도 사이의 종단적 구조관계를 파악하는 것이다. 자료 및 표본은 장애인고용패널조사 3∼8차 자료를 이용, 총 2,906가구를 다변량 잠재성장 모형을 활용하여 분석하였다. 이러한 절차를 토대로 도출한 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 장애인 가구의 절반 이상이 상대적 빈곤 이하에서 생활하였고, 사회·경제적 지위는 하층과 중하층 사이에 위치하며, 생활만족도의 경우 보통수준으로 응답하였다. 둘째, 종단적 구조 관계 분석 결과 가구소득 초기치는 슈바베·엥겔계수 초기치에(-)영향, 슈바베계수의 변화율과, 사회·경제적지위·생활만족도 초기치에 (+)영향을 주었고 가구소득의 변화율은 슈바베·엥겔계수의 변화율에 (-)영향, 사회·경제적지위·생활만족도의 변화율에는 (+)영향을 주었다. 엥겔계수의 초기치는 사회·경제적지위의 초기치에 (-)영향, 엥겔계수의 변화율은 생활만족도의 변화율에 (+)영향을 주었다. 슈바베계수의 초기치는 사회·경제적지위의 초기치에 (-)영향, 사회·경제적지위의 초기치는 생활만족도의 초기치에 (+)영향, 생활만족도의 변화율에는 (-)영향을 주었으며, 사회·경제적지위의 변화율은 생활만족도의 변화율에 (+)영향을 주었다. 통제변수를 고려한 분석에서는 장애가구원수는 가구소득·슈바베계수의 초기치에 (-)영향, 엥겔계수의 초기치에 (+)영향을 미쳤다. 가구원수의 경우 가구소득 초기치와 변화율, 슈바베계수의 변화율과 생활만족도의 초기치에는 (+)영향, 엥겔·슈바베계수의 초기치에는 (-)영향을 미쳤다. 취업상황의 경우 가구소득·사회·경제적지위·생활만족도 초기치에 (+)영향, 엥겔계수 초기치와 변화율·슈바베계수 초기치에는 (-)영향을 미쳤다. 기초생활수급 여부의 경우 가구소득의 초기치와 변화율, 엥겔·슈바베계수의 변화율, 사회·경제적지위 초기치에 (-)영향을, 엥겔·슈바베계수 초기치에는 (+)영향을 주었다. 이상의 결과를 토대로 장애인 가구의 소득보장을 위한 경제활동의 중요성을 강조하였고 이를 위해 필요한 정책적 방향성을 논의하였다

고령자의 사회경제적 지위가 건강상태에 미치는 영향 - 사회적 활동참여와 인지기능의 순차적 매개효과 -

이주연 한국문화융합학회 2023 문화와 융합 Vol.45 No.3

This study attempted to verify the sequential mediating effect of social activity participation and cognitive function in the effect of the socioeconomic status of the elderly on health status. The subjects of the analysis were 3,364 out of 4,405 valid samples of the 8th Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging, which removed missing values for the elderly aged 65 or older. For statistical analysis, PROCESS macro v.4.1 program model 6 and SPSS 25.0 program were used. As a result of verifying the significance of the sequential mediating effect of social activity participation and cognitive function, the total indirect effect of socioeconomic status on health status, the mediating effect of social activity participation in socioeconomic status, and the sequential mediating effect of socioeconomic status. As a result of this study, implications for finding a practical method that can prevent or improve the deterioration of the health status of the elderly were proposed.

실제 도로 주행에 따른 CAN 데이터를 통한 소형 경유차량의 NOx 배출량 저감효율 분석

이광렬(Gwangryeol Lee),노경완(Kyung Wan Rho),김정철(Jung Chul Kim),차준표(Junepyo Cha) 한국자동차공학회 2020 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2020 No.11

Associations of Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors with Stage at Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

Mohaghegh, Pegah,Yavari, Parvin,Akbari, Mohammad Esmail,Abadi, Alireza,Ahmadi, Farzane Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.4

Background: Stage at diagnosis is one of the most important prognostic factors of breast cancer survival. Because in the breast cancer case this may vary with socioeconomic characteristics, this study was performed to recognize the relationship between demographic and socioeconomic factors with stage at diagnosis in Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted on 526 patients suffering from breast cancer and registered in Cancer Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences from 2008 to 2013. A reliable and valid questionnaire about family levels of socioeconomic status filled in by interviewing the patients via phone. For analyzing the data, Multinomial logistic regression, Kendal tau-b correlation coefficient and Contingency Coefficient tests were executed by SPSS22. Economic status, educational attainment of patient and household head and/or a combination of these were considered as parameters for socioeconomic status. First, the relationship between stage at diagnosis and demographic and socioeconomic status was assessed in univariate analysis then these relationships assessed in two different models of multinomial logistic regression. Results: The mean age of the patients was 48.3 (SD=11.4). According to the results of this study, there were significant relationships between stage at diagnosis of breast cancer with patient education (p=0.011), living place (p=0.044) and combined socioeconomic status (p=0.024). These relationships persisted in multiple multinomial logistic regressions. Other variables, however, had no significant correlation. Conclusions: Patient education, combined socioeconomic status and living place are important variables in stage at diagnosis of breast cancer in Iranian women. Interventions have to be applied with the aim of raising women's accessibility to diagnostic and medical facilities and also awareness in order to reducing delay in referring. In addition, covering breast cancer screening services by insurance is recommended.

사회경제적 지위가 정치적 선호 및 선택에 미치는 영향: 제19대 한국 국회의원선거를 중심으로

정준표 경희대학교(국제캠퍼스) 국제지역연구원 2016 아태연구 Vol.23 No.2

Is the Socioeconomic Status model which predicts that the higher in socioeconomic status a person is, the more likely he or she is to vote not applicable to Korean elections? Doesn't one's socioeconomic status affect one's political preference and choice in Korea? This paper, by empirically analyzing data from the 19th Korean General Election, claims that people with lower socioeconomic status show different political preference from people with higher socioeconomic status. However, people with lower socioeconomic status participate less in politics than people with higher socioeconomic status. If these claims have at least some validity, then it is high time to worry about the unequal political outcome caused by unequal voice between the socially advantaged and the socially disadvantaged. 사회경제적 지위에서의 불평등이 정치 참여, 정치적 선호, 정당 지지에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가? 기존의 연구 대부분은 유럽과는 달리 한국에서는 이러한 계층/계급이 정치에 미치는 영향이 거의 없거나, 있다고 해도 계층/계급의 이익과 부합되지 않는 소위 ‘가난한 보수’나 ‘강남좌파’ 현상이 통계적으로 유의하게 나타난다고 주장한다. 이러한 연구 결과는 많은 경우 나이가 많을수록 보수화되는 ‘연령효과’나 다른 매개변수의 효과를 제대로 통제하지 않은 것에서 기인할 수도 있다. 이 논문은 제19대 국회의원선거의 경우 연령효과나 매개변수를 제대로 통제하면 ① 사회경제적 지위가 낮은 집단은 높은 집단에 비해 기권할 확률이 높아지고, ② 여러 쟁점, 특히 경제적 쟁점에서 소득 수준이 낮은 집단은 높은 집단보다 진보적이고, ③ 사회경제적 지위가 낮은 집단은 비록 통계적으로 유의하지는 않지만, 새누리당보다는 민주통합당에 투표할 확률이 크다는 결과가 도출됨을 보여준다. 이러한 결과는 지역 및 세대 균열이 여전히 압도적이긴 하지만 한국에서도 이제 계층/계급에 따라 다른 정치적 목소리를 내고 있다는 것과 그 목소리의 크기에 차이가 있다는 것을 동시에 보여준다.

The Relationship between Injury and Socioeconomic Status in Reference to the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Sung-Kyung Kim,Hyocher Kim,Kyungsuk Lee,Hee-Tae Kang,Sung-Soo Oh,Sang Baek Ko 대한직업환경의학회 2014 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.26 No.-

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the relationship between the total injury experience rate and socioeconomic status based on the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: By analyzing data from the fourth KNHANES conducted from 2007 to 2009, we estimated the injury experience rate according to socioeconomic status, including the occupational characteristics of 11,837 subjects. Setting the injury experience rate as a dependent variable and socioeconomic status as an independent variable, we performed logistic regression to calculate odds ratios reflecting the likelihood of injury according to socioeconomic status while controlling for relevant covariates. Results: In 797 subjects who had injury experience over the past 1 year, 290 persons (36.4%) had a work-related injury. As their income, home value, and educational status increased, their injury experiences decreased. Among occupational groups, the craft, equipment, machine operating, and assembling workers showed the highest rate (10.6%) of injury experience, and the lowest rate (5.7%) was found in the unemployed group. After adjusting for the confounding variables, the experience of injury was significantly related to several socioeconomic factors: high income (OR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.34-0.86), high home value (OR = 0.65; 95% CI: 0.43-0.96), low education status (OR = 1.28; 95% CI: 1.07-1.52), and specific occupations such as craft, equipment, machine operating, and assembling work (OR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.60-2.47), skilled agriculture, forestry and fishery work (OR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.02-2.01), and simple labor (OR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.04-1.82). Conclusions: The injury experience rate differed depending on the socioeconomic status. A negative correlation was found between the injury experience rate and income, low home value, and education level. Moreover, a higher rate of injury experience was found in occupation groups and physical worker groups in comparison to the unemployed group and white-collar worker groups. This study would be useful in selecting appropriate priorities for injury management in Korea.